英语词汇学教程参考答案(杨信彰)

《 英语 关于好奇心的名言警句英语高中英语词汇下载高中英语词汇 下载英语衡水体下载小学英语关于形容词和副词的题 词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter11.Thethreedefinitionsagreethatlexicologystudieswords.Yet,theyhavedifferentfocuses.Definition1focusesonthemeaningandusesofwords,whiledefinition2ontheoverallstructureandhistory.Definition3regardslexicologyasabranchoflinguisticsandfocusesonthesemanticstructureofthelexicon.Itisinterestingtonotethatthethreedefinitionsusedifferentnamesfortheobjectofstudy.ForDefinition1,itiswords,forDefinition2thevocabularyofalanguage,andforDefinition3thelexicon.2.(1)Theycangointotheroom,andiftheylike,shutthedoor.(2)Youboysarerequiredtogiveinyourhomeworkbefore10o’clock.(3)Iwatchthefootballmatchhappilyandfinditveryinteresting.3.(1)Whenitfollows‘-t’and‘-d’,itispronouncedas[id];(2)Whenitfollowsvoicelessconsonants,itispronouncedas[t];(3)Whenitfollowsvoicedconsonantsandvowels,itispronouncedas[d].4.(1)Theyarewordsthatcanbeincludedinasemanticfieldof“tree”.(2)Theyrepresenttheformsoftheverb“fly”andhaveacommonmeaning.(3)Theybelongtoalexicalfieldof“telephonecommunication”.(4)Theyaresynonyms,relatedtohumanvisualperception.Specifically,theydenotevariouskindsof“looking”.5.(a)'blackboard:aboardwithadarksmoothsurface,usedinschoolsforwritingwithchalk(theprimarystressinonblack);'blackbird:aparticularkindofbird,whichmaynotnecessarilybeblackincolor(theprimarystressinonblack);'greyhound:aslender,swiftdogwithkeensight(theprimarystressinonblack);'WhiteHouse:theresidenceoftheUSPresidentinWashington(theprimarystressinonblack).(b)'black'board:anyboardwhichisblackincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);'black'bird:anybirdwhichisblackincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);'grey'hound:anyhoundthatisgreyincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);'white'house:anyhousethatispaintedwhite(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress).6.Thereare44orthographicwords,i.e.sequencesoflettersboundedbyspace.Thereare24openclasswordsand20closedclasswords.7.(a)The‘bull’isliteral,referringtoamalebovineanimal.(b)‘Takethebullbythehorn’isanidiom,meaning(havingthecourageto)dealwithsomeoneorsomethingdirectly.(c)‘Likeabullinachinashop’isanidiom,meaningdoingsomethingwithtoomuchenthusiasmortooquicklyorcarelesslyinawaythatmaydamagethingsorupsetsomeone.(d)A‘bullmarket’isonewherepricesrisefastbecausethereisalotofbuyingofsharesinanticipationofprofits.8.drinkingvessels:cup,mug,glass,tumbler,tankard,goblet,bowl,beaker,wineglass,beerglass,sherryglassTheycanbeorganizedinanumberofways,forexample,bythedrinksthevesselisusedfor.Non-alcoholic:glass,tumbler,cup,mug,beaker,bowlBeer:beerglass,tankardWine:wineglass,gobletSpirits:sherryglassChapter21.Lexemeisanabstractlinguisticunitwithdifferentvariants,forexample,singasagainstsang,sung.Morphemeistheultimategrammaticalconstituent,thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Forexample,moralizersisanEnglishwordcomposedoffourmorphemes:moral+lize+er+s.Anyconcreterealizationofamorphemeinagivenutteranceiscalledamorph,suchascat,chair,-ing,-s,etc.Allomorphsarethealternatephoneticformsofthesamemorpheme,forexample,[t],[d]and[id]areallomorphsofthepasttensemorphemeinEnglish.2.quick-ly,down-stair-s,four-th,poison-ous,weak-en,world-wide,inter-nation-al-ly,in-ject,pro-trude3.island,surname,disclose,duckling,cranberry,reading,poets,flavourfulness,famous,subvert4.(a)[?](b)[-ai]5.(1)-’s,-s(2)-est,-s(3)-ing(4)-ed6.Theconnotationsareasfollows:(1)slang,carryingtheconnotationofreluctance,(2)informal,carryingtheconnotationthatthespeakerisspeakingtoachild,(3)beastieisusedtoasmallanimalinScotland,carryingtheconnotationofdisgust,(4)carryingtheconnotationofformalness,(5)carryingtheconnotationoflight-heartedness.7.{-?m;～-n;～-n;～-i:～-s;～-z;～-iz}8.court:polysemy dart:polysemyfleet:homonymy jam:homonymypad:homonymy steep:homonymystem:homonymy stuff:polysemywatch:polysemy9.(1)—(f),(2)—(g),(3)—(c),(4)—(e),(5)—(a),(6)—(d),(7)—(b)10.(1)unpractical(2)break(3)impractical(4)rout(5)pedals(6)Route(7)razeChapter31.ThehistoryofEnglishcanbedividedintofourperiods:theOld,Middle,EarlymiddleandModernEnglishperiods.InOldEnglishperiod,thereisafrequentuseofcoinagesknownas‘kennings’,whichreferstovividfigurativedescriptionsofteninvolvingcompounds.Theabsenceofawide-rangingvocabularyofloanwordsforcepeopletorelymoreonword-formationprocessesbasedonnativeelements.ThelatterperiodofOldEnglishwascharacterizedbytheintroductionofanumberof‘loantranslations’.GrammaticalrelationshipsinOldEnglishwereexpressedbytheuseofinflectionalendings.AndOldEnglishisbelievedtocontainabout24,000differentlexicalitems.InMiddleEnglishperiod,Englishgrammarandvocabularychangedgreatly.Ingrammar,Englishchangedfromahighlyinflectedlanguagetoananalyticlanguage.InvocabularyEnglishwascharacterizedbythelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishword-stockandtheadditionofthousandsofwordsfromFrenchandLatin.InEarlyModernEnglishperiod,Englishvocabularygrewveryfastthroughextensiveborrowingandexpansionofword-formationpatterns.Andtherewasagreatmanysemanticchanges,asoldwordsacquirenewmeanings.ModernEnglishischaracterizedwiththreemainfeaturesofunprecedentedgrowthofscientificvocabulary,theassertionofAmericanEnglishasadominantvarietyofthelanguage,andtheemergenceofothervarietiesknownas‘NewEnglishes’.2.“appeareth”in(a)becomes“appeared”in(b),and“dreame”becomes“dream”.Thepassive“weredeparted”becomestheactive“hadgone”.Withthechangeofwordforms,(b)lookssimplemorphologically.3.barf:Americanslang kerchief:Frenchmutton:Frenchcadaver:Latin goober:Kongoleviathan:Latinginseng:Chinese taffy:NorthAmerican kimono:Japanesewhisky:Irishcaddy:Malaysphere:Latinalgebra:Arabicgiraffe:African4.train:meaningchangedfromthetrailingpartofagowntoawiderangeofextendedmeanings.deer:meaningnarrowedfrom‘beast’or‘animal’to‘aparticularkindofanimal’knight:meaningamelioratedfrom‘boy,manservant’to‘amanintheUKwhohasbeengivenanhonorofknighthood’meat:meaningnarroweddownfrom‘food’to‘theediblefleshofanimalsandtheediblepartoffruit’.hose:meaningextendedfrom‘legcovering’to‘alongtubeforcarryingwater’.5.sell:specializedhound:specializedstarve:specializedwife:specializedloaf:specialized6. AmericanEnglish BritishEnglish Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressingtable Streetcar TramcarChapter41.read+-i+-nessdis-+courage+-ingkind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-lystock+room+-spre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book:books(n.);books(v.),booking,bookedforget:forgets,forgot,forgottenshort:shortter,shortestsnap:snaps,snapping,snappedtake:takes,taking,took,takengoose:geeseheavy:heavier,heaviest3.-ish:meaning‘havingthenatureof,like’de-:meaning‘theoppositeof’-ify:meaning‘make,become’-dom:means‘thestateof’il-(im-/in-):meaning‘theoppositeof,not’-able:meaning‘thatcanormustbe’mis-:meaning‘wronglyorbadly’-sion(-tion):meaning‘thestate/processof’pre-:meaning‘priorto’-ment:meaning‘theactionof’re-:meaning‘again’under-:meaning‘notenough’-al:meaning‘theprocessorstateof’4.a.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“Adj+N”structure,inwhichadjectivesareusedtomodifynouns‘line,line,neck,room’.Hotlinemeans‘atelephonenumberthatpeoplecancallforinformation’.Mainlinemeans‘animportantrailwaylinebetweentwocities’.Redneckmeans‘apersonfromthesouthernUS’.Darkroommeans‘aroomwithverylittleinit,usedfordevelopingphotographs’.b.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+N’structure.Bookshelfmeans‘ashelfforkeepingbooks’.Breadbasketmeans‘acontainerforservingbread’.Mailboxmeans‘aboxforputtinglettersinwhentheydeliveredtoahouse’.Wineglassmeans‘aglassfordrinkingwine’.c.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+N’structure.Letterheadmeans‘theheadofaletter(i.e.thenameandaddressofanorganizationprintedatthetopofaletter)’.Roadsidemeans‘theareaatthesideofaroad’.Keyholemeans‘theholeinalockforputtingthekeyin’.Hilltopmeans‘thetopofahill’.d.Theyareexocentriccompounds.Dropoutmeans‘apersonwholeavesschoolbeforetheyhavefinishedtheirstudies.Go-betweenmeans‘apersonwhotakesmessagesbetweenpeople’.Turnoutmeans‘thenumberofpeoplewhocometoanevent’.Standbymeans‘apersonorthingthatcanalwaysbeusedifneeded’.e.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“Adj+N-ed”structure,inwhichadjectivesareusedtomodifytheN-ed.f.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+Adj”structure,meaningAsAdjAsN.5.in-:not,theoppositeofen-:toputintotheconditionofdis-:not,theoppositeofun-:not,theoppositeofinter-:between,amongmis-:wronglyorbadlyover-:toomuchre-:againpost-:after6.a.ayoungdog;pigletb.afemaleeditor;hostessc.aplaceforbookingtickets;refineryd.onewhoiskicked;traineee.thestateofbeingputup;output7.unbelievable:un-(prefix),-able(suffix)inexhaustible:in-(prefix),-ible(suffix)multinational:multi(prefix)-,-al(suffix)teleshopping:tele-(prefix),-ing(suffix)8.a.initialismb.blendingc.compoundingd.conversion9.a.compounding,affixationb.compounding,affixationc.compounding,shorteningd.compounding,affixation10.a.consumable,comprehensible,exchangeable,permissibleb.absorbent,assistant,different,participantc.constructor,liar,beggar,editor,developerd.elementary,stationary,brewery,mockeryChapter51.(a)connotation(b)formality(c)dialect(d)connotation2.waterrainwater,brine,tapwater,mineralwater,springwater,purifiedwater,aeratedwater,……..3.(a)keeping(b)feelingofadmirationorrespect4.(a)hyponymy(b)meronymy5.(a)lightbeer,strongbeer(b)heavycoffee,strongcoffee,weakcoffee6.amateur—dabbler,funny—ridiculous,occupation—profession,small—little,famous—renowned,fiction—fable,smell—scent7.Thesewordsrefertodifferentkindsofpicturesordiagrams.Drawing:pictureordiagrammadewithapen,pencil,orcrayon.Cartoonrefersto‘anamusingdrawinginanewspaperormagazine’.Diagramreferstoasimpledrawingusinglinestoexplainwheresomethingis,howsomethingworks,etc.Illustrationreferstoadrawingorpictureinabook,magazineetc.toexplainsomething.Sketchreferstoasimplepicturethatisdrawnquicklyanddoesnothavemanydetails.8.(a)gradable(b)non-gradable,reversive(c)gradable(d)non-gradable,reversive(e)gradable(f)non-gradable9.(a)antonym(b)hyponymy(c)antonym(d)synonymy(e)meronymyChapter61.1)literalexpression2)idiom3)literalexpression4)idiom5)idiom6)literalexpression2.1)die2)somethingthatmakesaplacelessattractive3)suddenlyrealizeorunderstandsomething4)makeone’sfriendsdisappoint5)continuetoarguesomethingthathasalreadybeendecidedandisnotimportant6)reactquicklysoastogetanadvantage3.1)graduallyreducetheamountoftime,money,etc.2)givesupportandencouragementtosomeoneinagame,competition,etc3)givesomethingtothepersonitbelongsto4)annoy5)failbecauseapartisweakorincorrect6)trytofindoutthefactsaboutsomething7)liveundertheruleofsomeone8)talktosomeoneinordertofindouthisopinions,ideas,feelingsetc.9)givesomeoneawarningorsecretinformationaboutsomethingChapter7 1.Generaldictionariesincludealloftheelementsofalexicon,includingmeanings,pronunciations,usages,andhistoriesofthewordsoftheirlanguage.Specializeddictionariesarerestrictedtoonevarietyortoonetypeofentryword.2.Theyaredifferentinthatdifferentmediaareused.Printdictionariesdonotuseelectricpowerandcanbeusedinallkindsoflight.Electronicdictionariesareeasytocarry..3.Opentodiscussion.4.Opentodiscussion.5.(a)symbolise(b)symbolofsthisaperson,anobject,anevent,etc.thatrepresentsamoregeneralqualityorsituation;symbolforsthisasign,number,letter,etc.thathasafixedmeaning,especiallyinscience,mathematicsandmusic(a)/sim’b?lik/and/sim’ba:lik/(b)represent(c)2(d)Yes.Weknowthatformthelabel[VN]andtheexamples.Chapter81.verticallychallenged—shortsanitationengineer—garbagecollectorethniccleansing--genocideladies’cloakroom—women’stoilet2.(1)Theydifferinconnotation.Politicianimpliesdisapprovalwhilestatesmanimpliesapproval.(2)Theydifferinconnotation.Inexpensivesoundsindirect.(3)Theydifferinconnotation.flatterimpliesdisapproval,whilepraiseimpliesapproval.(4)Theydifferinconnotation.pedantimpliesdisapproval,scholarisneutral.3.(1)buttocks—buns(2)nonsense—bullshit(3)prison—can(4)cocaine—coke4.(a).Turnoffthelights,please.(b)Wouldyoupleaseturnoffthelights5.Answersvaryfrompersontoperson.6.(1)onaformaloccasion.(2)whenthespeakerisseeingafriendoff(3)whenthespeakerisangryandwantstheaddresseetoleave(4)whenthespeakeristalkingwithaclosefriend.7.gateway,firewall,virus,bookmark,address,DOS,cyberspace,profiler,browser,login8.Theydifferinthetermstheyused,astheyaredifferentjargons.Chapter91.knife:anobjectwithasharpbladeforcuttingthingsclothes:thingsweweartokeepourbodieswarm;building:astructuremadeofastrongmaterial,havingroof,walls,windows,anddoors2.Sheattackedeveryweakpointinmyargument.Hewithdrewhisoffensiveremarks.Ihitbackathiscriticism.Sheproducedseveralillustrationstobuttressherargument.Ibracedmyselffortheonslaught.3.Thesuffix–eeistypicallyattachedtoaverbmeaning‘onewhoistheobjectoftheverb’.Thismeaningisconsideredasthecoremeaningoftheform.So,traineemeans‘onewhoisbeingtrained’.Butthebackgroundknowledgeassociatedwiththeverbmaymodulatethemeaningofthesuffix.Suffix–eeinstandeemovesawayfromthecoremeaningandisdeprivedofthe‘object’meaning.So‘standee’means‘onewhostands’.4.In‘goodbaby’,‘good’means‘well-behaved,notcausingtrouble’;in‘goodparent’,‘good’means‘kind,generous,considerate,etc.’5.(1)isusedtoshowsadfeelingswhile(2)isusedasanapology.