英语听力入门step_by_step_3000第一册答案与原文

Unit1PartI A1.Oxford/commitment/academicrecord 2.oldest/largest/reputation/research/science3.first/Australia/150years/excels 4.excellence/17.000/location5.largest/1883/situated/26,000 6.1636/enrollment/18,500/schools7.awards/degrees/20,000 8.located/135/thirdB1.2,700languages/7,000dialects/regional/pronunciation2.official/language3.Onebillion/20percent4.Fourhundredmillion/first/600million/second/foreign5.500,000words/Eightypercent/other6.Eightypercent/computers7.Africancountry/same8.1,000/Africa9.spaceship/1977/55/message/theUnitedStatesC 1–(a) 2–(c) 3–(d) 4–(b)Allright,class.Todaywe’regoingtobelookingatdifferentlanguagelearningstyles.Youmaybesurprisedtofindthattherearedifferentwaysofgoingaboutlearninglanguages,noneofwhichisnecessarilybetterthantheothers.Researchershaveidentifiedfourbasiclearner―types‖–thecommunicativelearner,theanalyticallearner,theauthority-orientedlearnerandtheconcretelearner.Communicativelearnersliketolearnbywatchingandlisteningtonativespeakers.Athome,theyliketolearnbywatchingTVandvideos.Theyliketolearnnewwordsbyhearingthem.Inclass,theyliketolearnbyhavingconversations.Now,concretelearnersliketoleanbyplayinggames,bylookingatpicturesandvideosinclass,talkinginpairs,andbylisteningtocassettesathomeandschool.Now,authority-orientedlearners,ontheotherhand,liketheteachertoexplaineverything.Theyliketowriteeverythingdownintheirnotebook,andtheyliketohaveatextbook.Theyliketolearnnewwordsbyseeingthem.Andfinally,wehaveanalyticallearners.Theselearnersliketolearnbystudyinggrammar.Athome,theyliketolearnbystudyingEnglishbooks,andtheyliketostudybythemselves.Theyliketofindtheirownmistakes.Now,ofcourse,it’sunusualforapersontobeexclusivelyone ―type‖ratherthananother.Mostofusaremixturesofstyles.Whattypeoflearnerdoyouthinkyouare?PartII A3GCSEexaminations students/highereducationstudent/secondyear/highschool/college generalexam/SchoolCertificatesittingUniversityEntranceExamination bachelor’sdegree:3/4yearsmaster’sdegree:anotheryearortwo doctorate:afurther3-7yearsWell,inBritain,fromtheagesoffivetoaboutelevenyoustartoffataprimaryschool,andthenfromeleventosixteenyougoontoasecondaryschooloracomprehensiveschoolandatsixteenyoutakeGCSEexaminations.Afterthis,somechildrentakevocationalcoursesorevenstartwork.OthersstayonatschoolforanothertwoyearstotakeAlevels.Andattheageofeighteen,afterAlevels,theymightfinishtheireducationorgoontoacourseofhighereducationatacollegeoruniversity,andthat’susuallyforthreeyears.Well,itdependsonwhatstateyou’reinbutmostkidsintheUnitedStatesstartschoolataboutsixwhentheygotoelementaryschoolandthatgoesfromthefirstgradeuptothesixthgrade.Some1kidsgotoakindergartentheyearbeforethat.Thentheygoontojuniorhighschool,that’sabouteleven,andthat’stheseventh,eighthandninthgrades.Andthentheygoontoseniorhighschoolaroundagefourteenstartinginthetenthgradeandfinishingin thetwelfthgradeusually.Somestudentswillleaveschoolatsixteenandthey’llstartwork,butmostofthemstayontograduatefromhighschoolatageeighteen.Inthefirstyearathighschoolorcollegestudentsarecalled―freshmen‖,inthesecondthey’recalled―sophomores‖,inthethirdyearwecallthem―juniors‖andinthefourthyearthey’recalled―seniors‖.Nowalotofhighschoolgraduatesthengotocollegeoruniversityandtheydoafour-yearfirstdegreecourse.Someofthemmightgotojuniorcollegewhichisatwo-yearcourse.Well,inAustralia,wellmoststatesanyway,childrenstarttheirprimaryeducationatfiveafterperhapsabrieftimeinkindergarten.Theywillstayatprimaryschooluntilthey ’reabouteleven,thenthey’lleitherstaythereorgotoanintermediateschoolforacoupleofyears.Thentheystarthighschoolusuallytwelveorthirteen,whichyoustartinthethirdform.Now,afterthreeyearsathighschoolyousitageneralexam,somestatescallitSchoolCertificateandthatisasortofgeneralqualificationandthatifasortofgeneralqualification.Afterthatyoucanleaveschoolat sixteenoryoucangoonandsityourUniversityEntranceExamination, which thengivesyou entreéinto auniversityorit’sanotherusefulqualification, andfromthenonyougotovarious sortsofhighereducation. EducationinCanadaisaprovincialresponsibility,butschoolsareadministeredby localschool boards. Kindergartenisforchildrenwhoarefourorfiveyearsold.Children beginformalfull-day schoolinginGrade1,whentheyareaboutsixyearsold.Theymuststayinschoolatleastuntil theyaresixteen.However, moststudentscontinuetofinishhighschool. Somegotocollegeor university. Eachyearof schoolingrepresentsonegrade.(Theschool yearextendsfromthe beginning ofSeptembertotheendofJune.)Elementary schoolincludeskindergartentoaboutGrade8.Secondaryschool(orhighschool)maystartinGrade8,9,or10anditusuallycontinuesuntilGrade12.InCanada,studentsmaygotouniversityortoacommunitycollege.Iftheywanttolearnskillsforspecificjob,theyattendcollegeforoneorfouryearstogetadiplomaorcertificate.Forexample,labtechnicians,child-careworkers,andhotelmanagersgotocollege.Universitiesofferdegreeprogramsaswellastrainingprofessions,suchaslaw,medicine,andteaching.Universitiesofferthreemainlevelsofdegrees.Studentsearnabachelor’sdegreeafterthreeorfouryearsofstudy.Amaster’sdegreecantakeanotheryearortwo.Adoctoratemaytakeafurtherthreetosevenyearstocomplete. B1 Idioms/vocabulary/French/spelling/pronunciation B2 1.F2.T 3.F I–Interviewer P–ProfessorI:AndnowwehaveaninterviewwithProfessorJ.T.Lingo,ProfessorofLinguisticsatChimoUniversity,whoisheretotalktousaboutthegrowingbusinessofteachingEnglish.Goodmorning,professorLingo.P:Goodmorning.I:IunderstandthatteachingEnglishisbecoming ―bigbusiness‖allaroundtheworld.P:Itseemsthatlanguageschoolsarespringingupeverywhere.I:Whyisthat?2P:Withthemovetowardaglobaleconomy,Englishhasbecomethemostwidelyusedlanguageintheworld.Itisthelanguageofbusiness,aviation,scienceandinternationalaffairsandpeoplefindthattheymustlearnEnglishtocompeteinthosefields.I:AnddopeoplefindEnglishaneasylanguagetolearn?P:Well,everylanguagehassomethingaboutitthatotherpeoplefinddifficulttolearn.Englishissuchahodgepodgeofdifferentlanguages–it’sessentiallyGermanicbutalotofitsvocabularycomesfromFrench,andtechnicalwordsstemfromLatinandGreek.ThisfeaturemakesEnglishfairlyadaptable–whichisagoodthingforaworldlanguage–butitcausesirregularityinspellingandpronunciation.I:Englishspellingbafflesme,too.P:Englishalsohasthelargestvocabulary.Oftentherearewordsforthesamething,oneisAnglo-SaxonandonefromtheFrench–like―buy‖whichisAnglo-Saxonand―purchase‖whichisfromtheFrench.TheFrenchwordoftenhasmoreprestige.I:Anglo-Saxon?P:That’sthewordforOldEnglish.TheNormanConquestin1066broughttheFrenchlanguagetoBritainandhelpedEnglishevolveintotheEnglishitistoday.I:IsthereanythingelseparticularlydifficultaboutEnglish?P:Well,theidiomsininformalEnglishposeaproblemforsomestudents.I:InformalEnglish?P:Aswithanylanguage,therearedifferentvarieties:slang,colloquial.Formal,written,aswellasthedifferentdialects–British,AmericanandCanadianEnglish.I:AndhowisCanadianEnglishdifferentfromAmericanandBritish?P:CanadianEnglishisclosertoAmericaninpronunciationandidiom.SomeofourwordsandourspellingsdoreflectBritishusage,however.Wewouldn’tusetheBritishterm―lorry‖fortruck,butwehavekeptthe―o-u-r‖spellingsinwordssuchas―honour‖and―colour‖.I:Thishasbeenveryinteresting.I’mafraidwe’reoutoftime.Ithasbeenapleasuretalkingtoyou. PartIIIUniversityLife A1I.Age/Foreignstudentpopulation II.15hrs(+2or3for lab)/Discussiongroup:15-20/muchsmaller/informal,friendly/2-3hrs:1hr TodayI’dliketogiveyousomeideaabouthowlifeatanAmericanuniversityorcollegemightbe differentfromthewayitisinyourcountry.Tobesure,thestudentbodyonaU.S.campusisa prettydiversegroupof people.Firstof all,youwill findstudentsofall ages.Althoughmost studentsstartcollegeataroundtheageof18,youwillseestudentsintheir30sand40sandeven occasionallyintheir60sand70s.StudentsonaU.S.campuscomefromawidevariety of socioeconomicbackgrounds.Manystudentsworkatleastpart-time,someofthemworkfull-time. Manystudentsliveindormitoriesoncampus,somehavetheirownapartmentsusuallywithother students,andotherslive athome.Somecollegesanduniversities haveaverydiversestudent populationwithmanyracial andethnic minorities. Someschools haveafairlylargeforeign studentpopulation.Soyou canseethat onemeetsallkindsofpeopleonaU.S.college oruniversitycampus.Nowthatyouhavesomegeneralideaofdifferencesinthestudentpopulation,I’dliketotalkafewminutesaboutwhatIthinkanaveragestudentisandthendiscusswithyouwhatatypicalclassmightbelike.Let’sbeginmytalkingaboutanaveragestudententeringhisorherfreshmanyear.Ofcourse,suchapersonneverreallyexists,butstillit’sconvenienttotalkaboutan―average‖studentforour3purposes.ForeignstudentsareoftensurprisedathowpoorlypreparedAmericanstudentsarewhentheyenterauniversity.Actually,atveryselectschoolsthestudentsareusuallyverywellprepared,butatlessselectiveschools,theymaynotbeaswellpreparedasstudentsinyourcountryare.SchoolsintheStatessimplyadmitalotmorestudentsthanisusualinmostothercountries.Also,mostyoungAmericanuniversitystudentshavenottraveledinothercountriesandarenotverywell-versedininternationalmattersanddonotknowalotaboutpeoplefromothercountries.Foreignstudentsusuallyfindthemfriendlybutnotverywell-informedabouttheircountriesorcultures.Whatkindofacademicexperienceswillthisso-called―average‖studenthave?Theaverageundergraduatestudenttakesfiveclassesasemesterandisinclassfor15hoursaweek.Ifherorshetakesaclassthathasalaboratory,thiswillrequiretoworthreemorehours.Manyintroductoryundergraduateclassesaregiveninlargelecturesof100ormorestudents.However,manyoftheseclasseswillhavesmalldiscussiongroupsof15to20studentsthatmeetonceaweek.Inthesesmallergroups,ateachingassistantwillleadadiscussiontohelpclassifypointsinthelectures.Otherkindsofclasses–forexample,languageclasses–willbemuchsmallersothatstudentscanpracticelanguage.Ingeneral,Americanprofessorsareinformalandfriendlywiththeirstudents,and,asmuchaspossible,theyexpectandinviteparticipationintheformofdiscussion.Alargeamountofreadingandotherworkisoftenassignedtobedoneoutsideclass,andstudentsareexpectedtotakefullresponsibilityforcompletingtheseassignmentsandaskingquestionsinclassaboutthoseareastheydon’tunderstand.Asaruleofthumb,studentsspendtwotothreehourspreparingforeachhourtheyspendinclass.Americanprofessorsoftenencouragetheirstudentstovisitthemduringofficehours,especiallyifthestudentsarehavingproblemsintheclass.A2II.Examinations/quizzesIII.Graduateschool/Seminars/someareaofinterest/aresearchpaperLet’smoveonnowtodiscussstudentobligationsinatypicalAmericanclass.Theseobligationsareusuallysetdowninthecoursesyllabus.Asyllabusisgenerallyhandedouttostudentsonthefirstorsecondclassmeeting.Agoodsyllabuswillgivestudentsacourseoutlinethatmentionsallthetopicstobecoveredinclass.Itwillalsocontainalltheassignmentsandthedatestheyshouldbecompletedby.Anaverageuniversitycourseofonesemestermighthavethreeexaminationsortwoexaminationsandapaper.Thedatesoftheexaminationsandwhattheexaminationswillcovershouldbeonthesyllabus.Ifapaperidrequired,thedateitisdueshouldalsobeinthesyllabus.Theprofessormayalsodecidethatheorshewillbegivingquizzesduringthesemester,eitherannouncedorunannounced.Forstudentscomingfromasystemwherethereisoneexaminationineachsubjectattheendoftheyear,allthistestingcanbealittlesurprisingatfirst.Bytheby,maybethiswouldbeagoodplaceformetomentiontheissueofattendance.Anotherrealdifferenceinoursystemisoutattendancepolicies.Perhapsyoucomefromasystemwhereattendanceisoptional.Generallyspeaking,Americanprofessorsexpectregularattendanceandmayevengradeyoudownifyouareabsentalot.Allthisinformationshouldbeonyoursyllabus,alongwiththeprofessor’sofficenumberandofficehours.Ihaveonlyacoupleofhoursleft,andI’dliketousethemtotalkabouthowgraduateschoolissomewhatdifferentfromundergraduateschool.Ofcourse,it’smuchmoredifficulttoentergraduateschool,andmoststudentsarehighlyqualifiedandhighmotivated.Studentsingraduateschoolareexpectedtodomuchmoreindependentworkthanthoseinundergraduateschools,with4regularlyscheduledexams,etc.someclasseswillbeconductedasseminars.Inaseminarclass,theremaybenoexams,butstudentsareexpectedtoreadratherwidelyontopicsandbepreparedforthoroughdiscussionoftheminclass.Anotherpossibilityingraduateclassesisthatinadditiontoreadingsdonebyallstudents,eachstudentmayalsobeexpectedtoworkindependentlyinsomeareaofinterestandlatermakeapresentationthatsummarizeswhatherorshehaslearned.Usuallyeachstudentthengoesontowriteapaperonwhatheorshehasresearchedtoturnintotheprofessorforagrade.Ihopethattoday’slecturehasgivenyousomeideaaboutstudentlifeonanAmericancampusandthatyouhavenoticedsomedifferencebetweenoursystemandyours.B2tomakemistakes/everynewthing/thelanguage/WorkingoutsidetheclassroomPassive/theteach/stickhisneckout/morelikelytoberightthanhimselfHowwouldyoudescribeagoodstudentorabadstudent,sortofthingstheydoordon’tdointheclassroom?He’seagertoexperimentwitheverynewthingthathelearns,whetheritbeastructureofafunctionoranewword,heimmediatelystartstryingtouseit.He’sinterestedinthemistakeshemakes,he’snotafraidtomakethem.He’snotsimplyinterestedinhavingitcorrectedandmovingon? Heplayswithlanguage. I’vedonethischapterIknowthis,withouttryingtoexperimentatall,withoutreally testing himself. He’susuallypassive,hewon’tspeakupmuchintheclassroom.He’llrarelyaskyouwhythis ⋯ Justsortofacceptswhatyougivehimanddoesn’tdoanythingmorewithit. ⋯andinatesthe’stheonepersonwho’slikelytosuddenlyrealizethathewasn’ttoosureaboutthatafterall.Andpeepoverathisneighbor’spaper.Analternativelearningstrategy.Heinvariablydecidesthattheotherpersonismorelikelytoberightthanhimself.That’stheresultofthissortofunwillingnesstomakemistakesandstickhisneckout.Thatcharacterizesthegoodorbadlearner?He’lldomoreoffhisownbataswell,hewon’trelyentirelyontheteacher.He’llworkoutsidetheclassroomaswellasinit.Studentswhomakemostprogressarefirstofallthosewhoexperimentandsecondlythosewhoreadbooks.PartIVUniversityCampus A2.theHistoryDepartment 3.thePsychologyDepartment 4.theLibrary5.theEducationDepartment 6.thePhilosophyDepartment 7.theGeographyDepartment8.theSportsGround 9.theForeignLanguagesDepartment 10.theChineseDepartment11.thePhysicsDepartment 12.theMathematicsDepartment 13.theChemistryDepartment14.theClinic 15.theAuditorium 16.theAdministrationBuildingLookatthemap.Atthebottomofthepage,finethegate(1).Nowlocate16.Itisbetweentheriverandthelake,closetotheMainRoad.ThebuildingbehindtheAdministrationis15.Whereis4?It’sontheright-handsideoftheMainRoad,closetotheriver.AcrosstheMainroadfromtheLibrary,thebuildingbytheriveris5.Thefirstbuildingontheleft-handsideoftheMainRoadis7.6isbetweentheEducationandtheGeography.ThebuildingattheendoftheMainRoadis12.5onitsleftis11andonitsright,nearthelake,is13.Anotherbuildingbehindthelikeis14.10isfacingthelake,acrosstheMainRoad.ThebuildingbetweentheChineseDepartmentandtheriveris9.2isthefirstbuildingontherightoftheMainRoad.NexttotheHistoryDepartmentis3.Andlast,8isbehindtheEducation,PhilosophyandGeographyDepartments.BRobertMartin/biology/nextfall/sixyearsinapublicschoolinthehometown;twoyearsinamilitaryschool,highschoolinthehometown/science(biologyinparticular),sportsSoIhadtoearnalittlemoneytohelppaymyway.Itsoundsasifyou’reaprettyresponsiblefellow.Iseethatyouattendedtwogradeschools.Idon’tfindatranscriptamongyourpapers.Butit’shardtokeepupwithbothsportsandstudies.I’llholdyourapplicationuntilwegetthetranscript.Whatdidyourguidancecounselortellyou?HetoldmeIhadarealknackforscientificthings.IhavebeenfascinatedwithsciencesinceIwasachild. Aninterestofthatkindreallysignifiessomething.Unit2Colorfullands,colorfulpeople16,998,000/64,186,300/840,000/1,000,000/3,320,000/143,244/32,483/2,966,000/5,105,700/29,028/-1,312/5,315/36,198/4,145/ThebiggestcontinentintheworldisAsia.Itcovers16,998,000squaremiles.ThePacificOceanisthelargestoceanwith64,186,300squaremiles.Whichisthebiggestisland?It’sGreenland.Itoccupiesanareaof840,000squaremiles.TheArabiaPeninsulaisthelargestpeninsulaandhasanareaof1,000,000squaremiles.Doyouknowwhichisthelargestdesert?Yes,it’stheSaharaDesertinNorthAfrica.Itcovers3,320,000squaremiles.ThebiggestsaltwaterlakeistheCaspianSea,whichis143,244squaremileslarge.LakeSuperioristhebiggestfreshwaterlakeanditcoversatotalareaof32,483squaremiles.ThesmallestcontinentisOceania,withanareaof2,966,000squaremiles,andthesmallestoceanistheArcticOceanwith5,105,700squaremiles.Youallknowtheworld’shighestpeak,don’tyou?Mt.Qomolangma(orMt.Everest)is29,028feetabovesealevel.Incontrast,thelowestaltitudeintheworldistheDeadSea,1,312feetbelowsealevel,oryoucansay-1,312feet.ThedeepestlakeisBaykalinRussia.Thedepthis5,315feet.MarianaTrenchnearthePhilippinesisthedeepestoceanictrench,withadepthof36,198feet.ThelongestriverintheworldistheNileinAfrica.Itis4,145mileslong.B1,243,738,000 /955,220,000 / 267,901,000 /199,867,000 / 159,884,000 /147,105,000 /138,150,000/125,638,000/122,013,000/118,369,000/96,400,000/82,071,0001.ThecountrywiththelargestpopulationintheworldisChina.Accordingtothe1997census,thetotalpopulationwas1,243,738,000.2.ThesecondlargestinpopulationisIndia.Itlistedapopulationof955,220,000in1997.3.AndthethirdlargestistheUnitedStates,withitsestimatedpopulationof267,901,000in1997.4. Whichcountryisthefourthlargestinpopulation?It ’sIndonesia.About199,867,000peoplelivethere.65.Brazilranksthefifthinitspopulation.Therethepopulationwas159,884,000.6.NextcomestheRussianFederation,withapopulationof147,105,000.7.TheseventhinlineisPakistan,withanestimatedpopulationof138,150,000.8.Japanisthecountrywiththeeighthlargestpopulation.Itspopulationestimatedin1997reached125,638,000.9.ThenextlargescountryinpopulationisBangladesh.Theestimatedpopulationwas122,013,000in1997.10.NigeriainAfricaranksthetenthinitspopulation.Thereareabout118,369,000peoplelivingthere.11.Theeleventh?Mexico.Accordingtostatistics,itspopulationwas96,400,000in1997.12.Andlast,thetwelfthlargesisGermany.Its1997censusshowedithadapopulationof82,071,000. C Chinese1,300million /Spanish 332million /English 322million / 189million /182 million/170million/ Russian 170million/Japanese 125million/German 98million/ 75.5million/Korean 75million / French 72 million / Vietnamese 67million / 66 million/64million / 63million / Turkish 59 million / 58million / 44million / Polish 44million/Arabic 42.5million/41million Doyouknowwhichlanguagesarespokenbymorethan40millionpeople?Chinesehasthelargestnumberofspeakers,morethan1,300million.Next,Spanishisspokenby332millionpeople.ThenextonthelineisEnglish,whichhasmorethan322millionspeakers.Number4,Bengaliisspokenby189millionpeople.NextcomesHindi,thelanguagespokenchieflyinIndia,whichhas182millionspeakers.PortugueseandRussianarenextonthelineandtheyarebothspokenby170millionpeople.Number8,Japaneseisspokenby125million.Next,Germanhas98millionspeakers,whileJavanesehas75.5million.WehaveKoreanonthelistwith75million,anditisfollowedbyFrench,whichisspokenby72million.Number13,Vietnameseisspokenby67millionandTeluguisspokenby66million.Next,wehaveMarathionthelistandithas64 millionspeakers.MarathiisfollowedbyTamil, with63 millionspeakers.NextcomesTurkish,thelanguagespokeninTurkey,andithas59millionspeakers.Number18,Urduisspokenby58millionpeople.Gujaratihas44millionspeakers,andPolishisalsospokenby44millionpeople.Number21,which42.5millionpeoplespeak,isArabicandlast,thenumberofpeoplewhospeakUkrainianis41million.PartII1. Ababyboy2. social/ecological/populations3. longer/healthierAbabyboyborninBosnia-Herzegovinaovernighthasofficiallybeennamedtheworld ’ssixbillionthinhabitant.Althoughseveralotherbabiesarelikelytohavebeenbornatthesametimeelsewhereintheworld,theUnitedNationshaddeclaredthatthefirstchildtobedeliveredattheKosovoHospitalinSarajevotodaywouldsymbolizethepassingofthemark.TheUSecretaryGeneralisvisitingthemotherandhersonasaUNattempttodrawattentiontothesocialandecologicalproblemsofrapidlyexpandingpopulationsTheboywhocameintotheworldashorttimeagoinBosniatosuchinternationalacclaimwill7besha