外科换药的概念和注意事项

外科换药的概念和注意事项 业务学习记录 时间:2007.9.20 地点: 医生办公室 记录员: 主持人: 授课人: 参加人员名单: 具体 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 :外科换药的概念和注意事项 换药对于外科医生来说是最的事，然而也是最容易疏忽的事。一个无菌切口可以因为换药不当而感染;因酒精的刺激而使皮瓣坏死;更头疼的是一些皮肤坏死的创面，要经过漫长的换药才能愈合;而骨外露往往要通过皮瓣才能搞定。换药确有很多讲究，恰到好处的换药往往能化腐朽为神奇。本人亲眼目睹过内固定手术后由于皮肤坏死至钢板及骨外露的患者，经中医祖传秘方换药，不到一个月，奇迹般的痊愈了。还有一例是指骨开放性骨折，交叉克氏针术后，皮肤由于搓伤而坏死，导致伸肌腱外露，两周中药换药后痊愈。它的意义在于:“石头上能长草”。从此对换药愈加重视，对祖国医学的博大精深而折服。现在我们看看各大门派的换药技巧。 原则是:无菌。清洁。清除失活坏死、组织。保持、促进肉芽生长。防止创面裸露及覆盖裸露创面。促进伤口愈合。 至于生理盐水一般用在血供丰富，感染机会小，且感觉敏锐的粘膜。 葡萄糖和胰岛素合用有刺激肉芽生长的作用。 而高渗盐水可能有抑制肉芽生长的作用 首先我讲碘伏和酒精的应用的更适应的范围。碘伏是络合碘，对油腻的创口或者皮脂腺发达的部位无效或者效果不好。而酒精或者碘酒就能够脱脂，能够更好的固定细菌的蛋白，而在皮脂腺丰富的地方更具穿透力。所以会应用在头皮的创口周围。不过上述这两种因为有一定的刺激性。所以开放创口不能应用。 生理盐水的应用主要是为了冲注和湿化，因为这可能是一个面积广泛的创口或者合并并不平整的创口，希望冲注能够去处一些杂质和感染物。 胰岛素主要应用于糖尿病患者的不愈合创口。 高渗盐的目的是创口局部肿胀未愈，而能够达到局部脱水作用，和有的讲蜂蜜的作用一样。 还有局部放庆大霉素针等主要是已经感染的创口。 谈不上是原则吧。就像以前还有用新洁而灭一样。可能对碘伏的效力不是很有信心的缘故。紧要关头还是要应用碘酒、酒精的。 1、外科换药首先要遵循无菌操作原则。从开始取料时直到换药结束都应遵守。 2、什么时候该用酒精，什么时候该用凡士林纱条，这都是有学问的。必须熟悉生理盐水，酒精，碘伏，黄纱条以及凡士林纱条的作用机制，这样在处理不同的伤口时就可以适当选择。 3、敷料的选择。有些人喜欢用大量的敷料，以为这样就可以很好的保持无菌状态;也有些人只用少数几层，认为可以节约成本。其实敷料多选少选都是不合适的。敷料选择多少合适 开始几天伤口的生长主要是肉芽组织的生长，它需要的是比呢,这得从伤口的生长说起，在 较湿润的环境，所以开始几天敷料可以多用几层，保持创面的相对湿润。而到了后期，伤口的生长主要是角质的生长，此时创面需要相对干燥的环境，所以敷料就应该在起到隔离作用的前提下尽可能薄。为什么有些人后期总是不见创口角质层愈合，我想与上面这个有关系的。 要记住:我们进行外科换药的目的是:两个提供。 即: 1、为创面提供一个相对无菌的环境，以免再次受到攻击。 2、为创面提供一个相对利于生长，愈合的环境，使其尽早愈合。 换药的目的主要是:1.观察伤口2.去除坏死组织3.清洁创面4.引流通畅5.促进组织生长。 3，对于感染严重的创面有时单纯冲洗要做到清洁创面比较难，可以采用“泡澡”的方法， 虽然文献上报道有使感染扩散的可能，但我觉得多更换几次“洗澡水”感染扩散的可能几乎不可能。 研究 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面潮湿的创面有利于组织生长，这就是我们平时喜欢使用生理盐水纱布覆盖创面的主要原因，同时生理盐水纱布还有通畅引流的作用，但由于潮湿的环境也是细菌生长的温床，细菌在6-8小时就会进入对数增殖期，故对于感染严重的创面，要作到勤换药(最好3-4次/日)，很多人喜欢创面同时加用庆大霉素湿敷，头1-2次效果是非常好的，长期效果不佳， 且易导致耐药菌产生。 凡士林纱布可以提供潮湿的环境有利于创面的肉芽生长，并可以减少组织液的渗出，早期的创面还可以止血，但对于感染严重的创面要慎用，因其易因为引流不畅，常加重感染。 高渗葡萄糖为一种脱水药,能增强血浆渗透压而产生脱水作用,对于感染性创口局部营养差、创口面积大、用其它药物换药后疗效差或无效者,下肢静脉曲张表面皮肤糜烂溃疡、创面愈合难者,浅?度,深?度小面积烧伤水肿明显、创面愈合缓慢者,及褥疮疗效较为显著。高渗葡萄糖能均匀分布于创面,造成高渗环境,致细菌细胞脱水,细菌失去繁殖能力,菌体死亡,并能使机体局部细胞脱水,减轻创面及肉芽组织水肿,同时能形成保护膜,防止细胞继续侵入感染,能改善局部血液循环,改善创面周围营养,促进创面愈合;此外，葡萄糖还具有生肌作用,可减少创面疼痛,利于创口愈合。 化脓创口的处理。一般如果创口化脓有脓液流出或可触及波动感，就要及时敞开引流，千万不要抱着侥幸的心理，期待它会吸收，引流是最好的方法，敞开以后须尽量将创口里的坏死组织彻底清楚，如果一次性无法全部清处，可以在以后的换药时逐步清除。然后填赛稀释的PVP-I纱条，充分引流，不宜填赛过紧影响血供且不利引流。当然也可以用生理盐水纱条。或者外敷抗生素，如青霉素，庆大等。 我们 一期闭合创口: 用酒精和强力消毒碘 开放创口: 用生理盐水和强力消毒碘 高渗盐水 用在 创面 水肿 较重时用 葡萄糖和胰岛素:多用在创面营养不良生长较慢时用 换药原则 1无菌 2 保护创面 3促进生长 换药的时候可以适当刮除表面的水肿或欠新鲜的肉芽，再用糜蛋白酶湿敷，这样可以促进局部组织愈合 感染伤口或者术后脂肪液化伤口，应及时间断拆线引流，用碘酒、酒精消毒伤口周围后，用手将伤口内脓汁尽量挤出，并用20ml注射器抽取庆大霉素(轻者)或万古霉素(重者)去掉针头直接钝性扎引流口直接冲洗并回抽冲洗液。可不放纱布引流条，一般两三次就可去除感染、封口。 在脂肪丰富的地方易出现脂肪液化,我们的经验是广泛的敞开切口(脂肪液化的区域全部打开),培养 药敏,加强换药.若培养阳性就是感染喽. 大家都知道这样的切口要换好长时间,我们为了缩短时间,减轻病人的经济负担,我们在初期消毒后在局部的皮下注射庆大霉素,@@@@@向切口中放置葡萄糖粉@@@@@.每天换药,待创口渗出少后油纱刺激肉芽生长.新鲜后二期缝合或蝴蝶胶布拉合即可.我们做了对照,明显缩短了时间. 谈谈下肢脉管炎截肢术后，切口不愈合在换药方面的一点体会: 一般这样的患者由于皮肤血运情况很差，虽然疼痛、坏死的肢体被截掉，但截肢后的切口仍是很难愈合，而且常易伴发感染～ 这样的切口换药是很重要的，首先换药时要密切观察切口情况，如果化脓，一定要马上剪开化脓处的缝线，去除坏死组织，敞开切口，通畅引流，一般放一个小引流条就可～ 另外，对化脓的切口换药时，不要嫌弃恶臭，一定要仔细擦掉切口处的脓苔，且不能因为患者的疼痛而不敢碰切口，脓苔除去后要有轻微的血丝渗出，这样才有助于切口早日愈合～ 开放性创口换药时最好不要让酒精渗入伤口，酒精对伤口的愈合不利(这是我实习时我那博士代教的观点) 另碘2酒3是经典的骨科消毒方法，刚到骨科时我们领导要求我们新人门诊清创时必须严格遵守。 对污染性油性伤口，我们这用松节油洗去油渍 对于陈旧性肉芽创面:此种肉芽组织再生能力差(颜色暗红，不新鲜，高低不平，有时呈陈旧性出血貌)，周围组织不易愈合，以刮匙将表面肉芽组织刮除或剪除，使之出血，露出新鲜肉芽，外敷橡皮高(此为中医去腐生肌之说，西医则将以双氧水冲洗达到去腐的目的) 如有脓液，应注意观察有无脓腔或窦道，注意患者体温变化。 对于绿脓杆菌感染的伤口: 特点是脓液为淡绿色，有一种特殊的甜腥臭味，如果创面结痂，痂下积脓，有坏死组织的，要清除痂皮、脓液和坏死组织。烧伤创面早期绿脓感染可削痂植皮。也可用1%~2%苯氧乙醇湿敷，或用0.1%庆大霉素、1%磺胺嘧啶银、10%甲磺米隆等溶液湿敷。创面如较小可用3%醋酸、10%水合氯醛等溶液湿敷。 1.酒精:褥疮防护(50,的)、皮肤及器械消毒(70,的) 2.双氧水(3,):清洗创伤、溃疡、脓窦，松解坏死组织，去除粘附的敷料。 3.庆大霉素溶液(0.2-0.5,):局部冲洗，用于绿脓杆菌、葡萄球菌感染创面。 4.盐水(0.9,):创口的洗涤湿敷。 5.呋喃西林(0.02,)溶液:溃疡、脓性伤口等表面消毒。 6.氧化锌明胶:经久不愈的小腿溃疡。 7.红汞(2,):皮肤黏膜的消毒，乡下还在使用。 8.鱼肝油:局部涂敷，用于促进创面的上皮形成。 9.醋酸(0.5-2,):烫伤、烧伤感染的创面。 10.洗必太(0.05,):创面、伤口冲洗。 11.硫酸镁(50,)溶液:用于挫伤、蜂窝织炎、丹毒等的消炎消肿。局部湿热敷。 12.硼酸软膏(5,):烧伤、擦伤、皮肤溃疡及褥疮。 13.创可贴:贴于小伤口。 对于骨髓炎有骨外露时的换药首先要勤，因为渗出很多，可以QD，且敷料要多，在换药过程中，应随时清除坏死组织(很重要～)，髓腔内可以放置(油)纱条。我的经验是先用盐水冲洗创面，再用0.1%碘伏冲洗，再用双氧水冲洗，最后用庆大纱布湿敷，敷料覆盖。当创面肉芽新鲜，渗出较少时，行手术清除死骨、硬化骨，采用合适的肌皮瓣覆盖创面，外固定架外固定，待皮瓣成活后，再行骨延长。不过，有时可能要多次手术才能达到治疗目的。 对于难愈性窦道如脑部手术后，心脏搭桥术后或慢性骨髓炎引起的窦道，通常早期用八二丹或九一丹 红油膏，提腐去脓，后期用生肌散 红油膏收口，效果很好，即使是绿脓杆菌或耐药金葡菌感染都能很好治愈。 再植手术或吻合血管的皮瓣手术最好能用与体温相近的呋喃西林溶液换药，用酒精换药可要挨骂了;手指换药纱布应避免环形包扎，局部最好用碎纱布填充。 关于油纱条使用 1.用于脓肿切开后起到引流作用,同时对刚切开的脓肿有压迫止血作用.2它可以直接放在伤口上以利于肉芽生长.3它的更换周期视伤口情况而定,如伤口渗出较多应每日更换,渗出少可视情况定 .4植皮区打包固定的应5---7天更换第一次,以后视情况定 .5油纱条与伤口不沾从而保护生长不牢的皮片不被揭掉. 总结: 换药:延期处理的开放性创伤、软组织感染切开引流、手术切口感染等，由于局部组织病理反应，使创面出现渗液、化脓、坏死或组织缺损等，应予适当处理。这种处理包括检查创面，清除脓液及坏死组织，放置或去除引流物更换敷料和包扎等，这一过程称为换药，也称为更换敷料或上药。 目的:1.观察伤口;2.去除坏死组织;3.清洁创面;4.引流通畅;5.促进组织生长; 原则:1.无菌原则;2.清除失活坏死组织;3.保持、促进肉芽生长;4.促进伤口愈合; 树立无菌观念;2.解除敷料的方法;3.换药物品的传递方法;4.创面及换药的基本技术:1. 周围皮肤的消毒方法;5.包扎固定方法;6.污物敷料的处理; 一、换药前准备 1. 充分了解伤口，创面的部位大小深浅，伤腔内填塞纱布的数量，引流物有无及是否拔除或更换，是否需要扩创或冲洗，是否需要拆线或缝合等。对所需的敷料器械药品等先检查是否齐备，特殊用品应制备齐全，如配置伤面涂用的抗生素溶液，扩创所需的局部麻醉药刀片，深伤口所用的长血管钳探针，置换耻骨上膀胱造瘘的特殊引流管等。对病人精神状态，全身状况及换药过程中可能发生的情况，均应详细了解充分准备。 2. 无菌准备:一般换药要求在晨间护理或换药室清洁工作后半小时进行，最好能在换药室换药。戴好口罩帽子，把患者请到换药室，观察伤口情况(揭开纱布要顺着伤口方向揭，垂直揭开易使伤口再裂开)，评估需要的器械，和敷料的数量，种类，然后去洗手后，准备换药的物品。一般需要两个无菌弯盘，两把镊子，酒精棉球等，夹拿器械时，镊子一定要头朝下，不可以翘起来，夹顺序先夹镊子，放弯盘中间，夹纱布盖在上面，碘酒，酒精分放在弯盘两边，先夹碘酒棉球后夹酒精棉球(如果先夹酒精，残存镊子的酒精夹碘酒棉球就稀释了 碘酒，影响消毒效果)。 3. 操作:手取外辅料，再用镊子取内层，若粘住用盐水棉球湿润后揭开。两把镊子，一把接触皮肤，一把接触辅料(两把始终不要碰触)。消毒顺伤口及缝线口轻轻的沾一下，然后(清洁的伤口)由内向外回字型消，酒精两遍以上，范围要超过盖的纱布。盖纱布光面朝下，盖八层纱布以上(一般一块纱布块四层)。粘胶布要顺皮纹方向且垂直纱布粘，一般三条，两边压边粘，中间一条。最后洗手(保护自己)。 4. 顺序:先干净后污染，先简单后复杂。一个病人多个伤口也是如此。 二、换药频率 原则上辅料湿透即应换药 1.一般伤口 :首次24h内，以后每2-3天/次;2.特殊伤口:乳房术后，3-5天/次;3.植皮术后:7-9天/次;4.消化道瘘:2-3天/次;5.夏天，每天换，敷酒精纱; 三、敷料选择多少合适,在开始几天伤口的生长主要是肉芽组织的生长，它需要的是比较湿润的环境，所以开始几天敷料可以多用几层，保持创面的相对湿润。而到了后期，伤口的生长主要是角质的生长，此时创面需要相对干燥的环境，所以敷料就应该在起到隔离作用的前提下尽可能薄。敷料除了保护创口不受外界污染的作用外，还具有一定的引流作用，所以换药时应保证敷料与创口紧密贴附，尤其是在创口较周围低凹的时候。 四、常用敷料选择 1.酒精:褥疮防护(50,的)、皮肤及器械消毒(70,的)。表皮完整的伤口可以用酒精换药，如果表皮破损就不能用酒精了，一般选用碘伏。经典的消毒方法是2%碘酒二遍酒精三遍脱碘消毒。 2、碘伏:对粘膜刺激性小，不需用乙醇脱碘，无腐蚀作用，且毒性低。碘伏无论是应用范围(粘膜，皮肤等)，还是消毒效果均优于碘酒(较少过敏反应)，不过也有适用范围，出血多的伤口，效果不好，创面过大也不宜应用。有些医院已经淘汰碘酒，因为过敏反应多，需要脱碘，有腐蚀作用。 碘伏和酒精的应用的更适应的范围。碘伏是络合碘，对油腻的创口或者皮脂腺发达的部位无效或者效果不好。而酒精或者碘酒就能够脱脂，能够更好的固定细菌的蛋白，而在皮脂腺丰富的地方更具穿透力。所以会应用在头皮的创口周围。 3. 生理盐水(0.9,):创口的洗涤湿敷。一般用在血供丰富，创面分泌物较多，感染机会小，且感觉敏锐的粘膜。生理盐水的应用主要是为了冲注和湿化，因为对于一个面积广泛的创口或者合并并不平整的创口，冲注能够去处一些杂质和感染物。 4. 高渗盐水:用在创面水肿较重时。高渗盐的目的是创口局部肿胀未愈，而能够达到局部脱水作用。高渗盐水加凡士林纱布可刺激肉芽的生长，在临床经常用于没有一期闭合的创口，或是感染创口清创彻底后应用。 5. 高渗葡萄糖:为一种脱水药,能增强血浆渗透压而产生脱水作用,对于感染性创口局部营养差、创口面积大、用其它药物换药后疗效差或无效者,下肢静脉曲张表面皮肤糜烂溃疡、创面愈合难者,浅?度,深?度小面积烧伤水肿明显、创面愈合缓慢者,及褥疮疗效较为显著。高渗葡萄糖能均匀分布于创面,造成高渗环境,致细菌细胞脱水,细菌失去繁殖能力,菌体死亡,并能使机体局部细胞脱水,减轻创面及肉芽组织水肿,同时能形成保护膜,防止细胞继续侵入感染,能改善局部血液循环,改善创面周围营养,促进创面愈合;此外，葡萄糖还具有生肌作用,可减少创面疼痛,利于创口愈合。 6. 双氧水(3,):清洗创伤、溃疡、脓窦，松解坏死组织，去除粘附的敷料。 7. 庆大霉素溶液(0.2-0.5,):局部冲洗，用于绿脓杆菌、葡萄球菌感染创面。 8. 呋喃西林(0.02,)溶液:溃疡、脓性伤口等表面消毒。 9. 氧化锌明胶:经久不愈的小腿溃疡。 10. 胰岛素主要应用于糖尿病患者的不愈合创口。 11. 红汞(2,):皮肤黏膜的消毒，皮肤檫伤红汞最好,涂上后十几分钟就干燥不用包扎 12. 鱼肝油:局部涂敷，用于促进创面的上皮形成。 13. 醋酸(0.5-2,):烫伤、烧伤感染的创面。 14. 洗必太(0.05,):创面、伤口冲洗。 15. 利凡诺:收缩创口效果最好(直接湿覆)。 16. 硫酸镁(50,)溶液:用于挫伤、蜂窝织炎、丹毒等的消炎消肿。局部湿热敷。 17. 硼酸软膏(5,):烧伤、擦伤、皮肤溃疡及褥疮。用硼酸溶液湿覆去腐直到肉芽新鲜. 使用生肌散粉末可以促进肉芽生长。 18. 表面潮湿的创面有利于组织生长，这就是我们平时喜欢使用生理盐水纱布覆盖创面的主要原因，同时生理盐水纱布还有通畅引流的作用，但由于潮湿的环境也是细菌生长的温床，细菌在6-8小时就会进入对数增殖期，故对于感染严重的创面，要作到勤换药(最好3-4次/日)，很多人喜欢创面同时加用庆大霉素湿敷，头1-2次效果是非常好的，长期效果不佳，且易导致耐药菌产生。 19. 凡士林纱布可以提供潮湿的环境有利于创面的肉芽生长，并可以减少组织液的渗出，早期的创面还可以止血，但对于感染严重的创面要慎用，因其易因为引流不畅，常加重感染。 五、常见伤口的处理 1. 清洁伤口用碘伏消毒，刺激小，效果好;对于清洁、新生肉芽创面，还可加用凡士林油纱覆盖以减轻换药时患者的痛苦，并减少组织液渗出、丢失。 2. 血供丰富，感染机会小的伤口可用生理盐水简单湿润一下，无菌辅料包扎即可。 3. 对于有皮肤缺损的伤口，缺损区用盐水反复冲洗，周围可用碘伏常规消毒，消毒后，用盐水纱布或凡士林纱布覆盖，盐水纱布有利于保持创面的新鲜，干燥，凡士林纱布有利于创面的肉芽生长。 4. 感染或污染伤口原则是引流排脓，必要时坼开缝线，扩大伤口，彻底引流，伤口内用双 氧水和生理盐水反复冲洗，有坏死组织的应给于清创，也可以用抗生素纱布填塞伤口内，伤口的周围最好用碘酒两遍酒精三遍脱碘消毒。当然感染伤口换药要做到每天一换。 另外，对化脓的切口换药时，不要嫌弃恶臭，一定要仔细擦掉切口处的脓苔，且不能因为患者的疼痛而不敢碰切口，脓苔除去后要有轻微的血丝渗出，这样才有助于切口早日愈合～ 5. 褥疮、化脓性骨髓炎等感染伤口:碘伏消毒创口周围，而创口以双氧水、生理盐水冲洗，庆大霉素敷料覆盖。 6. 对于骨髓炎有骨外露时的换药首先要勤，因为渗出很多，且敷料要多。在换药过程中，应随时清除坏死组织，髓腔内可以放置纱条。经验方法是先用盐水冲洗创面，再用0.1%碘伏冲洗，再用双氧水冲洗，最后用庆大纱布湿敷，敷料覆盖。当创面肉芽新鲜，渗出较少时，行手术清除死骨、硬化骨，采用合适的肌皮瓣覆盖创面，外固定架外固定，待皮瓣成活后，再行骨延长。 7. 开放性骨折行外固定的患者换药遵循的是首先碘伏消毒(同时清理切除坏死组织)，其次使用双氧水消毒，然后生理盐水冲洗，最后呋喃西林填塞覆盖创面。等待其肉芽生长，行游离皮瓣覆盖。 8. 切口的脂肪液化:在脂肪丰富的地方易出现脂肪液化，此时广泛的敞开切口(脂肪液化的区域全部打开)，培养 药敏，加强换药。这样的切口要换好长时间，为了缩短时间，在初期消毒后在局部的皮下注射庆大霉素，向切口中放置葡萄糖粉，每天换药，待创口渗出少后油纱刺激肉芽生长，新鲜后二期缝合或蝴蝶胶布拉合。 9. 久溃不愈的伤口，要采用中药换药。中医换药有其独到之处，但通常没有什么无菌观念。例如:对于难愈性窦道(如脑部手术后，心脏搭桥术后或慢性骨髓炎引起的窦道，通常早期 红油膏，提腐去脓，后期用生肌散 红油膏收口，效果很好，即使是绿脓用八二丹或九一丹 杆菌或耐药金葡菌感染都能很好治愈。 10. 对污染性油性伤口，我们这用松节油洗去油渍。 11. 对于陈旧性肉芽创面:此种肉芽组织再生能力差(颜色暗红，不新鲜，高低不平，有时呈陈旧性出血貌)，周围组织不易愈合，以刮匙将表面肉芽组织刮除或剪除，使之出血，露出新鲜肉芽，外敷橡皮膏(此为中医去腐生肌之说，西医则将以双氧水冲洗达到去腐的目的)。如有脓液，应注意观察有无脓腔或窦道，注意患者体温变化。 12. 对于绿脓杆菌感染的伤口:特点是脓液为淡绿色，有一种特殊的甜腥臭味，如果创面结痂，痂下积脓，有坏死组织的，要清除痂皮、脓液和坏死组织。烧伤创面早期绿脓感染可削痂植皮。也可用1%~2%苯氧乙醇湿敷，或用0.1%庆大霉素、1%磺胺嘧啶银、10%甲磺米隆等溶液湿敷。创面如较小可用3%醋酸、10%水合氯醛等溶液湿敷。 六、注意事项 1. 无菌一期伤口换药一般在24小时、72小时常规观察局部肿胀渗出情况。 2. 开放伤术后争取24、48、72小时连续三天换药,特别注意容易出现血肿或引流情况及时排除险情比较关键。 3. 骨科创面较多见感染创面就是皮肤坏死、褥疮创面，高渗盐水一般在某一时期，用在感染重、渗出较多的创面，可以快速减轻创面及肉芽组织水肿，减少渗出。 4. 再植手术或吻合血管的皮瓣手术最好能用与体温相近的呋喃西林溶液换药，手指换药纱布应避免环形包扎，局部最好用碎纱布填充。 5. 对于大面积创面，首先注意清创，对于已经坏死的组织包括坏死的肌腱及血管组织不要姑息，争取在几次换药中，界线一旦明显则果断切除。勉强留下，只会延缓肉芽生长，甚至造成感染。 6. 对于已清除大部分坏死组织的创口，要注意爱护肉芽的生长，肉芽组织本身有抗感染的能力，如果没有明显渗出，则不要用抗生素或其他药水换药，只用碘伏消毒创缘皮肤，用湿 盐水纱布覆盖即可。 7. 油纱条不要放到创面上，应该在盐水纱布上，防止盐水过快的挥发。 8. 有感染的创面注意先做一个细菌培养，药敏再换药，以免以后被动。 换药常用药品 1(盐水 有增进肉芽组织营养及吸附刨面分泌物的作用，对肉芽组织无不良刺激。等渗盐水棉球及纱布用于清洁创面，创面湿敷，充填脓腔;等渗盐水溶液用于冲洗创腔;3%,10%盐水具有较强脱水作用，用于肉芽水肿明显的创面。 2(3%双氧水 与组织接触后分解释放出氧，具有杀菌作用。用于冲洗外伤伤口、***或恶臭的伤口，尤其适用于厌氧菌感染的伤口。 3(0.02%高锰酸钾溶液 分解释放氧缓慢，但作用持久，具有清洁，除臭，防腐和杀菌作用。用于洗涤腐烂恶臭、感染的伤口，尤其适用于疑有厌氧菌感染、肛门和会阴部伤口。临床上常采用1:5000溶液进行湿敷。 4(0.1%雷佛奴尔<黄纱条>、0.02%呋喃西林溶液 有抗菌和杀菌作用。用于感染创面的清洗和湿敷。 5(攸琐(漂白粉、硼酸)溶液 具有杀菌，防腐除臭，溶解坏死组织的作用。用于脓液及腐死组织多、恶臭的伤口清洗和湿敷。本制剂应密闭避光保存，不能久置，放置时间不宜超过一周。大面积伤口不宜应用，以免吸收过多氯离子。 6(聚乙烯吡酮碘(PVP-I) 为新型杀菌剂，对细菌、真菌、芽胞均有效。0.05%,0.15%溶液用于粘膜、创面、脓腔冲洗;1%溶液用于敷盖无菌切口;1%,2%溶液用于湿敷感染创面，最适用于慢性下肢溃疡和癌性溃疡。 7(抗生素溶液 常用有0.5%新霉素溶液、0.16%庆大霉素、0.5%金霉素、2%杆菌肽、2%,5%春雷霉素等溶液，用于等待二期缝合的污染伤口、较大创面(如烧伤)植皮前的创面湿敷，敷料应每日更换1次。氯霉素滴丸直接植入感染创面，每lcm21粒，每日1次。 8(1%,2%苯氧乙醇溶液 对绿脓杆菌具有杀菌作用，效果最好，采用创面连续湿敷。 9(0.01%,0.05%新洁尔灭和0.02%洗必太溶液 田于伤口清洁，后者灌洗切口优于前者。 10(10%大蒜溶液 具有杀菌和增强组织细胞吞噬的作用，对金黄色葡萄球菌感染效果较好。 11(2%,4%甲紫(龙胆紫)溶液 具有杀菌及收敛作用。用于表浅皮肤或粘膜溃疡的消毒，并促进结痴愈合。 12(纯石炭酸溶液 具有腐蚀、杀菌作用。用纯石炭酸溶液棉签烧灼肛裂和慢性窦道，使不健康的肉芽组织坏死脱落以促进愈合。用后需用酒精棉签擦拭以中和之，再用等渗盐水棉签擦拭。 13(10%,20%硝酸银溶液 用于烧灼肛裂、慢性窦道和腐蚀过度生长的肉芽组织，用后需用等渗盐水棉签擦拭。 14(油剂纱布 具有引流、保护创面、敷料不易干燥以及延长换药时间等作用。创面分泌物少者，可2,3 天更换一次。常用有:?凡士林纱布;?鱼肝油纱布:具有营养和促进肉芽、上皮生长等作用，用于愈合缓慢的伤口。 15(粉剂、软膏类 (1)碘仿纱条:具有抗茵、防腐、收敛、去臭和促进肉芽生长的作用。用于有腺体分泌的慢性窦道，如肛瘘、结核病灶清除后的伤口。碘仿有毒性，不宜长期使用; (2)10%,20%鱼石脂软膏:有消炎退肿作用，用于早期脓肿; 锌软膏:涂于皮肤表面，有保护皮肤免受分泌物侵蚀的作用，常用于肠瘘、胆(3)10%氧化 瘘等四周的皮肤; (4)链霉素软膏:涂于纱布上外敷，用于结核性伤口; (5)2%聚乙烯吡酮碘软膏:用于治疗烧伤、慢性溃疡，疗效满意; (6)百多帮软膏:用于感染性创面。 16(中药类 如红油膏、生肌散、生肌玉红膏、紫花烧伤膏、湿润烧伤膏、大青膏等，具有止痛、拔毒生肌、排脓去腐等作用。 碘酒、酒精只能用在表皮完整的地方。而碘伏不适合用在皮脂丰富的地方。葡萄糖加胰岛素是为创面肉芽提供营养，高渗盐水则有使水肿肉芽脱水的作用，生理盐水只是起到湿敷的作用，肉芽生长过旺高出皮面则要用硝酸银之类的腐蚀(肉芽生长很好时可用凡士林纱布保护 换药的原则是要明确进行外科换药的目的，对于用什么换药则需根据伤口情况定。 ,(碘酒，酒精脱碘,,,消毒剂 ,(凡士林纱布,,,抗炎作用稍弱，但促进肉芽生长 ,(碘伏,,,深浅皆可，性质湿润 ,(优琐,,,防腐 ,(高渗葡萄糖，胰岛素，(促生长因子),,,糖尿病患者的难愈创口。 ,(高渗盐,,,减轻肉芽水肿 ,(庆大霉素针,,,感染的创口;骨髓炎 ,(新洁而灭或双氧水或甲硝唑,,,冲洗覆盖都可用，抗厌氧 ,(抗生素粉剂(头孢等),,,根据药敏实验 ,,(云南白药(胶囊),,,祖国医学 ,,(蜂蜜，白砂糖,,,偏方 ,,(SD-ag,SD-zn,,,收敛 ,,(黑药膏拔疥疮,,,中药配方 ,,神经血管肌腱外露,,,忌用刺激性药物 ,,(紫草油纱条,,,去腐声肌 ,,(凡士林纱条,,,可作为其他药物的载体，油性(可隔开手指脚趾，隔开血痂，防相邻创面粘和至一起) ,,(碘酒，庆大霉素,,,可用于褥疮 ,,(红霉素软膏等,,,表皮破损涂抹，无须包扎 ,,(骨髓炎洗剂等处理过渗出多的伤口,,,干敷料，患肢抬高 ,,(需切开时就切开，拆线缝针靠经验。 ,,(注意换药后患者有无不适,,,有无药物引起的疼痛;有无切口脑脊液持续外漏;有无伤口持续渗血;有无引起关节脱位或对固定造成影想 临床中还有种情况，就是创口周围湿疹样变，皮肤红红的，有疹子，易破溃。起初我们用了各种方法换药，如碘伏纱布、凡士林纱布、红霉素眼膏等，怎么都换不好。最后盐水棉球轻擦后，干纱布覆盖，很快就好转了。原因不明～ 对于一些窦道，换药可使用白砂糖，不要太讲究无菌操作，通常都能换好。然而有些跟关节相通的窦道，迁延难愈，我的方法是刮除窦道中老化的肉芽，使其渗血，然后在窦道途径的部位使用棉球等衬垫，加压包扎，使窦道合拢，一周不要换药，要点是始终保持一定压力，相信打开时，你会激动的跳起来的。 治疗骨外露的秘方: 1、蛋黄油 熟蛋黄100个，铁锅文火烤出油，纱布过滤。 、紫草、当归、红花、地榆各10克，香油250克，浸泡3到5天，天气热，时间短些。 2 文火煎至中药变黑漂浮，纱布过滤2次。60度时放入蛋黄油，凡士林调匀至膏状，高压消毒备用。(有时没有用高压消毒)骨外露大于2x2cm时，用骨钻打孔至骨内出血，外敷三层，首次4日后换药，以后隔日换药。换药不要太勤，可以参考美宝或者生肌膏的一些换药方法。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.