建筑工程英语详案
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第 页
Unit One Concept of Building and Construction Engineering I. Learning Objectives
1. write a site report according to the workplace conversation;
2. describe drawings and documents used on site;
3. list the constituent parts of a building;
4. explain building elements and their function;
5. use the correct terminology in the description of building.
II. Background information
建筑物与人类有着密切的关系，它能为人们的工作和生活提供必要的空间。建筑工程施工始于工程招投标(tender)，招投标一般有两种形式，竞标(competitive tender)或议标(negotiation tender)。经过竞标或议标，雇主(client)，即出资方将工程授予承包商(contractor)，即承包方具体实施。承包商在收到中标函(letter of acceptance)后需按雇主要求提供一系列文件方可开始实施工程，其中包括履约担保(performance security)，这是承包商严格履约的保证。雇主委托工程师对工程质量和工程进度进行管理，在施工过程中，工程师的指令就是雇主的指令，承包商应予配合和执行。雇主和承包商的关系可以归结为:承包商做工要得到支付，而雇主付款要物有所值(The contractor gets paid for the
work he performs and the employer gets the work he is paying for.)。
本单元是对建筑工程的概述，内容包括承包商中标后进入施工现场前应提交的一些文件，工程三方(顾主、工程师、承包商)之间的关系，施工现场必备的图纸及文件，建筑物的基本组成部分及其功能，结构的基本概念等。 III. Teaching Procedures
Part One, Section A: Workplace Conversation
Teaching emhpasis:该部分重在培养学生施工现场语言交流能力和现场日志写作能力。
Step 1. Listening Practice
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1. Students Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks as required.
2. Correct the answer of the listening.
3. Analyze difficult points , professional words or phrases.
1) building industry 建筑业
2)The Contractor gets paid for the work he performs and the Employer gets the
work he is paying for. 承包商做工要得到支付，而雇主付款要物有所值。 3)is awarded the contract for the project 中标一个项目
award 授予;e.g. China Overseas Construction Company is awarded a contract
for an office building project in Kenya. 中国海外建筑公司在肯尼亚中标了一
个办公楼项目。
4)letter of acceptance 中标函，系指雇主签署的正式接受投标函的信件，包括
其所附的含有双方间签署的
协议
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的任何备忘录。如无此类中标函，则―中标
函‖一词系指合同协议书;发出或收到中标函的日期系指合同协议书的签署
日期。
c.f. letter of tender 投标函，系指由承包商填写的名为投标函的文件，包括其
已签字的提供给雇主的工程报价。
Tender 投标书，系指投标函和合同中包括的由承包商随投标函一起提交的
所有其他文件。
5)performance security 履约担保，系指承包商进入施工现场前根据合同规定提
供给雇主的担保。
c.f. performance certificate 履约证书，系指承包商完成规定的各项义务后，
工程师根据合同规定向承包商颁发的证书。表明承包商的义务已经完成。 6)time for completion 竣工时间，系指投标书附录中写明的，自开工日期算起
至工程根据合同规定要求竣工的全部时间。
7)access to the site 进入现场，系指雇主应在投标书附录中规定的时间内让承
包商进入和占用现场。
8)commencement date 开工日期，系指根据合同的规定通知的开工日期。 e.g. The Engineer shall give the Contractor not less than 7 days’ notice of the
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commencement date. 工程师应在不少于7天前向承包商发出开工日期的通
知。
9)the plan, the elevation and the section 平面图，立面图及断面图(剖面图)
10)take over 接收
e.g. The works shall be taken over by the Employer when the works have been
completed in accordance with the contract. 工程已按合同规定竣工，雇主应接
收工程。
Taking-Over Certificate 接收证书
11)professional 专业的，职业的
e.g. professional construction management 专业施工(建设)管理
professional ethics 职业道德
The higher request has also been brought forward to the construction of
civil servant professional ethics. 对公务员职业道德建设也提出了更高要求。
12)quality control 质量控制，质量管理
quality control manual 质量保证手册
quality control of bridge construction 桥梁施工质量管理
quality control standard 质量控制
标准
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quality control system 质量保证体系
Step 2. Site Report
Students writes a report according to the conversation above.
This morning, the client told me that our company was awarded the contract of
the project. He issued the letter of acceptance to me and requested several documents to be provided to them before we should commence the work, including performance security. I asked about the drawings and the client said the plan, elevation, section as well as specifications were available in the Architect’s office. The client expected to have a perfect work and I assured him that we were the professional engineering company. Quality control was our first priority in construction. He would get the work he was paying for while we got paid for the
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work we performed.
Part One, Section B: People Who Work on Site, Drawings and Documents
Teaching emphasis:该部分在于让学生理解施工现场交流的重要性并指导学生语
言实践训练。施工现场要面对形形色色的人物，不同国籍、不同肤色、不同职
业、不同的语言背景。语言交流是一种能力，是让对方理解你想表达的思想。
该部分介绍了你要与之交流的方方面面的人物，包括雇主、工程师、承包商、
供应商、现场施工的工长、工人等。同时介绍了施工现场常用的图纸，文件。
Step 1. Lead-in
1. Ask students to read the pictures in this section and tell the class their
understanding of these pictures. (open answer)
2. Ask students whom they are communicating with on the site, which drawings and documents are used on the site.
1) people whom you are communicating with on site:
client, engineers (consultants), contractor, subcontractor, manufacturer,
supplier, …
2) Drawings:
Assembly drawing(装配图): detail drawing showing how part of a building
is put together
Component drawing (构件图，部件图，如:窗):drawing of a part of a
building, e.g. window
Detail section:详细断面图
Elevation:立面图
Floor plan (楼层平面图):plan of one floor of a building
Location drawing(位置图): plan showing where parts and components of a
building are located.
Perspective drawing:透视图
Plan:平面图
Plan detail:平面详图
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Production drawing:working drawing (施工详图)
Section: 剖面图 / 断面图
Site layout: site plan (总布置图)
Site plan: 工地平面图，总布置图
Survey plan:测量图
Working drawing:drawing used to build a building
3) Documents
Bill of quantities(工程量清单): list of materials and work required to build a building
Daywork sheet(日工作记录表): record sheet for work done which is in addition to the contract work
Form of contract(合同形式): list of terms and conditions which apply to a
contract between a client and a contractor
Insurance policy(保险单): document which lists the terms and conditions of an insurance contract
Insurance premium(保险费): sum of money paid for insurance cover, so that damage caused to a building would be paid for by the insurance company
Licence(执照): official permit
Program(施工进度表): chart which shows the time in which a contractor intents to build a building
Schedule(计划表，清单): list of building components, e.g. door schedule, schedule of sanitary ware
Site minutes(现场会议纪要): written record of a site meeting
Soil report(土壤报告): information prepared by an engineer about site ground condition
Specification(技术说明): written description of work to be done
Step 2. New words and expressions
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Students read the professional words and expressions.
1) consultant 咨询顾问，这里指―工程师‖，―监理工程师‖
e.g. One consultant can work on many projects, and one project can have many consultants. 一个顾问(工程师)可以为多个项目工作，一个项目也可以有多个
顾问 (工程师)。
2)subcontractor(分包商): Any person who is appointed to take a part of the work is named as subcontractor.
e.g. The company was considered as a possible subcontractor to perform the
electrical works.
3)civil土木(工程)的，民用的
e.g. civil engineering 土木工程;civil architecture 民用建筑
4)services 设施，设备;用户管系统;(维修或安装)服务
e.g. service layer 服务设施安装工
service layout 屋内管线布置
5)resident architect(驻现场建筑师): architect who has an office on a very large
site
6)clerk of works(工程代表/甲方代表):person employed by the client, who makes
daily check on the quality of site work
7)quantity surveyor(估算师): person who measures and records work done on site
8)site agent(项目经理): building contractor’s representative in charge of a site
Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1)However, the ability to communicate is often taken for granted.
然而，交流的能力往往不被重视。
take … for granted: 对 ……不重视;把 …… 视作理所当然
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e.g. He took for granted all that his parents did for him.
父母为他做的一切他都认为是天经地义的。
2)It is likely that each of these groups will use certain terminology and jargon
specific to their area and it is also likely that this language will vary from country to
country.
这些人有可能使用某种术语或他们那个地方特有的语言。这种语言有可能因国
家不同而变化。
likely, 可能的
e.g. It is likely that the works will be delayed because of the weather.
工程有可能因天气原因被延误。
3)Builders use annotated (labeled) drawings or sketches to show in close detail the
assembly of building material or components.
建造者使用带注释的图纸(标记图)显示建筑材料及配件安装的密切细节。
annotated (labeled) drawings，带注释的图纸(标记图)
e.g. The architect inspected your door samples and the inspection report and the
annotated drawings are attached here.
建筑师检查了你们的门样品并把检查报告和带注释的图纸随附在这里。
4)Survey drawing is a plan of a site before building starts, showing existing features
and levels.
测量图是工程开始前现场的平面图，显示现有地形及标高。
existing features and level 现有地形及标高
e.g. It would have replaced the existing building which is more than 25 years old.
它将取代已有25年之久的现有建筑。…
Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Homework
Students need to remember the professional words and expressions.
Part Two: Concept of Buiding Construction
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Teaching emphasis: 该部分的重点在于让学生理解建筑物的基本构成及其功能，
并能用英语表述。
Step 1. Leading-in
Introduce to students some reference information related . 1) Definitions of building and building construction. A. Building
)Building is an enclosure for the benefit of
a) human habitation
b) work
c) recreation
)Building is basically a shelter.
B. Building Construction
) concerned with providing the physical form the envelop, the enclosure, ) is now an erection process which is complex involving many trades,
operations, products and professions.
Building Construction deals with
a) design of the fabric of the building,
b) manner in which it is put together.
Therefore, building construction requires the understanding of a) sciences of materials and structures
b) environmental sciences
c) building economics
2) Functions and performance requirements of a building
A. Functions
An enclosure, a shelter, a barrier against
a) cold, heat, wind, rain to give a comfortable internal environment,
b) intruders – security for life and possessions.
It is a filter to give controlled
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a) ventilation
b) daylighting
c) view
d) access for persons and belongs.
B. Performance Requirements
a) Structural performance
) The first thing is that the building must stand up. ) It supports and resists loads, such as wind, snow, rain, soil, water and
movement.
b) Thermal performance
) comfortable internal environment to maintain constant body temperature
) building forms adapts to the climate
) to regulate heat loss or heat gain through the building. 3) Structural Concepts
The building structure must be able to
) withstand all the forces
) not move appreciably under load.
There are three basic concepts of structure:
A. Solid structure
) wall both enclosing and supporting element ) loadbearing walls
) walls of substantial thickness
) usually of masonry and concrete
B. Skeletal structure
) skeleton or framework
) requires enclosing element
) walls are non-loadbearing
) suitable for high and low rise and for long and short span buildings
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Enclosing element: — can be light and thin
— can be placed inside or outside the frame
C. Surface structure
Two types of surface structure
) elements of thin plates of solid material which have been bent or curved
(如图1)
) element of very thin flexible sheet membranes suspended or stretched in
tension over supporting members (tension structure 张力结构，如图2) Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions.
Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1) Building Construction involves many trades, operations, products and professions.
建筑施工涉及许多工种、工序、产品和技术。
operation 这里理解为―工序‖。
2) energy efficient housing 能源高效建筑，也就是―节能建筑‖。
e.g. Principles of healthy housing are energy efficiency, resource efficiency,
environmental responsibility and affordability. 健康住宅的原则是能源高效，
资源高效，环境责任及承受成本。
3)constituent parts of a building 建筑的构成(建筑的组成部分)
4)services & fittings 设备及配件
5) landscape 景观，园林
landscape architect 园林建筑师
landscape engineering 园林(绿化)工程
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6)skeletal structure = framed structure 框架结构，构架结构 7)load-bearing and non-bearing walls 承重墙和非承重墙 8)pitched roof(坡屋顶, 图1)， flat roof(平屋顶，图2) Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Assignments
1. Students need to remember the professional words and expressions.
2. Students can discuss the last exercise in groups and write it down.
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Unit Two Preliminary Site Work
?.Learning Objectives
1. write a site report according to the workplace conversation;
2. understand the meaning of pre-construction activities;
3. know the importance of site investigation;
4. know what should be included in site analysis;
5. use the correct terminology in the description of preliminary site
work.
?.Background information
一个好的建设项目，首先建设单位要预先做好市场调查(Marketing investigation)，
分析
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项目开发的前景，随后编制可行性研究报告，规划蓝图，办理土地使用证(the Certificate of Land Title)，城市规划许可证(City Planning Permit)，地质勘探单位进行勘探，设计单位招标，确立设计单位。设计单位根据地质勘探(Site Investigation)报告及甲方的规划蓝图开始设计
施工图
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纸，设计图纸审批，去消防部门备案(Put on Record)，去所在地建委备案，去当地建筑工程质量监督站备案，办理施工许可证，施工单位及监理单位的招标，确立施工单位及监理单位，然后进入施工阶段的工作。
本单元是对建筑工程前期准备工作的概述，内容包括现场勘测、场地布置、施工准备等。
?.Teaching Procedures
Part One, Section A: Workplace Conversation
Teaching emhpasis:该部分重在培养学生施工现场语言交流能力和现场日志写作能力。
Step 1. Listening Practice
1. Students Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks as required.
2. Correct the answer of the listening.
3. Analyze difficult points , professional words or phrases.
1) site office 现场办公室
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2)the huts would be in the way 临时棚屋会挡道
3)accessible可达到的，the last accessible building 最后完成的建筑
Step 2. Site Report
Students writes a report according to the conversation above.
Kevin and I talked about the site plan and tried to solve the problem in site arrangement. Because there wasn’t enough room to put everything at the beginning,
we finally made a decision to set out the factory first, got the groundslab ready
quickly and put the site huts up there while all the other foundations were being laid. Then, the office block would be built and be used as the site offices.
Part One, Section B: Concept of Preliminary Site Work
Teaching emphasis: 该部分在于让学生了解并能用英语描述施工准备阶段的基
本概念、包含的内容，特别是现场勘测、现场施工前需要考虑和注意的事项。
Step 1. Lead-in
1. Ask students to read the pictures in this section and tell the class their
understanding of these pictures. (open answer)
1) site plan (现场平面图)
2) site investigation or setting out (现场勘测或放线)
3) site clearance or removal of topsoil (现场清理或铲除表层土)
2. Ask students what the initial site works include.
1) Site investigation
2) Preliminary site works
3) Setting out
Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions.
1) pre-construction activities 工程前期的准备工作
Note:一项工程大致可以分为三个阶段:工程前的准备阶段(pre-construction
stage)，主要内容是“计划、融资、设计图纸、获得建筑许可等”(planning, financing, drawings, building permit, etc.); 施工阶段(construction stage), 包括从基础开
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挖到工程验收(from foundation excavation to hand-over inspection);工程后期
(post-construction stage), 主要内容是“室内外工程的竣工验收，保修期、获
得使用许可证等”(completion inspection both interior and exterior, maintenance period, occupancy permit, etc.)
2) site investigation 现场调查/勘测 (systematic collection of information about the site)
3) preliminary site works 现场施工准备
A. Definition: preliminary site works before the actual construction work begins on site, usually involves site clearance and site layout.
B. Site clearance(场地/现场清理)
a. demolition of existing structure (拆除现有建筑物)
b. removal of trees and shrubs (移栽树木及灌木)
c. removal of top soil (铲除表层土)
d. diversion of existing services (现有设施的改道)
C. Site Layout(现场布置)
a. Good site layout is logical and orderly to increase productivity, safety and make better welfare for workers.
b. The main items to be considered in site layout planning are:
i) Site access (entry and exit) for the purpose of traffic and workers movement in and out of site.
ii) Storage facilities for the purpose of proper storage of materials which are very important in order to prevent damage by weather.
iii) Workshops / Fabrication areas for the purpose of preparing timber, steel, such as formwork(模板) and reinforcement(钢筋).
iv) Site offices for the purpose of administrative function on site.
v) Security & Protection(安全给与防护) for the purpose of preventing theft of
materials and vandalism(故意破坏公共财产), preventing injury to members of
public and screening site activities from view.
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vi) Temporary Services(临时服务设施) such as electricity, water, gas and telephone line.
Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1)Before any construction of a building can take place, a series of operation are to
be carried out, termed as pre-construction activities.
任何建筑在施工开始前都有一系列工作要做，这被称之为工程前期的准备。
(注:课文中的services 应为series)
a series of: a group of things of the same kind, coming one after another(一系列;
连续的事物)
e.g. After a series of unsuccessful attempts, he has at last passed his driving test.
他在连续几次失败的尝试后，终于通过了驾驶考试。
termed as: name or describe sth. as a particular thing(把 „„称为)
2)permit: an official written statement giving you the right to do something( 执照，
许可证)
e.g. You are not allowed to enter the site without permit.
你没有许可证就不能进入施工现场。
3)The above ground investigation includes investigating the site, such as
obstruction, existing building and topography, the surrounding area, such as
neighboring properties, and the facilities near the site, e.g. nearest town for facilities
& labour.
地上勘测包括施工现场勘测，例如障碍物、已有的建筑物和地形地貌;周边环
境勘测，如邻里的房产;现场附近条件的调查，如提供设施和人力最近的城镇。
surrounding area指surrounding environment(周边环境)
property 财产，房地产，物业
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e.g. property market房地产市场，物业市场
property line 地界线，建筑红线
property insurance财产保险，资产保险
4)The below ground investigation includes the soil investigation which is to
determine strength of soil and to detect presence of causes, mines and harmful
materials.
地下勘测包括土质勘测以确定土壤的强度，探明土质的成因、地下矿产和有害物质。
soil investigation 土质勘测，地基勘察
presence of causes指现有土质形成的原因
5)The purpose of the investigation is to achieve better design, economical
preliminary work and better construction method
勘测的目的就是要达到更好的设计、更经济的前期施工准备和制订更好的施工方法。
6)Site clearance includes demolition of existing structure, removal of trees, shrubs
and topsoil, and diversion of existing services.
现场清理包括拆除现有建筑物、移栽树木及灌木、铲除表层土以及改道现有设施。
topsoil表层土，沃土(注:施工前，要求先把topsoil铲除并堆放起来用于施工后园林绿化的回填土，因topsoil肥沃，利于种草种树。)
c.f. subsoil 下层土，地基土
Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Homework
Students need to remember the professional words and expressions. Part Two: Site Analysis
Teaching emphasis: 该部分的重点在于让学生理解并能用英语表述现场分析的具体内容。
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Step 1. Leading-in
Introduce to students some reference information related .
Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions.
Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1) You must analyze its location, its limitations and its features.
你必须分析现场的位置、限制及其特征。
limitation 限制，限定。(注:现场施工有很多限制，如建筑红线，建筑类
型，公共通道等的限制)
e.g. limitation of funds 资金限制
limited access road 限制进入的道路
2)A title search can be made to establish the correct size, shape and position of an
allotment.
可以对地块所有权进行调查以确认所指地块的准确尺寸、形状及位置。 A title search，土地所有权;
allotment 分配，指派;这里指“分配用地”。
e.g. allotment garden 供分配使用的园地
3) the regional Lands Titles Office当地的土地所有权办公室 4) You can’t, for instance, build a block of flats on an allotment that is zoned R1
which only allows single dwellings to be built.
例如你不能在只允许建独户住宅的标有R1的土地上建一栋公寓。 5)Easements are areas of land, or part of an allotment, reserved by law for a specific
use or purpose, such as access, drainages or municipal services. 地役权是指土地或可使用地的一部分，被法律限制只能用于特殊的用途或目
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的，例如、通道、排水系统或市政设施。
6)An encumbrance is a restraining covenant which the developer may have placed on the site to restrict the style, color or profile, etc, of any development.
限定是开发商用于现场对建筑样式、颜色或外形等的限制条约。
7) This is important to both the designer and builder because it will determine
perhaps the style of house or type of footing used, or may determine the extent of
cut and fill required if a conventional type of building is to be constructed.
这对设计者和建造者都很重要，因为它或许会决定房子的样式、地基的类型。
如果建的是普通类型的建筑，它或许会决定挖方和填方的延伸。
cut and fill 挖方和填方; cut here means excavation(挖土方)，fill = backfill(回
填)
conventional type of building普通类型的建筑
e.g. conventional construction 传统建筑
conventional door 普通门
conventional design 常规设计
8)Features such as a water course, evidence of filling, the existence of any
excavation or retaining wall may all have a bearing on the initial design of the construction.
这些特征如水的流向、回填的迹象、现有的挖掘或挡土墙都可能和工程的最
初设计有关。
have a bearing on something:to have a connection with or an influence on
something(和某事有关系，对某事物有影响)
e.g. What you said has no bearing on this matter.(你说的和这事没关系。)
Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Assignments
1. Students need to remember the professional words and expressions.
2. Students can discuss the last exercise in groups and write
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Unit Three Substructure
?.Learning Objectives
1. know foundation types;
2. write a site report according to the workplace conversation;
3. understand foundation construction and activities;
4. get knowledge of foundation movement;
5. use the correct terminology in the description of foundation. ?.Background information
房屋建筑由三部分组成:基础，下部结构(地下结构)，上部结构(foundation, substructure and superstructure)。或由下部结构(地下结构)，上部结构，屋面结构(substructure, superstructure and roof structure)三部分组成。如果这样划分，下部结构则包含了基础和地下结构(foundation and substructure)。(插一张图)
本章介绍的下部结构(地下结构)主要讲基础，包括基础的概念、种类、施工，基础沉降及沉降对建筑的影响等。
基础可分为浅基础(shallow foundation)和深基础(deep foundation)。条形基础(strip foundation)、独立基础(pad foundation)和筏型基础(raft foundation)等为浅基础，桩基础(pile foundation)、沉箱基础(caisson foundation)等为深基础。 ?.Teaching Procedures
Part One, Section A: Workplace Conversation
Teaching emhpasis: 该部分通过处理开挖中所遇问题的对话开始，重在培养学生施工现场语言交流能力和现场日志写作能力。
Step 1. Listening Practice
1. Students Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks as required.
2. Correct the answer of the listening.
3. Analyze difficult points , professional words or phrases.
1)taking a fair load 承受相当的重量/荷载
fair load:considerable weight
fair, 公正的，明确的。请注意该词在工程中的用法，如:
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fair face concrete 光面混凝土(清水面混凝土)
fair-faced brick work 清水砖砌体，平滑面砌砖工程
fair-faced wall 清水墙
fair cutting 修整切削(将砖石切削成工程所需的修整面)
fair and reasonable cost 公平合理的成本
2)lean mix concrete: concrete without much cement in it贫混凝土(水泥含量少
的混凝土)，少灰混凝土
lean mix: 贫伴合料(水泥含量少的伴合料)，贫灰泥
lean mortar 贫砂浆，贫灰浆
3)outcrop: layer (露出的砂层)
4)reinforcement: steel reinforcement bar
5) concrete: material made from cement and aggregates(骨料) mixed with water, which sets hard.(混凝土是水泥和骨料加水搅拌、凝固而成的一种材料。)
Aggregate includes gravel (small stone) and sand.
Step 2. Site Report
Students writes a report according to the conversation above.
This morning we started excavation. At approximately 500mm depth we came across sand. This was very unexpected and the structural Engineer thought that we
had to do something about it. He said we must excavate another 400mm to see
whether we could get through it. If we manage to get through the sand, he wanted us to backfill with lean mix concrete before we could pour concrete. But if there was
still an outcrop of sand at 450mm, then he would redesign the footing.
Part One, Section B: Foundations
Teaching emphasis: 该部分着重培养学生建筑英语的阅读能力，要求学生理解建
筑物浅基础与深基础的概念，基础施工步骤及要求。
Step 1. Lead-in
1. Ask students to read the pictures in this section and tell the class their
understanding of these pictures. (open answer)
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1) Pad foundation and its construction specification, most commonly used
foundation for framed structures.(独立基础及施工说明，独立基础是框架结
构最常用的基础。)
2) Raft foundation. It is a large slab foundation which covers the whole building
area, used where the soil is weak and the load is to spend over a large area.(筏型
基础。这是一种大面积的板式基础，覆盖整个建筑。用于软土及荷载分布
广的地方。)
3) Piling(打桩)
4) Pile foundations. The building loads are transmitted to a low level by means of
piles in the soil. They are used where the soil is weak and raft foundation is not
suitable. (桩基础。建筑荷载通过桩传递到土的下层。用在软土及筏形基础
不适用的地方。)
5) Definition of the foundation: The foundation is that part of the building which is
in direct contact with the ground and which transmits the load of the building to
the underlying soil.(基础定义:基础是与地基直接接触的那一部分建筑，其
作用是把建筑物的荷载传给地基。)
6) Raft foundation with reinforcement (加钢筋的筏形基础)
7) Strip foundation and its construction. It is used for solid structure and the wall is
loadbearing. (条形基础及施工。用于实体结构，墙是承重墙。)
Load-bearing wall 承重墙;external wall 外墙;internal wall 内墙
D.P.C - damp proofing course 防水(防潮)层
G. L. - ground level 地面标高，地平高度
D.P.M. - damp proofing membrane防水(防潮)膜(层)
Blinding 罩面，铺石屑;blinding layer (基础)垫层;blinding concrete混
凝土垫层
Hardcore (用作路面或基础下的底基层的)碎砖(碎石、矿渣)垫层
Mass concrete大体积混凝土，大块混凝土(不加钢筋的混凝土)
8)trench and pit excavation (沟槽和基坑开挖)
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9)laying waterproofing membrane (铺设防潮膜)
2. Ask students how many parts a building consists of.
Three parts: foundation, substructure and superstructure, or substructure /
foundation, superstructure and roof structure.The substructure in this example
contains two levels of basements, and the foundation consists of bell caissons(扩口灌注桩).
Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions.
1) slab-on-grade 斜坡(混凝土)板，grade斜坡。实际上是一种板式基础(slab foundation)，课文中slab-on-grade foundation(斜坡地板式基础)也就是raft foundation(筏型基础)。
2)mat 混凝土垫层、垫板、底板。mat foundation 筏式基础、整体基础 3)waterproofing 防水，防水处理，防水作业
waterproofing materials 防水材料
waterproofing concrete 防水混凝土
waterproofing agent 防水剂
c.f. watertight 不透水的，不漏水的，防水的
watertight barrier 防水堤，防水墙;watertight basement 不透水地下室 4)post-tensioned 后张的(即先浇筑混凝土，后张拉钢筋)
post-tensioned concrete 后张法预应力混凝土
post-tensioned reinforced concrete 后张预应力钢筋混凝土
post-tensioned construction 后张拉结构
c.f. pre- tensioned 先张的(即先张拉钢筋，后浇筑混凝土)
pre- tensioned concrete先张法预应力混凝土
pre- tensioned concrete structure 先张法预应力混凝土结构 5)earth work 土方，土方工程;(注:土方工程也称为土石方工程。土木工程中，常见的土石方工程有: 场地平整、基坑(槽)与管沟开挖、路基开挖、人防工程开挖、地坪填土，路基填筑以及基坑回填，土方工程施工要注意施工
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方法和采取安全措施。)
earth work quantity 土方工程量
Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1)The foundation is that part of the building which is in direct contact with the
ground and which transmits the load of the building to the underlying soil
基础是与地基直接接触的那一部分建筑，其作用是把建筑物的荷载传给地基
ground 指基础下面的土层，即地基。underlying soil底层土，这里也指地基。
该句是对基础的定义(definition)，即:基础是建筑的组成部分(part of the building)，其作用是承受荷载并把荷载传递给地基。
2)One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of
concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.
常见的一种基础是扩展基础，由混凝土(或其他材料)做的条形基础和独立基
础构成。该基础延伸到冰冻线以下，将墙和柱的荷载传递至底层土或基岩。
spread footing 扩展基础，独立基础
strips of concrete means strip footing made from concrete; pads of concrete means pad footing made from concrete
weight: load荷载
3) There are different types of deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled
shafts, caissons, helical piles and earth stabilized columns.
深基础有不同的类型，包括冲击打入桩、钻孔桩、沉箱、旋入桩、地质稳定柱
等。
impact driven piles 冲击打入桩【冲击打入桩又叫沉入桩，是靠桩锤的冲击能量
将预制桩打(压)入土中，使土被压挤密实，以达到加固地基的作用。】
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impact load 冲击荷载
drilled shafts钻孔桩【钻孔桩是指在工程现场通过机械钻孔、钢管挤土等手段在地基土中形成桩孔，并在其内放置钢筋笼、灌注混凝土而做成的桩，也叫钻孔灌注桩】
caissons 沉箱【深基础的一种。】
helical piles旋入桩【旋入桩由桩机植入地下成桩，对于桥梁建设基础工程具有较大意义。】
earth stabilized columns地质稳定柱
4)The foundation, including the underlying soil and rock, must be safe against s
structural failure that could result in collapse.
基础，包括地下土层和基岩必须安全，防止因结构破坏导致建筑物坍塌。 underlying soil地下土层(可以理解为―地基‖)
underlying structure 底层结构
failure 破坏，
e.g. failure load of subsoil 地基土破坏荷载
failure test 破坏试验
failure strength 破坏强度
5)The foundation must be feasible both technically and economically, and practical
to build without adverse effect to surrounding property.
基础必须从技术上和经济上可行，适合修建，不会对周边楼盘造成不良影响。 feasible 可行的
e.g. feasible schedule 可行的进度安排
c.f. feasibility study 可行性研究
adverse 不利的，逆的
e.g. adverse geologic phenomena 不良地质现象
adverse grade 反坡(反向坡度)
6)The basic design considerations are that the foundation must be of sufficient area
to spread the total load as not to overstress the soil.
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基础设计时起码要考虑的是基础要有足够的面积分布(承受)总荷载，不对土层造成过压。
spread 展开，分布，扩散
e.g. spread bar 分布钢筋
spread foundation 扩展基础，独立基础
7)For sloping site, cut and fill operation should be carried out to achieve a level
surface.
对于斜坡地基，应该实施挖方和填方作业以达到表面平整。
sloping site 斜面地基，斜地盘
e.g. sloping roof 斜面屋顶
sloping beam 斜梁
cut and fill excavation 挖方和填方
e.g. cut and fill section 半填半挖断面
cut and fill design 挖填设计
Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers. Step 5. Homework
Students need to remember the professional words and expressions.
Part Two: Foundation Movement
Teaching emphasis: 该部分着重培养学生建筑英语的阅读能力，理解基础位移的三种类型:沉降、膨胀与收缩、剪力破坏，提高学生建筑英语英汉互译能力。 Step 1. Leading-in
Introduce to students some reference information related . Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions. Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
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2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1) All foundations settle to some extent as the soil around and beneath them adjusts
itself to the load of the building.
由于基础周围和基础下面的土层要适应建筑物的荷载，所有的基础或多或少都会发生沉降。
settle v. settlement n. 沉降
e.g. settlement joint沉降缝
settlement observation of buildings 建筑物沉降观测
to some extent 某种程度上
adjust 调整，适应
e.g. She adjusted quickly to the heat of Africa. 她很快适应了非洲的炎热气候。 2)If settlement occurs at roughly the same rate from one side of the building to the
other, it is called uniform settlement, and no harm is likely to be done to the building.
建筑物一侧的沉降与另一侧的沉降以大致相同的速率进行，称之为均匀沉降。这对建筑物可能不会造成损坏。
rate 比率
e.g. rate of settlement 沉降速率
rate of swelling of soil 土的膨胀率
rate of reinforcement 配筋率
uniform settlement 均匀沉降
e.g. uniform stress 均匀应力
uniform strength等强度
c.f. differential (uneven) settlement 不均匀沉降
uneven development 不均衡发展
3)Accordingly a primary objective in foundation design is to minimize differential
settlement by loading the soil in such a way that equal settlement occurs under the
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various parts of the building.
因此，基础设计的主要目标就是要使不均匀沉降最小化，这可通过建筑物各部分之下的土层承受相同荷载、发生同等的沉降来实现。 primary objective 主要目标
e.g. primary technology 主要技术
primary beam 主梁
c.f. primary coat 抹灰打底，底涂层
equal settlement:uniform settlement (均匀沉降)
e.g. equal opportunity 平等机会
equal strength beam 等强度梁
4)The heaving pressure that is generated in reactive soils can be great and it is not
practical to resist this force.
活性土壤产生的膨胀压力非常巨大，要抵制这种压力是不切实际的。 heaving pressure 膨胀压力
e.g. heaving of the bottom 基坑隆胀
reactive soil 活性土壤
e.g. reactive concrete 活性混凝土
reactive silica material 活性硅石材料
generate 使(某物)产生
e.g. From the model, you can generate DDL, though we have to be careful.
虽然你可以从模型中产生DDL， 但是这个过程还是要小心。
His kind smile soon generated friendliness. 他友善的微笑很快造成了友好的气氛。
5)However it is possible to greatly reduce the amount of vertical and lateral
movement by keeping the soil at an even moisture content.
但是可以通过保持土层均匀含水量来大大减少纵向和横向的位移。 even 均匀的，平衡的，平(坦)的
e.g. even color均匀的颜色
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even load均布荷载
even-textured均匀纹理
moisture 水分，湿气，潮湿
e.g. moisture content 含水量(率)，湿度
moisture barrier 隔潮层，防水层
moisture free 干燥的，除湿的
6)The differential movement is caused by variations in moisture content, types and
depth of soil.
这种不均匀位移是由于土层的含水量、类型及深度变化引起的。 variation 变化，变更
e.g. variation factor 变化系数
variation in load 荷载变化
variation order 工程变更通知单
7)The following practice will assist in reducing building failure in reactive soils:
以下做法有助于减少活性土层对建筑的破坏: failure 破坏，失败
e.g. failure load 破坏荷载
failure test 破坏试验
8)construct concrete or other impervious pavements around the perimeter of the
building
在建筑物周边修建水泥或其他不透水路面。
impervious 不透水的
e.g. impervious foundation不透水基础
impervious material 不透水材料
perimeter 周边
e.g. perimeter beam 周边梁
perimeter heating system 周边取暖系统
c.f. perimeter trench 围护沟(防止基础受冲刷)
9)Noncohesive soils are not compressible, and when overloaded, the soil is forced
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out from under the footing to bulge upward alongside the footing without moving it.
As the soil shrinks on subsequent drying out, the footing drops.
非粘性土是不可压缩的，当超过荷载时，基础下的非粘性土被挤出来顺着基脚向上凸出而不是移动基脚，随后由于土层干燥收缩，基础下沉。 noncohesive soil 非粘性土，松散岩土(如砂或卵石)
overload 超负荷，超载，过载
e.g. overload test 超载试验
overload protection 过载保护装置
bulge 膨胀，凸出
e.g. bulging force 膨胀力
10) Therefore, foundations are designed to have an adequate load capacity, safely transmit to the soil all the loads from the building so that settlement is even and
limited.
由此可见，基础设计必须要有足够的承载力，能将建筑物所有荷载安全传递到土层，确保沉降均匀、有限。
load capacity 承载力，载重能力
e.g. load capacity of compressive masonry member 砌体构件受压承载力 Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Assignments
1. Students need to remember the professional words and expressions.
2. Students can discuss the last exercise in groups and write it down.
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Unit Four Superstructure
?. Learning Objectives
1. know concrete construction;
2. write a site report according to the workplace conversation;
3. understand framed structure construction;
4. get knowledge of basic structural principles;
5. use the correct terminology in the description of superstructure. ?. Background information
在第一单元曾提到结构的分类(structural components)，将其分为solid structure(“实体结构”或“块体结构”，即结构体本身是实心的)，如城墙(长城)，大坝，墙壁，实心球等;skeletal structure / framed structure(“框架结构”，也称之为“杆系结构”，即由杆件相互连接组成的几何不变体系)，如连续梁，桁架，钢架，拱，悬索结构，网架结构等;surface structure(“表层结构”，或称之为“板壳结构”，即层状结构，其受力特点是外力作用在结构体的表面)，如体育场馆的屋面，张力结构等。
在国内，建筑结构通常按所用的建筑材料不同，分为混凝土结构、砌体结构、钢结构、轻型钢结构、木结构和组合结构;或按其承重结构的类型，分为框架结构、剪力墙结构、框架-剪力墙结构、筒体结构、表层(板壳)结构等。
本单元立足于建筑结构中的上部结构，在第一部分的对话环节介绍了混凝土的施工特点及施工要求，重点练习了混凝土施工中现场问题处理的基本知识及语言技巧;阅读环节重点讲解了框架结构的特点、优势及不同框架结构建造过程中的注意事项。第二部分讲解了基本的建筑结构原理，在建筑结构的设计中应合理计算荷载、压缩力、张力、剪力、应力等，合理设计应对建筑中可能出现的变形、应变和移位。
?. Teaching Procedures
Part One, Section A: Workplace Conversation
Teaching emhpasis: 该部分重在培养学生施工现场语言交流能力和现场日志写作能力。
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Step 1. Listening Practice
1. Students Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks as required.
2. Correct the answer of the listening.
3. Analyze difficult points , professional words or phrases.
1) Concrete must be handled carefully to be sure that it hardens at the right time in
the right
place. 混凝土必须小心的处理以使它在合适的时间合适的地点凝固。
harden: v. 使硬化或变硬 e.g. The varnish takes a few hours to harden. 清漆
需要几个小时才能干透。
2)the concrete plant just broken down. 混凝土搅拌机刚刚坏了。 3)the last load’s on the way now. 最后一车混凝土还在路上。on the way: 在„„
途中，在„„过程中
4) It’s so hard to make a neat joint if you’ve been pouring all over the whole area.
如果你是整个面铺开浇筑，那就很难留一条整齐的施工缝了。
joint: 施工缝，是因后浇筑混凝土超过初凝时间，而与先浇筑的混凝土之间存在一个结合面，该结合面就称之为施工缝。
5)I think we’ll be able to make a suitable day joint there. 我想我们可以在这里
留一个合适的日
工作缝。day joint: 日工作缝。它是施工组织根据日工作进度在各施工单元
分区间留设的
施工缝。
6)first of all, get a batten fixed underneath. 首先，在底层钉上压条。 7)Then shutter up the joint, in the form of a step. 然后支撑工作缝模板，做成阶
梯形。 (阶梯形，可以提高水平施工缝的粘结质量，对新旧砼结合有利。)
shutter 支撑模板，做挡板
shuttering work 模板工程
step joint 阶式施工缝，阶梯形接合
stepped retaining wall 阶式挡土墙
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c.f(step ladder, 人字梯
8)Don’t leave any laitance on the concrete. 不要在混凝土上留下浮浆。(混凝
土施工中要在留工作缝的位置将浮浆刮去一层，以增加新老混凝土粘合度。)
9)releasing agent: 脱模剂，防粘剂;(又称防粘连剂。能降低胶料或粘料自粘
性、减少表面的粘连并有产生稍微粗糙表面作用的物质。)
10) thinly and evenly: 薄而均匀
e.g. Peel and thinly slice the onion. 剥掉洋葱皮，然后切成薄片。
The meat is divided evenly and boiled in a stew. 那块肉被均匀切成小块放
到炖菜里煮熟。
Step 2. Site Report
Students writes a report according to the conversation above.
This morning, when pouring concrete, we’ve got in real trouble. I asked Tony to help up to cope with the problem. We’ve poured half of a slab, but the concrete plant broke down and we can’t finish the work. Tony asked us to make a neat day
joint and get a batten fixed underneath. At the same time, Tony asked us to shutter
up the joint in the form of a step which can make a stronger joint. In the process, we shouldn’t leave any laitance on the concrete and we should also remember to apply
the releasing agent properly to make the striking of the shuttering easily. With
Tony’s advice, we coped with the tough problem easily.
Part One, Section B: Framed Structures
Teaching emphasis: 该部分让学生了解框架结构的特点，优势，并要求学生掌握
不同材质的框架结构施工中应注意的不同事项。框架结构由于其墙薄且轻，自
重较轻，占空间小，建造速度快等特点，成为现在建筑的一个主体，掌握框架
结构的建造原理，牢记不同材料框架结构的建造规则，对增强建筑知识，强化
施工中建筑监督、建筑咨询能力，都有重要的作用。
Step 1. Lead-in
1. Ask students to read the pictures in this section and tell the class their understanding of these pictures. (open answer)
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2. Ask students to visit the campus and find the framed structures in our campus and
try to summarize the characteristics of framed structure.
Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions.
1) framed structure=skeletal structure框架结构。框架结构是采用梁、柱组成的结构体系作为建筑承重结构。框架结构的主要构件是梁和柱，而墙体只是作为围护构件。框架可以做成预制或现浇，平面布置比较灵活，而且可以获得较大的使用空间。框架结构强度高，整体性强，但是层数多后抗侧刚度不足。 2) solid structure:实体结构。通常是指结构体本身是实心的结构。其受力特点是外力分布在整个体积中，如墙壁、柱子、实心球等等。
3) dead weight:静荷载是指不随时间变化的荷载。如建筑物本身自重(地板、墙)及建筑内维持生存条件所需的设施的重量(供水，供暖及厨房设备) 4) wind bracing:抗风支撑，抗风柱。抗风柱是钢架中支撑山墙的墙板抵抗水平风荷载作用的主要构件。抗风柱的上端与钢架梁相连，下端设置单独的基础。抗风柱的设计方法和构造措施不但影响到抗风柱本身的受力特点，而且影响到与之相连的刚架和基础的设计与受力。
5) concrete framed structure:混凝土框架结构，是由高强度混凝土浇筑的梁和柱承担主要荷载的建筑结构。
6) steel framed structure:钢框架结构，由钢梁和钢柱组成的能承受垂直和水平荷载的结构。用于大跨度或高层或荷载较重的工业与民用建筑。 7) timber framed structure:木框架结构，由木头组成承担荷载的梁和柱的框架结构。
8) rolled section: 轧制钢材，把块状的钢材变成需要的形状钢材的过程，但同时又要保证钢材有一定的物理或者化学性能等。
9) precast concrete frame: 预制混凝土框架，一般由预制柱、预制梁、预制楼板和被承重墙组成，各构件的连接采用后浇整体式、预应力拼接等现浇节点或装配节点。
10) shop drawing:施工图，制造图
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11) construction site:施工现场
12) erection drawing:装配图，架设图
Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1) In solid structures, the enclosing element which is the wall is loadbearing.
在实体结构中，墙即作维护构件，也作承重构件。
2) The tasks of design and analysis will have to be done many times until a design has been found for the structure that is strong, stable and lasting, to carry safely all
loads imposed without deforming excessively under loads.
结构需要多次的设计和分析，直到设计出结实、稳固又耐用的结构，并且这个
结构能够承担各种荷载，不会产生大的变形。
句子中主句:The tasks of design and analysis will have to be down many times.
后条件状语:until a design has been found for the structure
structure 的定语:that is strong, stable and lasting, to carry safely all loads (imposed
without deforming excessively under loads后置定语).
3) Stiffening elements are required for the rigidity in frame with wind bracing for
high-rise buildings.
对于高层建筑，为了增加框架刚性，需要防风柱来构成加劲构件。
stiffening elements: 加劲构件
rigidity: 刚性;刚度
e.g. The rigidity of the metal caused it to crack. 金属的刚度使其产生裂纹.
4) Where possible the layout of a skeleton should be based on a regular structural grid.
可能的话，框架的布局应建立在规则的结构柱网上.
layout:布局，安排，设计
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e.g. This boat has a good deck layout making everything easy to operate. 这艘船的甲板布局合理，使得所有操控都很方便。
structural grid:结构柱网
5) Loads are evenly transmitted to foundation, which minimizes relative settlement
and makes foundation sizes standardized.
荷载可以被均衡的传递到地基上，这可以使相对沉降最小化，使地基的尺寸标准化。
minimize: v. 最小化;使减少到最低限度
e.g. Good hygiene helps to minimize the risk of infection. 保持清洁有助于最大限度地减少感染的危险。
settlement: 沉降;解决
The settlement of the construction may cause deformation. 建筑物的沉降可能会引起变形。
6) Concrete is good in compression but will crack and shear under tension.
混凝土抗压性能好，但是在拉力下会断裂或剪切变形。
7) The structure drawings for the building are sent to the precasting plant, where
engineers and drafters prepare shop drawings that show all the dimensions and
details of the individual elements and how they are to be connected. 建筑结构图送往预制厂，预制厂的工程师和绘图员绘制出构件施工图，标出每个部件的尺寸、细节及部件间如何联接。
shop drawing: 制造图，施工图
8) These drawings are reviewed by the engineer and architect for conformance with
their design intentions and corrected as necessary.
工程师和建筑师审阅施工图，确保施工图与他们的设计意图相符，必要时做出修改。
conformance with: 与„„一致
e.g. Ensures that actions are in conformance with plans or desired results. 确保行动与计划保持一致,或达成预想结果.
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Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Homework
Students need to remember the professional words and expressions.
Part Two: Basic Structural Principles
Teaching emphasis: 该部分的重点在于让学生理解建筑结构设计的原则、建筑物所受的各种力的形成原因、计算方法及可能会对建筑造成的损坏。 Step 1. Leading-in
Introduce to students some reference information related .
1) live load: 活荷载，也称可变荷载，是施加在结构上的由人群、物料和交通工具引起的使用或占用荷载和自然产生的自然荷载。
2) compressive force: 压应力，就是指抵抗物体有压缩趋势的应力。如一个圆柱体两端受压，那么沿着它轴线方向的应力就是压应力。
3) tensile force:拉应力，就是一个物体两端受拉，那么沿着它轴线方向的抵抗拉伸的应力。拉应力就是物体对使物体有拉伸趋势的外力的反作用力。 4) shear force:剪力，就是作用于同一物体上的两个距离很近(但不为零)，大小相等，方向相反的平行力。 例如剪刀去剪一物体时，物体所受到两剪刀口的作用力就是剪力。
5) stress:应力。，材料发生形变时其内部产生了大小相等但方向相反的反作用力抵抗外力，使分布内力在一点的集度称为应力;或物体由于外因(受力、温度变化等)而变形时，在物体内各部分之间产生相互作用的内力，以抵抗这种外因的作用，并力图使物体从变形后的位置回复到变形前的位置。 6) deformation:变形，物体受外力作用而产生体积或形状的改变。 7) strain:应变，当材料在外力作用下不能产生位移时，它的几何形状和尺寸将发生变化，这种形变就称为应变(Strain)。
8) deflection:偏移，通常在外界影响下发生空间偏离的运动或动作 Step 2. New words and expressions
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Students read the professional words and expressions.
Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1) The dead load also includes the plumbing, heating equipment and those kitchen
appliances that would make the house uninhabitable if removed.
建筑物承受的静载也包含建筑中的管道、取暖设备和厨房电器等居住必备设
备。
appliances: 器具, 用具
e.g. This is a kitchen full of electrical appliances. 这是一个有各种电器用具的厨
房。
uninhabitable: 不适于居住的
Many houses were so badly damaged in the war that they were made permanently
uninhabitable.
e.g. As parts of the world become uninhabitable, millions of people will try to
migrate to more hospitable areas. 随着世界的一些地方变得不适人居，数以百万
计的人将会试图迁移到环境更加宜人的地区。
2) Such a table aims to estimate the ‘probable worst’ loading on a structure.
这种表格是为了估算建筑物上“可能最差”的荷载。“可能最差”指的是建筑
物有可能出现的荷载的最大值，比如人、物、风载、雪载等。
aim to: 打算;目标在于„
They aim to clear every dealer from the street.
他们打算把街上所有的毒品贩子都清走。
3) When two parallel forces having opposite directions act on a body tending to
cause one part of the body to slide past an adjacent part, the forces are shear forces.
剪力是作用于同一物体上的两个大小相等，方向相反的平行力，它将引起物体
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的一部分相对于相邻部分的移动。
parallel: adj. 平行的, 相似的; n. 平行，对比
Parallel lines will never meet no matter how far extended.
无论延伸多长，平行线永不相交。
This is a real world, running parallel to our own.
这是个真实的世界，与我们的世界并存。
adjacent: adj.邻近的，毗邻的
These young students live in adjacent rooms.
这些年轻的学生住在毗连的房间里.
4) Cracking in buildings may occur when the stress placed on a building material
exceeds the strength of that material.
当建筑材料所承受的应力超过其建筑材料的强度时，建筑物就可能会开裂 exceed: v. 超过;超越
The speed limit is 40 miles an hour. Don't exceed this maximum. 限速每小时四十英里, 不要超过这个极限.
5) When a body is subjected to a force, there is change in the shape or size of the
body.
当物体受到力的作用时，它的大小或形状将会发生改变，这些改变叫做变形。
subject to: 使遭受;使服从
The prices of overseas holidays are subject to surcharges. 海外度假游的价格受各种附加费的影响。
Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Assignments
1. Students need to remember the professional words and expressions.
2. Students can discuss the last exercise in groups and write it down.
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Unit Five Roof
?. Learning Objectives
1. write a site report according to the workplace conversation;
2. explain the function and the performance requirements of roof; 3. have basic ideas of flat roof and pitched roof;
4. describe different types of roof strutting;
5. use the correct terminology in the description of roof.
?. Background information
屋顶是房屋顶部的围护结构，它主要有三大功能:一是承重，即承受作用于屋顶的风荷载、雪荷载和屋顶自重等;二是围护，即防御自然界的风、霜、雨、雪、太阳辐射、气温变化等因素的不利影响;三是美观，即屋顶对建筑造型有很大影响。屋顶按材料可以分为瓦屋顶、钢筋混凝土屋顶、金属屋顶、玻璃屋顶等;按外形可以分为平屋顶、坡屋顶和其他形式的屋顶。屋顶设计需要满足防水、保温隔热、结构及建筑艺术等方面的要求。
本单元对屋顶进行了概括性的介绍，内容包括屋顶的定义、分类、功能、材料、平屋顶和坡屋顶的特点及各自优缺点等。此外，在第二部分还专门介绍了屋顶支撑，内容包括屋顶支撑的重要性、支撑的选择及安装要领等。 ?. Teaching Procedures
Part One, Section A: Workplace Conversation
Teaching emhpasis: 该部分重在培养学生施工现场语言交流能力和现场日志写作能力。
Step 1. Listening Practice
1. Students Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks as required.
2. Correct the answer of the listening.
3. Analyze difficult points , professional words or phrases.
1) tiler: person who lays tiles(瓦工)
2) ridge:the top edge of a pitched roof(屋脊，即屋顶相对的斜坡或者相对的两边顶端的交汇线。)
3) sagging: n. sinking in the middle (下沉，凹陷)
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4) roof truss 屋架，支持屋顶的三角形桁架。(屋架是房屋组成部件之一，是用
于屋顶结构的桁架，它承受屋面和构架的重量以及作用在上弦上的风载，常用
木料、钢材或钢筋混凝土等材料制成，有三角形、梯形、拱形等各种形状。平
房、中式楼房中屋架可分为中式屋架，人字架，钢屋架，钢混屋架等几大类。)
5) tiling: 盖瓦;贴砖
6) party walls: wall between two houses or other buildings and jointly owned (共用
隔墙，界墙)
7) give somebody a lesson: 给某人一个教训;教训某人
8)strip back: take off (拆除)
9)roof tiles: 屋面瓦
c.f. floor tiles 地面砖
10) decent: up to the right standard(标准的，好的)
Step 2. Site Report
Students writes a report according to the conversation above.
This morning, the tiler pointed out the roof to me. It looked as if the ridge sagged. I showed it to the foreman bricklayer Jack and discussed with him about the reason for the sagging. It turned out to be the two party walls which had been taken up too far. I talked to the foreman bricklayer very seriously about the careless work of the bricklayers and told him this kind of things should not happen again. He agreed to take around 25 millimeters off the party walls and checked over all the
rest. I asked him to finish the work by the end of the day and he agreed. Quality is the key to the construction work. Any small mistake may cause big problem. We should learn from our mistakes and keep in mind that quality is the first priority.
Part One, Section B: Roof Construction
Teaching emphasis: 该部分的目的在于让学生了解屋顶的概况，包括屋顶的作
用、屋顶类型的选择、屋顶的结构、屋顶的性能要求及屋顶的建筑材料。其中
对屋顶的各种性能要求进行了详细介绍，包括强度、稳定性、保温隔热、隔音、
防火、耐久性、排水、采光、通风、排烟及美观等方面。另外，对平屋顶和坡
屋顶进行了详细的介绍，分别讲解了二者的特点及优缺点。
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Step 1. Lead-in
1. Ask students to read the pictures in this section and tell the class their understanding of these pictures. (open answer)
2. Please list the major functions of roof, discuss about the advantages and
disadvantages of two roofs.
a. Keep out bad weather like rain, snow, strong wind etc.;
b. Bear such loads as wind load, snow load and its own weight;
c. Give the building a good appearance.
The first picture is pitched roof and the other is flat roof. Pitched roof is
good-looking and works very well at draining out rain water and saving energy
because it keeps the building warm in winter and cool in summer; but it costs too
much and the roof surface cannot be used for other purposes. Flat roof can be
used as car park, playground, garden and so on and it costs less and simpler to be
constructed compared with pitched roof; but it has poorer appearance and not
good at disposing of rain water or snow so it tends to crack and leak easily.
Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions.
1) upper covering: 房屋上部围护结构
2) performance requirement: 性能要求
3) service equipment: 建筑设备，如空调外机等
4) roof structure:屋顶支承结构，屋顶承重的结构，如屋架。
5) roof covering: 屋面围护构件，指屋顶的屋面覆盖层。
6) self-supporting insulating materials:自承式保温隔热材料
7) wood wool slab: 木丝板，刨花板。(木丝板是用选定种类的晾干木料刨成细
长木丝，经化学浸渍稳定处理后，木丝表面浸有水泥浆再加压成水泥木丝板。)
wood wool 木丝，木刨花
8) secondary roof:顶棚。(顶棚结构一般吊挂在屋顶承重结构上，称为吊顶。)
9) roof void:闷顶。(坡屋顶顶棚上的空间就叫闷顶，当使用这个空间作为房间
时就叫做阁楼。)
10) roof vent: 屋顶排气口，屋顶通气装置。(屋顶排气口是厨房、卫生间排烟
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道、排气道出屋面部分的位置。)
11) corrugated metal: 波纹金属薄板
13) shell roof: 薄壳屋顶
Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1)Roof is the most exposed part of the building to the weather.
屋顶是建筑物暴露在天气中最主要的部分。
expose: v. ~ sth/sb/oneself (to sth) 显露或暴露某人
The soil was washed away by the flood, exposing bare rock. 泥土被洪水冲走, 露出光秃秃的岩石
expose one's skin to the sun 使皮肤暴露於阳光下
2) It is also the most important in keeping out the weather.
屋顶也是抵御不利天气影响的最重要的结构
keep out: 不让……进入
e.g. She wore a hat to keep the sun out of her eyes.
她戴帽子遮阳, 保护眼睛.
3) The larger the span, the lighter the roof and the imposed loads should be.
屋顶支承结构的跨度越大，屋顶和附加荷载就要越轻。
the + adj.比较级, the +adj.比较级 越……越……
The more you eat, the fatter you become.
4) For durability, roof must be against weathering & atmosphere pollution, by which
the metal roofing is prone to be attacked. 耐久性方面，屋顶必须能抵挡住风化和大气污染，金属屋顶就极易受到侵蚀。
be prone to: 有…的倾向，易于
He used to be prone to anger. 他过去动辄发怒.
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Steel in concrete is prone to be rusted without cover. 混凝土中的钢筋没有保护层易锈蚀。
5) For large long building, smoke dispersion is important and roof vents are
incorporated.
对于大而长的建筑，排烟和屋顶通风就十分重要。
incorporate: 将某事物包括进去; 包含
e.g. Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in the new plan. 你的建议多已纳入新计划中.
6) Pitched roof is flexible in shape and suitable for dome, shell roof, which gives
good aesthetics.
坡屋顶的外形可塑性强，适用于圆屋顶、薄壳屋顶等极为美观的屋顶。
flexible: (1)易弯曲的; 柔韧的; 有弹性的。e.g. flexible plastic tubing 弹性塑料管;(2)可变通的; 灵活的。e.g. Our plans are quite flexible. 我们的计划十分灵活。 7) Services can be accommodated within the roof void (pitched roof) and on top of
the roof for flat roof.
建筑设备可安装于坡屋顶的闷顶及平屋顶的屋面。
accommodate: (1)供给(某人)住宿或房间
e.g. This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这旅馆可供多达500位来宾住宿.
(2) ~ sb (with sth) 准予或提供某人(某事物) eg. The bank will
accommodate you with a loan. 银行将贷给你一笔款。
Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Homework
Students need to remember the professional words and expressions. Part Two: Roof Strutting
Teaching emphasis: 该部分的重点介绍了屋顶支撑，内容包括屋顶支撑的重要性、支撑的选择及安装要领等。
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Step 1. Leading-in
Introduce to students some reference information related .
Strut: 支撑，对角撑(Strut is a common name in timber framing for a support or
brace of lighter scantlings than a post. Frequently found in roof framing between on a tie beam and a principal rafter or from a king post to a principal rafter.) e.g. strut beam(支撑梁)，strut frame(支撑结构)
roof strutting: 屋顶支撑，对角撑
roof frame: 屋顶结构
Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions.
Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1)A roof describes the portion of a structure intended to cover and give protection to
the lower part of the building. 屋顶是对房屋下部起覆盖和保护作用的围护结构。 intend to: 打算，想要
eg. They intend to claim for delay damages against the contractor.
他们打算向承包商索要延误赔偿。
2) the plan of the building, 建筑设计
Plan此处意为―设计‖
3) domestic roof framing: 民用建筑屋顶结构
4) roof members: 屋顶构件
5) deflections or lateral movement: 挠度变形或横向位移
在文中，deflection主要指建筑的基础、上部结构或构件等在弯矩作用下因挠曲引起的垂直于轴线的线位移，简言之，指建筑竖向变形;而lateral movement则与deflection相对，其为横向位移。
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6) Single struts are fixed at an angle not exceeding 30? to the vertical when used
perpendicular to the rafters or when used vertical to the rafters and running parallel
with the underpurlin.
当单根对角撑与椽条垂直或与椽条垂直并与檩条平行时，其安装角度纵向不能超过30 ?
exceed : 超过;超越
The speed limit is 40 miles an hour. Don't exceed this maximum. 限速每小时四十英里, 不要超过这个极限.
perpendicular: 成直角的; 垂直的
The left wing dipped until it was perpendicular to the ground.
左翼下垂至与地面成90度角。
rafter:椽子，它是屋面基层的最底层构件，垂直安放在檩木之上。 underpurlin: 檩条，沿屋顶长度分布的水平部件，位于主椽上，支撑次要屋椽。 Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Assignments
1. Students need to remember the professional words and expressions.
2. Students can discuss the last exercise in groups and write it down.
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Unit Six Walls
?. Learning Objectives
1. write a site report according to the workplace conversation;
2. cribe laying of bricks;
3. know the various types of walls commonly used;
4. explain the load bearing wall;
5. the correct terminology in the description of wall construction. ?. Background information
墙体是房屋的重要组成部分，占建筑物总重量的30%-50%，造价比重大，在工程设计中，合理地选择墙体材料、结构
方案
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及组砌方法十分重要。墙体起着承重(load bearing)、围护 (enclose)、分隔空间 (divide the space) 的作用。作为承重构件，墙承受着由屋顶 (roof)或楼板层 (floors) 传来的荷载并将其传给基础;作为围护构件，外墙 (external walls) 抵御着自然界各种不利因素对室内的侵袭;作为分隔构件，内墙 (internal walls) 起着分隔建筑内部空间的作用。
本单元是对建筑中墙体的概述，内容包括墙体的基本概念，墙体使用材料，墙体的分类及各自特点和使用范围，砖墙砌筑方式等。在第二部分中着重介绍了承重墙在建筑中需要注意的要素和使用的材料，墙体的水平荷载与垂直荷载以及砌筑的要求。
?. Teaching Procedures
Part One, Section A: Workplace Conversation
Teaching emhpasis: 该部分重在培养学生墙体施工现场语言交流能力和现场日志写作能力。
Step 1. Listening Practice
1. Students Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks as required.
2. Correct the answer of the listening.
3. Analyze difficult points , professional words or phrases.
1) bricklayer 砌砖工(someone whose job is to build walls, buildings etc with
bricks)
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2) make no difference v. 没有影响，都一样
That will make no difference to him, whatever you may decide. 无论你做什么决定, 对他都一样.
3)the architect who wrote the specification 编写规范的建筑师 4)brickwork 砌砖工程(work built with bricks)
5) sort (it) out 查明，查清楚是怎么回事(find out what’s wrong) e.g. It was said that the roof was sagging. The architect asked me to come to sort it
out and call him back.
据说屋面下陷。建筑师要我来查清楚是怎么回事，然后给他回个电话。 c.f. sort out 解决，处理
e.g. There’s been a mistake. I’ll try to sort it out and call you back.
出了一个错。我会设法解决，然后给你回个电话。 6)lay every brick frog down: frog (砖面)凹槽。lay v. 放, 搁; 砌; 铺设
每块砖都是凹槽面向下砌筑。
7)comply with the specification 符合规范
comply with 服从，遵从; 依照
They refused to comply with the UN resolution.
他们拒绝遵守联合国的决议。
Failure to comply with these conditions will result in termination of the
contract.
不遵守这些条件将导致合同终止。
8)take sth. down 拆开，拆除
e.g. They’re taking the scaffolding down next week.
他们下周要把脚手架拆除
9)void 缝隙，空处
10)unfilled joints 未填充的接缝
11) sound reduction 隔声(the effect of a wall or floor in stopping noise from
passing through it)
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e.g. One of the important factors for the healthy housing is good sound reduction.
健康住宅的重要因素之一就是隔声效果好。
12)bad practice 低标准工程，劣质工程(poor standard of work)
bad 水平低的，质量差的
c.f. bad practice 指工作中不好的习惯做法
e.g. It’s considered bad practice to reveal client’s names.
泄露客户姓名被认为是不好的做法。
13)refer to提及;关系到;提交…处理
Don't refer to the matter again. 不要再提这件事了。
The regulations refer only to children. 这些规定只适用于小孩子。
He referred the case to the High Court. 他把案子提交给高级法庭处理。
My complaint was referred to the manufacturers.我的投诉已转交给制造厂
商
Step 2. Site Report
Students writes a report according to the conversation above.
This morning, Sid wasn’t happy about the brickwork. I asked Jack to sort it out with him. Jack talked about the brickwork with Sid. Sid thought the brickwork didn’t comply with the specification and it should be taken down because the wall wouldn’t have adequate sound reduction. But Jack believed that didn’t matter in that case since it was going to be a storeroom and he was sure that the bricklayer did the rest of it properly. Sid didn’t agree with Jack and the matter is referred to the architect.
Part One, Section B: Wall Constructions
Teaching emphasis: 该部分在于让学生了解墙体的基本作用、墙体材料、墙体的
类别及其特点。通过学习，学生能够认知不同墙体以及在建筑施工中不同墙体
使用的材料和建筑要求并从中掌握关于墙体表达的英文术语。
Step 1. Lead-in
1. Ask students to read the pictures in this section and tell the class their understanding of these pictures. (open answer)
1) Load bearing walls
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2) Non-load bearing walls: it can be destroyed when decorating
3) The beautiful external walls
4) The workers are building the partition with the blocks
5) They are compartment walls in a village.
6) Embedded retaining wall
2. Ask students what they know about the functions and classifications of walls.
The functions of walls are to enclose the building from the external environment, or enclose the space within the building, support loads, divide and sometimes beautify the spaces.Walls can be classified into external walls and internal walls according to the position; load bearing walls and non-load bearing
walls according to the stress features; brick walls, block walls, reinforced walls, etc.
according to the materials.
Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions.
1) load bearing wall 承重墙,是指除了承受自身荷载，还要支撑来自上部楼层荷
载并将其传向地面的墙体 (supports loads from floors and roof in addition to
its own weight)。
2) non-load bearing wall非承重墙, 指除了自身荷载，不需要承受其他荷载
(carry no floor or roof loads except its own weight)。
3) partition 隔墙，把一个结构(如房屋、房间或围栏)的一部分同另一部分分开
的内墙，即分隔建筑物内部空间的墙 (loadbearing or non-loadbearing divide
space into rooms)。
4) separating wall分户隔墙，分割相邻建筑或相邻住户的墙 (internal walls
which separate adjoining buildings, e.g. semi-detached house半独立式住宅或
一侧与它屋相连的住宅;flats公寓、单元住宅;terrace house毗邻式住宅、
街坊房屋、连栋房屋)。
5) compartment wall 隔火墙， 为了防火目的而把空间分割成小隔间的墙
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(divide space into compartments for purpose of fire protection)。 6) retaining wall 挡土墙，是建于坡地的构筑物，用以加固土坡或石坡，防止
山崩，防止土块和石块落下，以保护行人和附近建筑物的安全，亦可防止
水土侵蚀 (support and resist the thrust of the soil)。
7) external wall 外墙
8) internal wall 内墙
9) superimposed loads:附加荷载
10) lateral pressure:横向压力，侧压力
11) wind penetration: 透风
12) damp resistant 防潮
13) sound insulation 隔音
14) sound absorbing: 吸音，吸声
15) fire resistant 防火
16) masonry wall 砌体墙,指的是用砖和砂浆通过一定的砌筑方法砌筑而成的墙
体 (individual brick / blocks cemented together, which can be solid or cavity
wall construction)。
17) monolithic wall 整体墙,是整体保温外墙板的简称, 由加钢筋或不加钢筋的
混凝土构成 (concrete wall, plain or reinforced)。
18) frame wall 框架墙，金属或木头构成，两面覆以木板或覆饰连接成一体
(frame of timber or metal, facing / board on each side to form a complete
system)。
19) membrane wall 隔板墙，两面由塑料、金属或胶合板连接起来到中心支架的
墙 (sandwich of two thin skins of plastic, metal, plywood bonded to a core)。 20) hollow clay block: 空心黏土砖
21) hollow concrete block: 空心混凝土砖
22) solid concrete block:实心混凝土砖
23) light weight concrete:低密度混凝土，轻质混凝土
24) infill panel填充板
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Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1) vertical: adj.垂直的，竖立的;立式的，纵向的 n. 垂直面，垂直线，垂直
方向
e.g. The climber inched up a vertical wall of rock. 攀登者慢慢爬上了陡直的石壁。
vertical construction joint 垂直施工缝
vertical reinforcement 竖向钢筋
2)enclose v. (用篱笆或围墙)围起来
e.g. A high wall enclosed the courtyard. 一堵高墙把院子围了起来。 3) available adj. 可用的，可获得的
e.g. We’re already used up all the available space. 可用的空间我们都用上了。 4) bear in mind 记住某事
e.g. You should bear in mind that these exams affect your final result.
你应该记住，这些考试会影响你的最后成绩。
5) in addition to: 除了;加之
In addition to my weekly wage, I got a lot of tips. 除了每周的薪水外，我还能得到不少小费。
6)adjoining adj. 相邻的 adjoining rooms 相邻的房间
7)resist v. 抵挡，不受……的损害;
e.g. A balanced diet will increase your ability to resist infection.
饮食均衡会增强你抗感染的能力。
resistance n. wind/air resistance 风、空气的阻力
resistant adj. heat-resistant/fire-resistant 耐热，耐火的 8)exclude v.排除
e.g. a special diet that excludes dairy products 不包括奶制品的特别食谱
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9) aesthetic adj. 美学的，有美感的
e.g. The building is aesthetic ,but not very practical to heat.
这幢建筑物外型美观，但隔热功能不太好。
10) overturning: 倾覆，倒塌
e.g. Overturning and sliding are seldom a factor in the design of arch dam.
拱坝设计中很少考虑倾覆和滑动的问题.
11) buckling: 变形，弯曲
e.g. The periodic buckling leaves the fibre in a waved conformation.
周期性的弯折在纤维中造成波形构成.
buckling load 压屈荷载
12) slenderness: 细长度
e.g. slender beam / column 细长梁 / 柱
We try to combine slenderness with strength. 我们力图将苗条和力量完美结合.
13) building services, equipment and plant 建筑物的设备、设施和装备 14) plant room: 机房;工作间
15) boiler room:锅炉房，开水房
16) generate: v. 形成，造成
eg. Most cities generate a complex brew of pollutants. 多数城市都会产生各种物质混杂的污染物。
17) louvers: 散热孔，天窗，百叶窗
18)louvered wall: 百叶窗墙
19) insulation n. 隔热，绝缘
e.g. Goog insulation can save you lots of money on heating bills.
好的隔热效果能节省很多取暖费。
insulation board 绝缘板，隔声板
insulator n. 绝缘体，隔音材料
insulate v. 使绝缘，隔音，隔热
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20) sealed: adj. 密封的
seal: v. 密封;盖章
eg. Soldiers there are going to seal the airport off. 那里的士兵将封锁机场。
Make sure that your tiles are thoroughly grouted and sealed. 要确保这些瓷砖经
过彻底灌浆并且密封好。
21) line v. 给……加内衬
e.g. Are those curtains lined? 那些窗帘加衬里了吗,
a coat lined with silk 有丝绸内衬的外衣
lining material 衬里材料，衬砌材料 22) porous:多孔的; 能渗透的
eg. The soil is porous. 土质疏松.
The local limestone is very porous.
当地石灰岩渗透性很强。
23)sound absorbers: 消声器
24) panels:面板，嵌板
25) fire-stops: 防火隔墙
26) lift shaft:电梯井，升降机竖井
27) solid masonry wall: 实体墙
28) masonry cavity wall:砌体空心墙
29) monolithic: 整体的;庞大的
e.g. monolithic architecture 整体建筑
monolithic concrete structure 整体混凝土结构
monolithic block 大型砌块
30)plain: 平的;素的
e.g. plain concrete 素混凝土，无筋混凝土
plain concrete structure素混凝土结构 (没有钢筋的混凝土结构)
plain masonry 无筋砌体
plain batten door 平板门
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31) facing: 贴面，覆盖(如墙壁的)表面的覆饰
e.g. facing material 贴面材料
facing paint 罩面漆
A facing on a wall is a layer of stone, concrete, or other material that is spread
over its surface in order to make it look attractive.
32) plywood n. 胶合板
e.g. This plywood addition helps to strengthen the structure. 多层胶合板有助于加固结构。
33) bond v. 黏合
e.g. It takes less than 10 minutes for the two surfaces to bond. 把这两面粘起
来多了不到十分钟。
34) mortar: 砂浆;灰泥
e.g. cement mortar 水泥砂浆
mortar bed 灰浆层，砂浆垫层
We now need funding to turn the plans into bricks and mortar. 我们现在需要资金将这些计划变为实实在在的大楼.
35) overlap v. 交搭，部分重叠;搭接部分
e.g. The upper layer of felt should overlap the lower. 毛毡的上层应与下层重叠。
overlap length 搭接长度
36) moderately: 适度地;温和地
e.g. I don't smoke and I drink only moderately.
我不吸烟，酒量也一般。
37) deteriorate: v.使恶化，变坏
e.g. Food is apt to deteriorate in summer.
食物在夏天易变质.
38) stretcher bond 顺砖砌合法:在砖墙的砌筑中，长边平行于墙面砌筑的砖
称顺砖
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header bond 丁砖砌合法:在砖墙的砌筑中，长边垂直于墙面砌筑的砖称
丁砖。
砖墙的组砌方式:指砖块在砌体中的排列方式。为了保证墙体的强度和稳定性，在砌筑时应遵循错缝搭接的原则，即在墙体上下皮砖的垂直砌缝有规律的错开。 砖在墙体中的放置方式有顺砖stretcher(砖的长方向平行于墙面砌 砖header(砖的长方向垂直于墙面砌筑)、立砖solider(砖垂直放置，侧面平行于墙体)、竖砖rowlock(一侧面置于下方，竖直放置)。常见的砖墙的组砌方式有:一顺一丁式、多顺一丁式、十字式(梅花丁式)、全顺式、120墙砌法、180墙砌法、240墙砌法、370墙砌法等。
39) service duct: 设备沟槽;维修通道
c.f. service tunnel 工作隧洞
service platform 检修平台
40) watertight: 不漏水的，水密的
41) finishing: 装修，涂饰;表面加工
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e.g. finishing material 装饰材料
42) facing 饰面，覆盖层
e.g. facing brick 面砖，饰面砖
43) Curtain wall: 幕墙 (Nonbearing wall of glass, metal, or masonry attached to a
Building's exterior structural frame. 附属在建筑物外部结构框架上的墙,它是非支撑性的、由玻璃 、 金属或石材所构成。)
44) attach to 固定，连接，附上
e.g. a small battery attached to a little loudspeaker 装在小喇叭上的一节小电池
45) structural frame 结构框架
46) span v. 跨越，横跨; n. 跨度
eg. The river Thames is spanned by many bridges. 泰晤士河上有很多桥.
Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers.
Step 5. Homework
Students need to remember the professional words and expressions.
Part Two: Load Bearing Walls
Teaching emphasis: 该部分的重点在于让学生理解承重墙基本特点，墙体的侧向(横向)和垂直荷载，承重墙的施工。
Step 1. Leading-in
Introduce to students some reference information related .
1)Loadbearing wall: The wall supports loads from floors and roof in addition to its
own weight.
2)Dead loads are the loads which won’t change including the weight of floors and
roof, etc.
Live loads are the loads which can move including the loads from wind, rain, snow, etc.
Loads can be classified into lateral loads and vertical loads according to the
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direction of loads.
Step 2. New words and expressions
Students read the professional words and expressions. Step 3. Learn the passage
1. Give students some time to read the passage carefully.
2. Translate the passage and analyze difficult points, paying special attention to
the professional items.
Language points:
1) crucial: 关键性的，极其显要的
It is crucial that all documents presented are authentic and easily verifiable.
所有提交的文件必须真实且易于查证，这一点很关键。 2) vertical and lateral support 垂直和横向支撑 e.g. lateral thrust 横向推力
lateral truss 横向桁架，抗风桁架
lateral pressure 侧向压力
3) shrinkage n. 收缩，变小
e.g. shrinkage crack 收缩裂缝
shrinkage joint 收缩缝，伸缩缝
shrink v. 使缩小;变小;减少
4) expansion n. 扩展，膨胀
e.g. the expansion of gases 气体的膨胀
expansion joint伸缩缝
expansion joint filler 伸缩缝填料
expand v. (使) 扩大;(使)增加
e.g. Water expands as it freezes. 水结冰体积会膨胀。 5) deflection n. 变形，偏离;挠度
e.g. deflection curve 变位曲线
deflection of beam 梁的挠度
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deflection strength 抗弯强度
deflect v. (使)转向，(使)偏斜
e.g. The waves are deflected by the lifeboat’s high narrow bows.
救生船又高又尖的船头使海浪改变方向。
6) rotation n. 旋转，旋度
e.g. rotation construction 转体施工法
the rotation of the Earth on its axis 地球的自转
rotate v. (使)旋转，转动 a rotating blade 旋转的叶片 7) overturn v. (使)翻到，倾覆
e.g. One of the walls had overturned because of the strong wind.
有一堵墙在大风中倒塌了。
8) transmit v. 传送，传递
e.g. an infection transmitted by mosquitoes 由蚊子传播的一种传染病 9) anchor v. (使)稳固，固定
e.g. The panel was firmly anchored by two large bolts.
嵌板由两个大螺栓牢牢固定着。
10)uplift 上举，上浮;上举力，上浮力
e.g. uplift force 掀起力
uplift load test of pile 桩的抗拔试验
11) bed joint 平缝，横缝:上下面之间的水平灰缝
perpend joint (head joint)竖缝:左右两块砖之间垂直缝 12)eccentric 偏心的
e.g. eccentric angle 偏心角
eccentric force 偏心力
eccentric load 偏心荷载
13)cross wall 横墙
14) commence v.(正式) 开始
e.g. Your first evaluation will be six months after you commence employment.
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你工作六个月后，将接受第一次业绩评估。
15)damp-proofing material 防潮材料
16)flashing 坡水板，防雨板，泛水
e.g. flashing block 泛水砌块
flashing board 泛水板，防雨板
17) completion n. 结束，完成
e.g. We paid them on completion of the work. 他们工作一完成，我们立即付了款。
18) splashes and stains 洒溅的斑点和污渍
Step 4. Practice
Students do the exercises, then correct the answers. Step 5. Assignments
1. udents need to remember the professional words and expressions. 2. Students can discuss the last exercise in groups and write it down.
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