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课程《新视野大学英语》 (2011级) 2011~2012 学年 第 1 学期期中试卷 Part I Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (5%) Directions: In this part, you will have 10 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. For questions 1-5, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You Are What You Think What are you? Are you a pessimist, who thinks negatively about the world and your future? Or are you an optimist, who thinks things are getting better and better? These questions are important to you and how you live your life. They are also important to scientists who do research in psychology. In this article, I will introduce the findings of these researchers. I will also point out some things that you can do in order to change your life for the better. Consequences of Optimism and Pessimism A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15,000 people—is proving that optimistic thinking can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimistic thinking leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness, and failures, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. ―If we could teach people to think positively,‖ says the psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston, ―it would help them fight against these mental illnesses.‖ One’s Belief in Success ―Your abilities do count,‖ explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, ―but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.‖ In part, that’s because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways. Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and his colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at a life insurance company. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37% more insurance than did the negative thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20% more. Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10% more insurance that did the average representatives. The Secret to an Optimist’s Success How did they do it? The secret to an optimist’s success, according to Seligman, is in his ―explanatory style‖. When things go wrong, the pessimist tends to blame himself. ―I’m not good at this,‖ he says, ―I always fail.‖ The optimist looks for other 1 things to blame. He blames the weather, the phone connections, even the other person. That customer was in a bad mood, he thinks. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as the result of good luck. Craig Anderson once had a group of students give phone calls to strangers and ask them to give blood to the Red Cross. When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, ―I can’t do this.‖ Optimists told themselves, ―I need to try a different approach.‖ Negative or positive, it is a self-fulfilling statement. ―If people feel hopeless,‖ says Anderson, ―they don’t bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed.‖ A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like he is fate’s plaything and moves slowly. He doesn’t seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be done. Effects of Optimism and Pessimism on Health Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that’s what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levy found the disease came on sooner among the pessimists. Optimistic thinking won’t cure the incurable or create miracles, but it may prevent some illnesses. In a long-term study, researchers met with and examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates, all of whom were in the top half of their class and in fine physical condition; yet some were positive thinkers, and some negative. Twenty years later, when researchers met with them again, there were more middle-age diseases among the pessimists than the optimists. Clearly, pessimists and optimists thinking had an effect on their health. Many studies suggest that the pessimist’s feeling of helplessness undermines the body’s natural defenses, the immune system. Dr. Christopher Peterson of the University of Michigan has found that the pessimist doesn’t take good care of himself. Feeling passive and unable to escape life’s blows, he expects poor health and other misfortunes, no matter what he does. He eats bad food, avoids exercise, ignores the doctor, and drinks too much alcohol. Causes of Optimism and Pessimism Most people are a mix of optimistic and pessimistic thinkers, but they are inclined in one direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned ―at your mother’s knee‖, says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of warnings or encouragements, negative statements or positive ones. Too many ―don’ts‖ and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent, fearful—and pessimistic. As they grow, children experience small triumphs, such as learning to tie their shoes or riding a bicycle. Parents can help turn these successes into a sense of control, and that breeds optimism. Ways to Change for Optimism 2 Pessimism is a hard habit to break—but that can be done. In a series of landmark studies, Dr. Carol Dweck of the University of Illinois has been working with children in the early grades of school. As she helps students to change the explanations for their failures—from ―I must be stupid‖ to ―I didn’t study hard enough‖—their academic performance improves. Pittsburgh’s Dr. Levy wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives. In a pilot study, two groups of cancer patients were given the same medical treatments, but some were also given psychological help to encourage optimism. Results showed that this worked. Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological change can alter the course of the disease. So, if you’re a pessimist, there’s reason for optimism. You can change. Here’s how: ?Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen. Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited. ?Now try an experiment. Do something that’s contrary to any negative reactions. Let’s say something has gone wrong at work. Do you think ―I hate my job, but I could never get a better one?‖ Act as if that weren’t so. Send out resumes. Go to interviews. Look into training and check job leads. ?Keep track of what happens. Were your first thoughts right or wrong? ―If your thoughts are holding you back, change them,‖ says Hollon, ―it’s trial and error, no guarantees, but give yourself a chance.‖ Positive thinking leads to positive action. What you expect from the world, as the evidence suggests, is what you’re likely to get. 1. From the first paragraph we learn that one’s attitude toward life affects . A. the findings of researchers B. the entire world C. the way of one’s life D. the scientists in research 2. Psychological research shows that depression, loneliness, and painful shyness are connected to . A. positive thinking B. pessimistic thinking C. failure or life’s blows D. physical illness 3. According to a major study, positive salesman among longtime representatives could sell more insurance than the negative ones. A. 20% B. 10% C. 37% D. 100% 4. What are pessimists inclined to do when things go wrong? A. To blame themselves. B. To blame their bad luck. C. To blame others. D. To blame their mood. 5. According to Anderson, a ―test for success‖ is . A. a skill that is needed B. a piece of advice C. a quick action D. a sense of control 3 Part II Listening Comprehension (35%) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. 11. [A] The man is out of shape. [B] The man doesn’t need a new racket. [C] The man also needs new tennis shoes. [D] The man spent too much on his tennis shoes. 12. [A] She prefers chemistry. [B] She hasn’t got a partner yet. [C] She is too tired of chemistry. [D] She is too busy to work on her chemistry. 13. [A] Customer and waitress. [B] Teacher and student. [C] Boss and secretary. [D] Lawyer and client. 14. [A] He was satisfied with the service on the ship. [B] It was the first time he had been abroad. [C] He had never been on a warship. [D] He has been on the warship before. 15. [A] He is confident. [B] He is worried. [C] He is bored. [D] He is angry. 16. [A] The woman offered to help the man find his box. [B] The man doesn’t know where to go. [C] The woman will buy the man’s lunch for him. [D] The woman will give the man a treatment. 17. [A] It’s enjoyable. [B] It’s terrific. [C] It’s too modern. [D] It’s old-fashioned. 18. [A] Near the stairs. [B] On the platform. [C] At the ticket office. [D] At the information desk. 4 Now you’ll hear two long conversations. Conversation One Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 19. [A] In a college bookstore. [B] In a lecture hall. [C] In a library. [D] In a dormitory. 20. [A] English. [B] Biology. [C] Introduction to English Literature. [D] A required course. 21. [A] He lives on the 10th floor of Butler Hall. [B] He never wants to listen to students. [C] He used to teach biology. [D] He is an excellent professor. Conversation Two Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 22. [A] When to move. [B] Where to live the following year. [C] How much time to spend at home. [D] Whose house to visit. 23. [A] Take some money to the housing office. [B] Inform the director of student housing in a letter. [C] Fill out a form in the library. [D] Maintain a high grade average. 24. [A] Both live on campus. [B] Both live off campus. [C] The man lives on campus; the woman lives off campus. [D] The woman lives on campus; the man lives off campus. 25. [A] Grades. [B] Privacy. [C] Sports. [D] Money. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard. 26. [A] The importance of advertisement. [B] The society’s great need of advertisement. 5 [C] The origin of advertisement. [D] The prosperity of advertisement. 27. [A] The local governments. [B] Their owners’ families. [C] Advertisements. [D] The audience. 28. [A] Advertising is personal. [B] Advertisements are convincing. [C] Advertisements are unreliable. [D] Advertisements are misleading. Passage Two Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard. 29. [A] The games shouldn’t be held in Salt Lake City. [B] The games have met their environmental goals. [C] The games did little to protect the environment. [D] The games have caused lasting damages to the area. 30. [A] Sports competition. [B] Cultural exchange. [C] Economic development. [D] Environmental protection. 31. [A] Building ski jumps farther away from the city. [B] Developing better public transportation in the city. [C] Planting more trees around the fields. [D] Promoting the use of cleaner energy. Passage Three Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard. 32. [A] Diet. [B] Weight control. [C] Aerobic exercise. [D] Eating habits and exercise. 33. [A] Nuts. [B] Sugar. [C] Vegetable oil. [D] Dairy products. 34. [A] Forty or fifty minutes of exercise once a week. [B] Twenty or thirty minutes of exercise every day. [C] Fifteen or twenty minutes of exercise five days a week. [D] Thirty or forty minutes of exercise three or four days a week. 35. [A] Carbohydrates. [B] Indirect fat. [C] Body fluid. [D] Fat. 6 Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. Today, students who want to learn English in the US have a wide choice of courses and institutions to (36)______from. And, because the US is such a big country, they also have a huge (37) ______of locations in which to study. The US has a long (38) ______of teaching English because, (39) ______its history, the country has welcomed (40) ______from all over the world, most of whom have needed to learn English. Today, the US’s English language teaching sector is well developed and its teachers are highly qualified and (41) ______. American universities and colleges welcome many thousands of (42) ______ students each year, who (43) ______on degree or post graduate courses. (44) ______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________before they start university study. These courses are called Intensive English Language Programs and (45) ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________. In addition to language tuition, Intensive English Language Programs give students the chance to get to know the school (46) ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________. 44. warn them about the weather and patrol their house when they leave. 1 point 1 point 45. has begun establishing the kind of robot-human relationship 1 point 1 point 46. who was dying of heart disease and wanted her robot companion to attend her funeral. 1 point 1 point Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (30%) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet with a 7 single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Iron can be lost through a 1 of mechanisms, often because of sweating but also sometimes through the bleeding of the 2 system. In some sports exists the 3 of blood bleeding from the feet. Iron deficiency 4 three stages. The first level of low iron 5 often show no symptoms. The second level, where too few molecules of blood proteins exist due to a lack of iron, causes the blood to have the problems 6 oxygen. The last stage causes people to feel weak, tired and to see a 7 compromise in their ability to perform exercises. Traditional methods to calculate low iron are 8 . John L. Beard advises a test used to show levels of a different compound. If people have a problem they can 9 their diet and eat food which helps iron to be 10 . Active women should take care in their choice of food. A) variation I) deficiency B) digestive J) insufficient C) discovered K) interfered D) goes through L) modify E) absorbed M) reserves F) transporting N) absorption G) severe O) phenomenon H) variety Section B Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Accidents and illness are unhappy things to talk about, but no one can expect to live a lifetime without having some kind of accident or becoming ill. Some accidents and illnesses are serious and may result in long periods of invalidism. The newspapers contain spectacular accounts of accidents in the street and highways and public places, but nearly as many accidents occur around the home. Somebody trips on a rug. Somebody falls off a stepladder. Somebody is careless in cooking dinner, and is burned. Accidents incurred in the playing of sports and swimming also account for a large number of injuries, big and little. Despite constant campaigns to reduce the number of accidents, there are still appropriately 100,000 accidental deaths and nearly 9,000,000 non-fatal injuries in the United States each 8 year. It has been estimated that around 3,000,000 people are constantly ill in the United States throughout the year and that over half the illness is caused by respiratory diseases, chiefly colds and influenza. The pain and suffering caused by accidents and illness tell only half the story. Loss of time from school and work and medical and hospital expenses often make the pain seem worse. Money spent in this country for doctors, services, hospitalization, nursing care, drugs, medicines, X-rays, and special treatments amounts to a huge annual sum. Added to this expense is another much larger amount that is lost in wage earners throughout the nation by reason of their loss of wages or income while sick or otherwise disabled. Accidents and health insurance is a form of insurance devised to protect against these economic losses. It protects the earnings of wage earners and furnishes financial aid to the family of the breadwinner by the payment of his doctor and hospital bills. Today, business and professional men, farmers, industrial workers, clerks, and those engaged in various occupations, whose earning power is shut off for a week, a month, or sometimes years because of accidents or illness, can insure themselves against this financial loss by accident and health insurance. Protection is available to all types of workers and the cost (called the premium) ranges from a few cents a day for small or limited policies to a month for policies paying larger amounts (called indemnities). Policy is another name for an insurance contract. Most accident and health policies are cancelable policies – that is to say, they are sold for a definite term such as a week, a month, or a year, similar to contracts of fire insurance and automobile liability insurance. There are, however, policies which cannot be canceled or terminated by the insurance company until the policy holder reaches an age at which he usually has no further earning power – most often at sixty or sixty-five years. These non-cancelable policies cost more than the cancelable policies. 1. What is the main idea of the passage? A) More attention should be paid to preventing accidents illness. B) Accidents and illness cause the US people to suffer a lot. C) Insurance is a good protection against accidents and illness. D) Cancelable insurance policies are better than non-cancelable one. nd2. The word ―incurred‖ in the 2 paragraph can most probably be replaced by . A) provoked C) involved B) brought upon oneself D) hard to avoid 3. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A) Accidents and illness are the source of suffering and poverty unless one is helped. B) Most blue collars would prefer cancelable policies to non-cancelable policies. C) Traffic accidents bring more losses than those happening around the home. 9 D) It is hardly possible for people to insure for a period less than half a year. 4. The main difference between cancelable insurance policies and non-cancelable policies is the . A) limitation C) valid term B) policy holder’s age D) one’s earning power 5. Who would spend much time reading over the passage? A) Readers interested in insurance. B) Employees in welfare departments. C) Accidents victims. D) Newcomers in the insurance companies. Passage Two For centuries man dreamed of achieving vertical(垂直的)height. In 400 A. D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ceased. Leonardo da Vinci conceived the first mechanical apparatus, called a ―Helix‖, which could carry a man straight up, but this was only a design and was never tested. The ancient dream was finally realized in 1940 when a Russian immigrant, an aeronautical engineer, piloted a strange-looking craft of steel tubing with a rotating propeller on top. It rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from a standing start, hovered a few feet above the ground, went sideways and backwards, and then settled back to earth. That vehicle was called a helicopter. Imaginations were fired. Men dreamed of commuting(通勤)to work in their own personal helicopter. Every man would have one in his backyard. People anticipated that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today. Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled. The helicopter has now become an extremely versatile machine. It excels in military missions, carrying troops, guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go. Corporations use them as airborne offices, many metropolitan areas use them in police work, construction and logging companies employ them in various advantageous ways, engineers use them for site selection and surveying, and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remote work stations accessible to crews and supplies. Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter. Among their other multitude of uses, they deliver people across town, fly to and from airports, assist in rescue work, and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons. 6. A helicopter is an aircraft that . A) can go faster than the ordinary airplane B) can fit into the smallest possible place C) can fly vertically into the air D) is used only for commercial service 7. What is said about the development of the helicopter? A) Helicopters have only been worked on by man since 1940. B) An Englishman was the first to achieve flight in a helicopter. 10 C) Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes. D) Some people thought they would become widely used by the average individual. 8. Under what conditions are helicopters found to be almost indispensable? A) For overseas passenger transportation. B) For extremely high altitude flight. C) For high-speed transportation. D) For urgent missions to inaccessible places. 9. How has the use of helicopters developed? A) Each year they have become larger to accommodate greater loads. B) They are taking the place of highflying jets. C) They are often used for rescue work. D) They are now used exclusively for commercial projects. 10. On what principle do helicopters work? A) A combination of propellers in front and on top. B) A rotating propeller topside. C) One propeller in the center of the aircraft and others at each end. D) A propeller underneath for lifting power. Part IV. Extensive Reading (10%) 1. Peng believes that more dialectical thinking among Americans would make American public life less contentious. A) polite B) aggressive C) friendly D) simple 2. On the 80-mile drive to our home, I talked incessantly while he quietly listened, without interrupting. A) loudly B) rapidly C) slowly D)continuously 3. How many brain systems are involved in the protest phase? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four 4. Being genuine means A) standing up for what is real B) knowing who you ought to be C) being free from hatred D) leading an unbelievable life 5. I could put that on hold since I was going to help people and travel. A) take control of my marriage B) forget about marriage temporarily C) dream of a happy marriage D) refuse to get married Part V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. (10%) vagueness speak of take sides characteristic descend mushroom accustom insensitive exclusive provoke 11 out of bounds prominent prevail bunch infinite 1. He is only 30 years old, but he has become a _____ surgeon in this city. 2. Generosity is really _____ of Mr. Johnson; he has offered to buy the air tickets to New York for all of us. 3. The local people are completely _____ to their surroundings, lacking knowledge of the treasures of art and history among which they have grown up. 4. Without much money in her purse, Mary was not confident enough to enter those _____ shops while wandering along Huaihai Road. 5. Lacking in communication with other areas, an ancient tradition still _____ over the whole mountain village. 6. When we finally arrived at the chemical plant, we found a bulletin that said, ―This area is_____ to persons not concerned.‖ 7. When arguing about who would win the first place, David never______. 8. Over the last century, the number of taxes has_______ and the system is now so complex that few understand it fully. 9. The pilot, thinking his plane was in danger, _____ quickly; he wanted to have the plane checked at once. 10. We must take everything into consideration before we make any decision, because a wrong decision could do ____ harm to us. Part VI. Translating the following sentences into English using the words given. (10%) 1. 掌握一门外语有助于跨越不同文化之间的鸿沟。(master, gap) 1. Mastering a foreign language can help bridge the gap between different cultures. 1 point 1 point 12