重点：高考必考的化学方程式

重点：高考必考的化学方程式 高中化学方程式 一、非金属单质 ,F～Cl,O,S,N,P,C,Si～H, 22221、氧化性: F+H===2HF (阴暗处爆炸) 22 F+Xe(过量)==XeF 22 2+2F(过量)+Xe==XeF (XeF是强氧化剂，能将Mn氧化为244 –MnO) 4 nF+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属) 2 2F+2HO===4HF+O (水是还原剂) 222 2F+2NaOH===2NaF+OF+HO 222F+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl 22 F+2NaBr===2NaF+Br 22 F+2NaI===2NaF+I 22 7F(过量)+I===2IF 227 F+Cl(等体积)===2ClF (ClF属于类卤素,22 ClF+HO==HF+HClO ) 2 3F(过量)+Cl===2ClF (ClF+3HO==3HF+HClO ) 223323 Cl+H2HCl (将H在Cl点燃,混合点燃、加热、光照发生2222爆炸) 3Cl+2P2PCl Cl+PClPCl Cl+2Na2NaCl 232352 1 3Cl+2Fe2FeCl Cl+CuCuCl 2322Cl+2FeCl===2FeCl (在水溶液中,223 2+3+,Cl+2Fe===2Fe+3Cl) 2 ,,Cl+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br Cl+2Br=2Cl+Br 2222 ,,Cl+2KI===2KCl+I Cl+2I=2Cl+I 22223Cl(过量)+2KI+3HO===6HCl+KIO 223 –+–– 3Cl+I+3HO=6H+6Cl+IO223 5Cl+I+6HO===2HIO+10HCl 2223 –+–5Cl+I+6HO=10Cl+IO+12H 2223 2––Cl+NaS===2NaCl+S? Cl+S=2Cl+S? 222 +–Cl+HS===2HCl+S? (水溶液中,Cl+HS=2H+2Cl+S? 2222Cl+SO+2HO===HSO+2HCl 22224 +2––Cl+SO+2HO=4H+SO+2Cl 2224 +–Cl+HO===2HCl+O Cl+HO=2H+Cl+O 222222222O+3FeFeO O+K===KO 23422 S+HHS 2S+CCS S+ZnZnS 222 S+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取) S+2CuCuS (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取) 2 3S+2AlAlS (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取) 23 催化剂 N+3H2NH N+3MgMgN 223232高温高压 N+3CaCaN 232 2 N+3BaBaN N+6Na2NaN N+6K2KN 2322323 N+6Rb2RbN N+2Al2AlN 232 P+6H4PH P+3NaNaP 4233 2P+3ZnZnP 32 H+2Li2LiH 2 2、还原性 S+OSO S+HSO(浓)3SO?+2HO 222422 S+6HNO(浓)HSO+6NO?+2HO 32422 +2-S+4H+6==6NO?+2HO+ SO224 3S+4HNO(稀)3SO+4NO?+2HO 322 +,3S+4H+43SO+4NO?+2HO NO223 N+O2NO 22 4P+5OPO(常写成PO) 241025 2P+3X2PX,X表示F,Cl,Br, PX+XPX 2322232 5 P+20HNO(浓)4HPO+20NO?+4HO 433422C+2FCF C+2ClCCl 2424C+O(足量)CO2C+O(少量)2CO 22 2 C+CO2CO C+HOCO+H(生成水煤气) 2222C+SiOSi+2CO(制得粗硅) 2 Si(粗)+2ClSiCl (SiCl+2H===Si(纯)+4HCl) 2442Si(粉)+OSiO Si+CSiC(金刚砂) 22 3 Si+2NaOH+HO==NaSiO+2H? 2232 ,2,(Si+2OH+HO=+2H?) SiO223 3、歧化反应 +Cl+HO==HCl+HClO,加碱或光照促进歧化: (Cl+HOH+Cl2222–+HClO, –––Cl+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+HO (Cl+2OH=Cl+ClO+HO) 2222 –––Cl+2Ca(OH)==CaCl+Ca(ClO)+2HO (Cl+2OH=Cl+ClO222222 +HO) 2 ––3Cl+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO+3HO (3Cl+6OH5Cl2322 –+ClO+3HO) 32 –2–2–3S+6NaOH2NaS+NaSO+3HO (3S+6OH2S+SO+3HO) 223232 –4P+3KOH(浓)+3HO==PH?+3KHPO (4P+3OH+3HO==PH?232223 –+3HPO) 22 11P+15CuSO+24HO==5CuP+6HPO+15HSO 4233424 3C+CaOCaC+CO? 2 3C+SiOSiC+2CO? 2 二(金属单质,Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu,的还原性 2Na+H2NaH 4Na+O==2NaO 2NaO+O2NaO 22222222Na+ONaO 2Na+S==NaS,爆炸, 2222 +―2Na+2HO==2NaOH+H? 2Na+2HO=2Na+2OH+H? 2222 4 +―2Na+2NH==2NaNH+H? 2Na+2NH=2Na+2NH+H? 3223224Na+TiCl4NaCl+Ti Mg+ClMgCl Mg+BrMgBr 4 22222Mg+O2MgO Mg+SMgS 2 2Cu+SCuS (CuS只能由单质制备) 22 Mg+2HOMg(OH)+H? 222 2Mg+TiClTi+2MgCl Mg+2RbClMgCl+2Rb 4222Mg+CO2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2MgO+Si 22 Mg+HS==MgS+H 22 +2+Mg+HSO==MgSO+H? (Mg+2H=Mg+H?) 244222Al+3Cl2AlCl 23 4Al+3O===2AlO(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧) 223 4Al(Hg)+3O+2xHO===2(AlO.xHO)+4Hg,铝汞齐, 22232 4Al+3MnO2AlO+3Mn 2Al+CrOAlO+2Cr (铝热反2232323应) 2Al+FeOAlO+2Fe 2Al+3FeOAlO+3Fe 232323 +3+2Al+6HCl===2AlCl+3H? 2Al+6H=2Al+3H? 322 +3+2Al+3HSO===Al(SO)+3H? 2Al+6H=2Al+3H? 24243222Al+6HSO(浓)===Al(SO)+3SO+6HO (Al,Fe在冷,浓的2424322 HSO,HNO中钝化) 243 +3+–Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO)+NO?+2HO Al+4H+NO=Al+NO?33323+2HO 2 5 ––2Al+2NaOH+2HO===2NaAlO+3H? 2Al+2OH+2HO=2AlO+3H222222? 2Fe+3Br===2FeBr 3Fe+2OFeO 2Fe+O2FeO (炼钢232 342过程) Fe+IFeI 22 Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备) 3Fe+4HO(g)FeO+4H? 2342 +2+Fe+2HCl===FeCl+H? Fe+2H=Fe+H? 222 2+2+Fe+CuCl===FeCl+Cu Fe+Cu=Fe+Cu? 22 Fe+SnCl===FeCl+SnCl,铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全422 2+2+还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl==FeCl+Sn? Fe+Sn=Fe+Sn?, 22 三(非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,HO,HS,NH) 223金属氢化物(NaH) 1、还原性: 4HCl(浓)+MnOMnCl+Cl?+2HO 2222 +–2+4H+2Cl+MnOMn+Cl?+2HO 222 4HCl(浓)+PbOPbCl+Cl?+2HO 2222 +–2+4H+2Cl+PbOPb+Cl?+2HO 222 4HCl(g)+O2Cl+2HO 222 16HCl+2KMnO===2KCl+2MnCl+5Cl?+8HO 4222 +-2+– 16 H+10Cl+2MnO=2Mn+5Cl?+8HO 422 6 6HCl+KClO==KCl+3Cl?+3HO 322 +––6H+5Cl+ClO=3Cl?+3HO 322 14HCl+KCrO===2KCl+2CrCl+3Cl?+7HO 227322 +–3+2–14H+6Cl+CrO=2Cr+5Cl?+7HO 2722 2HO+2F===4HF+O 222 2HCl+F=2HF+Cl (F气与HCl、HBr、HI、HS、NH气体不能共存) 222232HBr+Cl=2HCl+Br (Cl气与HBr、HI、HS、NH气体不能共存) 222232HS+3O(足量)2SO+2HO 2HS+O(少量)2S?+2HO 2222222 2HS+SO===3S?+2HO HS+HSO(浓)===S?+SO?+2HO 22222422 3HS+2HNO(稀)===3S?+2NO?+4HO 232 +–3HS+2H+2NO=3S?+2NO?+4HO 232 5HS+2KMnO+3HSO===2MnSO+KSO+5S?+8HO 24244242 +2+–5HS+2MnO+6H=2Mn+5S?+8HO 242 3HS+KCrO+4HSO===Cr(SO)+KSO+3S?+7HO 222724243242 +3+–23HS+CrO+8H===2Cr+3S?+7HO 2272 HS+4NaO+2HO===NaSO+6NaOH 222224 +,2,HS+4NaO+2HO=8Na++ OHSO22224 2NH+3CuO3Cu+N+3HO 322 2NH+3Cl===N+6HCl 8NH+3Cl===N+6NHCl 3223224NH+NaNO+HCl==NaCl+N?+2HO 3222 +–NH+NO+H=N?+2HO 3222 7 催化剂 4NH+3O(纯氧)2N+6HO 4NH+5O4NO+6HO 3222322? 4NH+6NO===5N+6HO (用氨清除NO) 322 NaH+HO===NaOH+H? (生氢剂) 22 +–NaH+HO=Na+OH+H? 22 NaH+TiClTi+4NaCl+2H? CaH+2HO=Ca(OH)?+2H? 44222222、酸性: 4HF+SiO===SiF+2HO,可测定矿样或钢样中SiO的含量,玻璃2422雕刻, 4HF+Si===SiF+2H? 42 2HF+CaCl===CaF+2HCl HS+Fe===FeS?+H? 2222HS+CuCl===CuS?+2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应) 22 2++HS+Cu=CuS?+2H 2 HS+2AgNO===AgS?+2HNO 2323 ++HS+2Ag=AgS?+2H 22 HS+HgCl===HgS?+2HCl 22 2++HS+Hg=HgS?+2H 2 HS+Pb(NO)===PbS?+2HNO (铅试纸检验空气中HS) 23232 2++HS+Pb=PbS?+2H 2 HS+2Ag===AgS+H?(银器在空气中变黑的原因) 222 2NH(液)+2Na==2NaNH+H? (NaNH+HO===NaOH+NH?) 3222233、NH的碱性: 3 8 NH+HX===NHX (X:F、Cl、Br、I、S) 34 ++NH+HNO===NHNO NH+H=NH 334334 ++2NH+HSO===(NH)SO NH+H=NH 32442434NH+NaCl+HO+CO===NaHCO+NHCl,侯德榜制碱:用于工业制备32234 小苏打,苏打, -+NH+HS==NHHS NH+HS=NH+HS 3243244、不稳定性: 2HFH+F 2HClH+Cl 2HO2H+O 2222222 催化剂 2HO===2HO+O HSH+S 2NHN+3H 222222322 2HIH+I 22 四(非金属氧化物(SO、SO、NO、NO、322NO、NO、NO、NO、CO、CO、SiO、PO、23224252223PO、ClO、ClO、ClO、ClO、ClO) 25223252721、低价态的还原性:(SO、CO、NO) 2 2SO+O+2HO===2HSO(这是SO在大气中缓慢发生的环境222242 化学反应) 催化剂 2SO+O2SO SO+NO===SO+NO 223223加热 SO+Cl+2HO===HSO+2HCl 22224 ––+2Cl+SO+2HO=4H+SO+2Cl 2224 SO+Br+2HO===HSO+2HBr 22224 ––+2Br+SO+2HO=4H+SO+2Br 2224 9 SO+I+2HO===HSO+2HI 22224 ––+2I+SO+2HO=4H+SO+2I 2224 2NO+O===2NO 22 NO+NO+2NaOH===2NaNO(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的22 NO和NO) 2 ––NO+NO+2OH=2NO 22 2CO+O2CO CO+CuOCu+CO 222 催化剂 3CO+FeO2Fe+3CO CO+HOCO+H 232222加热 2、氧化性: SO+2HS===3S+2HO 222 SO+2KIKSO+I 3232 NO+2KI+HO===NO+I+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸222 气和NO) 2 4NO+HS===4NO+SO+HO 2232 2NO+Cu4CuO+N NO+ZnZnO+N 2222 CO+2Mg2MgO+C (CO不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K22 等燃烧的火灾) SiO+2HSi+2HO SiO+2Mg2MgO+Si 2222 3、与水的作用: SO+HO===HSO 2223 –+ 2SO+HO===HSO SO+HO=2H+SO3224324 10 3NO+HO===2HNO+NO (NO不是硝酸的酸酐) 2232 –+ NO+HO===2HNO NO+HO=2H+2NO25232523PO+HO(冷水)===2HPO 2523 PO+3HO(热水)===2HPO(PO5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂) 25234 2 PO+3HSO(浓)===2HPO+3SO 2524343 CO+HO===HCO 2223 ClO+HO==2HClO 22 –+ClO+HO==2HClOClO+HO=2H+2ClO 2724 27244、与碱性物质的作用: SO+2NH+HO===(NH)SO 232423 SO+(NH)SO+HO===2NHHSO 2423243 2NHHSO+HSO===(NH)SO+2HO+2SO?(硫酸工业尾气432442422处理) SO+Ca(OH)===CaSO?+HO (不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO22322和CO.可用品红鉴别) 2 SO+MgO===MgSO 34 SO+Ca(OH)===CaSO?+HO 3242 CO+NH+HO===NHHCO 23243 CO+2NH(过量)+HO===(NH)CO 232423(NH)CO(NH)CO+2HO 423222 CO+2NH(NH)CO+HO (工业制取尿素) 23222 11 -–2CO+2NaOH(过量)==NaCO+HO 2OH+CO=CO223223+HO 2 -–CO(过量)+NaOH==NaHCO OH+CO=HCO 2323CO+Ca(OH)(过量)==CaCO+HO 2232 2+,Ca+2+CO=CaCO?+HO OH232 ―–2CO(过量)+Ca(OH)==Ca(HCO) OH+CO=HCO 223223CO+CaCO+HO==Ca(HCO) 23232 –2+CO+CaCO+HO=Ca+2HCO 2323 CO(不足)+2NaAlO+3HO===2Al(OH)?+NaCO 222323 ––2CO+3HO+AlO=Al(OH)?+CO 22233 CO(足)+NaAlO+2HO===Al(OH)?+NaHCO 22233 ––CO+2HO+AlO=Al(OH)?+HCO 22233 CO+CHONa+HO===CHOH?+NaHCO 2652653 ―–CO+CHO+HO=CHOH?+HCO 2652653 SiO+CaOCaSiO (炼钢造渣) 23 SiO+2NaOH===NaSiO+HO(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃) 2232 SiO+NaCONaSiO+CO (制取玻璃) 223232 SiO+CaCOCaSiO+CO (制取玻璃) 2332 2NO+2NaOH==NaNO+NaNO+HO 2232 ―–―2NO+2OH=NO+NO+HO 2322 NO+NO+2NaOH==2NaNO+HO (制取硝酸工业尾气吸收) 222 12 ―–NO+NO+2OH=2NO+HO 232 五(金属氧化物 1、低价态的还原性: 6FeO+O===2FeO 234 FeO+4HNO===Fe(NO)+NO+2HO 33322 ―+3+FeO+4H+NO=Fe+NO?+2HO 3222、氧化性: NaO+2Na2NaO(此反应用于制备NaO) 2222MgO，AlO几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg，Al.一般通过23 电解制Mg和Al. FeO+3H2Fe+3HO(制还原铁粉) 2322 FeO+4H3Fe+4HO CuO+HCu+HO 342222 2FeO+16HI==6FeI+8HO+2I 34222 ―+2+2FeO+16H+4I=6Fe+8HO+2I 3422FeO+Fe 3FeO (炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂) 23 FeO+CFe+CO (高温炼钢调节C含量) 2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO (高温炼钢调节Si含量) 2 3、与水的作用: NaO+HO==2NaOH 22 –+NaO+HO=2Na+2OH 22 2NaO+2HO===4NaOH+O? 2222 13 –+2NaO+2HO=4Na+4OH+O? 2222 (此反应分两 步:NaO+2HO===2NaOH+HO;2HO===2HO+O HO22222222222 的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO+HSO(稀)===BaSO+HO) 224422 MgO+HO===Mg(OH)(缓慢反应) 22 4、与酸性物质的作用: NaO+SO==NaSO NaO+CO==NaCO 23242223 MgO+SO===MgSO 34 NaO+2HCl==2NaCl+HO 22 ++NaO+2H=2Na+HO 22 2NaO+2CO==2NaCO+O? 222232 NaO+HSO(冷,稀)===NaSO+HO 22242422MgO+HSO===MgSO+HO 2442 +2+MgO+2H=Mg+HO 2 AlO+3HSO===Al(SO)+3HO 23242432 +3+AlO+6H=2Al+3HO 232 AlO+2NaOH===2NaAlO+HO (AlO两性氧化物) 232223 ――AlO+2OH=2AlO+HO 2322 FeO+2HCl===FeCl+HO 22 +2+FeO+2H=Fe+HO 2 FeO+6HCl===2FeCl+3HO 2332 14 +3+FeO+6H=2Fe+3HO 232 FeO+8HCl===FeCl+2FeCl+4HO 34232 +3+2+FeO+8H=2Fe+Fe+4HO 342六(含氧酸 1、氧化性: 4HClO+3HS===3HSO+4HCl 3224 –––+2ClO+3HS=6H+SO+Cl 324 HClO+HI===HIO+HCl 33 ––––ClO+I=IO+Cl 33 3HClO+HI===HIO+3HCl 3 -––+3HClO+I=IO+3H+Cl 3 HClO+HSO===HSO+HCl 2324 ––+2HClO+HSO=3H+SO+Cl 234HClO+HO===HCl+HO+O? 2222 –+HClO+HO=H+Cl+HO+O? 2222(氧化性:HClO>HClO>HClO>HClO,但浓,热的HClO氧2344 化性很强) 2HSO(浓)+CCO?+2SO?+2HO 242222HSO(浓)+S3SO?+2HO 2422HSO+Fe(Al)室温下钝化 24 6HSO(浓)+2FeFe(SO)+3SO?+6HO 2424322 15 2HSO(浓)+CuCuSO+SO?+2HO 24422HSO(浓)+2HBr===SO?+Br+2HO (不能用浓硫酸与24222NaBr制取HBr) HSO(浓)+2HI===SO?+I+2HO (不能用浓硫酸与24222 NaI制取HI) HSO(稀)+Fe===FeSO+H? 2442 +2+2H+Fe=Fe+H? 2 HSO+2HS===3S?+3HO 2322 4HNO(浓)+CCO?+4NO?+2HO 32226HNO(浓)+SHSO+6NO?+2HO 324225HNO(浓)+PHPO+5NO?+HO 334225HNO(稀)+3P+2HO3HPO+5NO? 3234 +-5H+5NO+3P+2HO3HPO+5NO? 32346HNO(浓足)+Fe===Fe(NO)+3NO?+3HO 33322 3+4HNO(浓)+Fe(足)===Fe(NO)+NO?+2HO(先得Fe,在33222 2+Fe过量时再生成Fe的盐) 4HNO(稀足)+Fe===Fe(NO)+NO?+2HO 3332 +3+-4H+NO+Fe=Fe+NO?+2HO 3230HNO+8Fe===8Fe(NO)+3NO?+15HO 33322 –+3+30 H+6NO+8Fe=8Fe+3NO?+15HO 32236HNO+10Fe===10Fe(NO)+3N?+18HO 33322 16 –+3+36H+6NO+10Fe=8Fe+3N?+18HO 32230HNO+8Fe===8Fe(NO)+3NHNO+9HO 333432 –+3++30 H+3NO+8Fe=8Fe+3NH+9HO 3424Zn+10HNO(稀)==4Zn(NO)+NO?+5HO 32223 –+2+4Zn+10H+2NO=4Zn+NO?+5HO 3224Zn+10HNO(稀)==4Zn(NO)+NHNO+3HO 332432 –+2++4Zn+10H+NO=4Zn+NH+5HO 3422、还原性: HSO+X+HO===HSO+2HX (X表示Cl,Br,I) 232224222 –+ 2-HSO+X+HO=4H+SO+X23224 2HSO+O==2HSO 23224 +2-2HSO+O=4H+SO 2324 HSO+HO===HSO+HO 2322242 –+2HSO+HO=2H+SO+HO 232242 5HSO+2KMnO===2MnSO+KSO+2HSO+3HO 234424242 ––2++25HSO+2MnO=2Mn+4H+3SO+3HO 23442HSO+2FeCl+HO===HSO+2FeCl+2HCl 2332242 –3++2+2HSO+2Fe+HO=4H+2Fe +SO 23243、酸性: HSO(浓)+CaFCaSO+2HF? (不挥发性242 4 酸制取挥发性酸) 17 HSO(浓)+NaClNaHSO+HCl? (不挥发性酸244 制取挥发性酸) HSO(浓)+2NaClNaSO+2HCl? (不挥发性2424 酸制取挥发性酸) HSO(浓)+NaNONaHSO+HNO? (不挥发性酸24343制取挥发性酸) 3HSO(浓)+Ca(PO)3CaSO+2HPO (强酸制弱24342434酸酸) 2HSO(浓)+Ca(PO)2CaSO+Ca(HPO)(工业制243424242 磷肥) 3HNO+AgPO==HPO+3AgNO 334343 ++3H+AgPO=HPO+3Ag 3434 2HNO+CaCO==Ca(NO)+HO+CO? 333222 +2+2H+CaCO=Ca+HO+CO? 322 (用HNO和浓HSO不能制备HS，HI，HBr， SO等32422 还原性气体) 4HPO+Ca(PO)3Ca(HPO)(重钙) 34342 242 HPO(浓)+NaBr NaHPO+HBr? (不挥发性酸制取挥3424 发性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸) HPO(浓)+NaINaHPO+HI? 3424 4、不稳定性: 18 2HClO2HCl+O?(保存在棕色瓶中) 2 4HNO4NO?+O?+2HO (保存在棕色瓶中) 3222HSOHO+SO? (在加热或酸性条件下分解) 2322 HCOHO+CO? (在加热或酸性条件下分解) 2223 HSiOHSiO+HO HSiO SiO?+HO 4423223 22 HO+S?+SO?(在加热或酸性条件下分解) HSO22322 七(碱 1、低价态的还原性: 4Fe(OH)+O+2HO===4Fe(OH) 22232、与酸性物质的作用: 2NaOH+SO(少量)==NaSO+HO 2232 ––2OH+SO=SO+HO 232 NaOH+SO(足)==NaHSO 23 -–OH+SO(足)=HSO 23 2NaOH+SiO==NaSiO+HO 2232 -–2OH+SiO=SiO+HO 232 2NaOH+AlO==2NaAlO+HO 2322 -–2OH+AlO=2AlO+HO 23222KOH+Cl==KCl+KClO+HO 22 –––Cl+2OH=Cl+ClO+HO 22NaOH+HCl==NaCl+HO 2 19 +,H+OH=HO 2 NaOH+HS(足)==NaHS+HO 22 ––OH+HS=HS+HO 22 2NaOH+HS(少量)==NaS+2HO 222 ––22OH+HS=S+2HO 22 3NaOH+AlCl==Al(OH)?+3NaCl 33 –3+3OH+Al=Al(OH)? 3 NaOH+Al(OH)==NaAlO+2HO (AlCl和Al(OH)哪32233个酸性强,) –– OH+Al(OH)=AlO+2HO 322 Ca(OH)+2NHCl2CaCl+2NH?+2HO ( 实验室 17025实验室iso17025实验室认可实验室检查项目微生物实验室标识重点实验室计划 制NH) 242323NaOH+NHClNaCl+NH?+HO 432 Mg(OH)+2NHCl==MgCl+2NH?HO 24232(Al(OH)+NHCl不溶解) 34 Ba(OH)+HSO==BaSO?+2HO 22442 ––+2+22H+2OH+Ba+SO=BaSO?2HO 442 3、不稳定性: Mg(OH)MgO+HO 2Al(OH)AlO+3HO 2232322Fe(OH)FeO+3HO Cu(OH)CuO+HO 323222 2AgOH==AgO+HO 22 八(盐 20 1、氧化性:(在水溶液中) 2FeCl+Fe==3FeCl 32 3+2+ 2Fe+Fe=3Fe 2FeCl+Cu===2FeCl+CuCl (用于雕刻铜线路版) 322 3+2+2+ 2Fe+Cu=2Fe+Cu 2FeCl+Zn(少量)===2FeCl+ZnCl 322 3+2+2+ 2Fe+Zn=2Fe+Zn FeCl+Ag===FeCl+AgCl? 32 3+-2+ 2Fe+Cl+2Ag=2Fe+2AgCl? Fe(SO)+2Ag===FeSO+AgSO?(较难反应) 243424 Fe(NO)+Ag不反应 33 2FeCl+HS===2FeCl+2HCl+S? 322 3+2++ 2Fe+HS=2Fe+2H+S? 2 2FeCl+2KI===2FeCl+2KCl+I 322 -3+2+ 2Fe+2I=2Fe+I 2 2+2+FeCl+Mg===Fe+MgCl Fe+Mg=Fe+Mg 22 NaNO+NHCl==NaCl+N?+2HO (实验室制氮气)2422 -+ NH+NO=N?+2HO 4222 2、还原性: 2FeCl+3Cl===2FeCl (在水溶液中不需加热) 223 -2+3+ 2Fe+3Cl=2Fe+6Cl2 21 3NaS+8HNO(稀)===6NaNO+2NO?+3S+4HO 2332 --2+3S+8H+2NO=2NO?+3S+4HO 32 3NaSO+2HNO(稀)===3NaSO+2NO?+HO 233242 ---+223SO+2H+2NO=3SO+2NO?+HO 33422NaSO+O===2NaSO (NaSO在空气中易变质) 2322423 NaSO+SNaSO 23223 --2NaS+Cl==2NaCl+S?(在水溶液中) S+Cl=2Cl+S222? 3、与碱性物质的作用: Ca(OH)+CuSO==Cu(OH)?+CaSO? (波尔多液) 2424MgCl+2NH?HO===Mg(OH)?+2NHCl 23224 2++ Mg+2NH?HO=Mg(OH)?+2NH 3224AlCl+3NH?HO===Al(OH)?+3NHCl 33234 3++Al+3NH?HO=Al(OH)?+3NH 3224FeCl+3NH?HO===Fe(OH)?+3NHCl 33234 3++ Fe+3NH?HO=Fe(OH)?+3NH 3234CuSO+2NH?HO(不足)==Cu(OH)?+(NH)SO 4322424 2++ Cu+2NH?HO=Cu(OH)?+2NH 3224Cu(OH)+4NH?HO=Cu(NH)(OH)+4HO 2323422 -2+Cu(OH)+4NH?HO=[Cu(NH)]+2OH+4HO 232342铜氨溶液 22 CuSO+4NH?HO(足)==Cu(NH)SO+4HO 4323442 总方程式 2+2+Cu+4NH?HO=[Cu(NH)]+4HO 铜32342氨溶液 AgNO+NH?HO==AgOH?+NHNO 332432AgOH=AgO(灰黑色)+HO 22 -+ AgO+4NH?HO=2[Ag(NH)]+2OH+3HO 银232322氨溶液 AgNO+2NH?HO==Ag(NH)NO+2HO 3323232 ++Ag+2NH?HO=[Ag(NH)]+2HO 总32322 方程式 ZnSO+2NH?HO(不足)==Zn(OH)?+(NH)SO 4322424 2++Zn+2NH?HO=Zn(OH)?+2NH 3224Zn(OH)+4NH?HO=Zn(NH)(OH)+4HO 2323422ZnSO+4NH?HO(足)==Zn(NH)SO+4HO 4323442 2+2+ Zn+4NH?HO=[Zn(NH)]+4HO 总方程32342式 4、与酸性物质的作用:强酸制弱酸～或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸 NaPO+2HCl===NaHPO+2NaCl 3424 --+3 PO+2H=HPO 424 23 NaHPO+HCl===NaHPO+NaCl 2424 --+2 HPO+H=HPO 424 NaHPO+HCl===HPO+NaCl 2434 -+ HPO+H=HPO 2434 NaCO+HCl===NaHCO+NaCl 233 --+2 CO+H=HCO 33 NaHCO+HCl===NaCl+HO+CO? 322 -+ HCO+H=CO?+HO 322 3NaCO+2AlCl+3HO==2Al(OH)?+3CO?+6NaCl 233232(物质之间的双水解反应) -3+23CO+2Al+3HO=2Al(OH)?+3CO? 32323NaCO+2FeCl+3HO===2Fe(OH)?+3CO+6NaCl 233232(物质之间的双水解反应) -3+23CO+2Fe+3HO=2Fe(OH)?+3CO? 32323NaHCO+AlCl===Al(OH)?+3CO? (物3332质之间的双水解反应) -3+3HCO+Al=2Al(OH)?+3CO? 3323NaHCO+FeCl===Fe(OH)?+3CO? (物3332质之间的双水解反应) -3+3HCO+Fe=2Fe(OH)?+3CO? 3323NaS+Al(SO)+6HO===2Al(OH)?+3HS? (物2243232 24 质之间的双水解反应) -23+3S+2Al+3HO=2Al(OH)?+3HS? 2323NaAlO+AlCl+6HO==4Al(OH)?+3NaCl 2323 (物质之间的双水解反应) -3+ 3AlO+Al+6HO=4Al(OH)? 223 3NaAlO+FeCl+6HO==3Al(OH)?+Fe(OH)?23233+3NaCl -3+ 3AlO+Fe+6HO=3Al(OH)?+Fe(OH)? 2233NaAlO+NHCl+2HO==Al(OH)?+NH?HO+NaCl 242332 -+ AlO+NH+2HO=Al(OH)?+NH?HO 242332NaCO+HO+CO===2NaHCO 23223 -- 2CO+HO+CO=2HCO3223 NaCO+HO+2SO==2NaHSO+CO? (1:2) 232232 --2CO+HO+2SO=2HSO+CO? 32232 2NaCO(足)+HO+SO==NaSO+2NaHCO (CO中的23222332SO不能用NaCO洗气) 223 ---22 2CO+HO+SO=SO+2HCO (2:1) 32233 NaCO+SO==NaSO+CO (1:1) 232232 --22CO+SO=SO+CO 3232 NaHCO+SO===NaHSO+CO (CO中的SO可能用323222NaHCO洗气) 3 25 -- 2HCO+SO=2HSO+CO 32322NaHCO+SO==NaSO+2CO+HO 322322 --22HCO+SO=SO+2CO+HO 32322NaSiO+2HCl===HSiO?+NaCl 或2323 NaSiO+2HCl+HO===HSiO?+2NaCl 23244 -+2SiO+2H=HSiO? 或323 -+2SiO+2H+HO=HSiO? 3244 NaSiO+CO+2HO===HSiO?+NaCO 23222323 --22SiO+CO+2HO=HSiO?+CO 3224435、盐与盐复分解反应 NaSO+BaCl==BaSO?+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝2424 酸) -2+2SO+Ba=BaSO? 34 NaSO+BaCl==BaSO?+2NaCl (沉淀溶于盐酸,在硝2323 酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失) -2+2 SO+Ba=BaSO? 33 NaCO+BaCl==BaCO?+2NaCl(沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀2323 消失) -2+2 CO+Ba=BaCO? 33 NaCO+CaCl==CaCO?+2NaCl (NaHCO不反应) 23233 -2+2CO+Ca=CaCO? 33 26 -+AgNO+NaCl==AgCl?+NaNO Ag+Cl=AgCl33? -+AgNO+NaBr==AgBr?+NaNO Ag+Br=AgBr33? -+AgNO+KI==AgCl?+KNO Ag+I=AgI? 333AgNO+NaPO==AgPO?+3NaNO 334343 -+33Ag+PO=AgPO? 434 -2+2CuSO+NaS==CuS?+NaSO Cu+S=CuS? 4224FeCl+3KSCN==Fe(SCN)+3KCl 33 -3+3+Fe+3SCN=Fe(SCN) (血红色，用于Fe的特性检3 验) 6、不稳定性: NaSO+HSO===NaSO+S?+SO?+HO 223242422 -+2SO+2H=S?+SO?+HO 2322NHClNH?+HCl? 43 NHINH?+HI? 2HIH+I 4322 NHINH?+H?+I? 4322 NHHCONH?+HO+CO? 433222KNO2KNO+O? 322 2Cu(NO)2CuO+4NO?+O? 33222AgNO2Ag+2NO?+O?(保存在棕色瓶中) 322 27 5NHNO4N?+2HNO+9HO 43232 10NHNO8N?+4NO?+O?+20HO?(硝酸铵爆432222炸反应) 2KMnOKMnO+MnO+O? 42422 2KClO2KCl+3O? 32 2NaHCONaCO+HO+CO? 32322 Ca(HCO)CaCO+HO+CO? 32322 CaCOCaO+CO? MgCOMgO+CO? 3232九、电离方程式 1、酸的电离 (HSO、HNO、HCl、HBr、HI、HPO、HF、HSO、2433423CHCOOH、HCO、HS、HNO、CHOH、HCN、HClO) 3232265 --++22HSO==2H+SO 或:HSO+2HO==2HO+SO 24424234 --++HNO==H+NO 或:HNO+HO==HO+NO (以下333233雷同) + ,HCl==H+Cl + ,HBr==H+Br + ,HI==H+I ++,,2,HPOH+HPO HPOH+HPO 3422444 +2,3, HPOH+PO 44 +,HFH+F 28 ++,,2,HSOH+HSO HSOH+SO 23333 +,CHCOOHH+CHCOO 33 ++2,,,HCOH+ H+ COHCOHCO23333 ++2,,,HSH+ H+ SHSHS2 ++-,HNOH+NO CHOHH+CHO (苯酚不是265652 酸，显酸性) +,HCNH+CN +,HClOH+ClO +,HOH+OH 2 +,2HOHO+OH 23 2、碱的电离 (NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)、Mg(OH)、Al(OH)、NH?HO) 22332 ++,,NaOH==Na+OH KOH==K+OH 2+, Ba(OH)==Ba+2OH 2 2+,Mg(OH)Mg+2OH 2 3+,Al(OH)Al+3OH 酸式电离:3 +,Al(OH)H++HO AlO322 ,，NH?HO+2OH NH324 2+,Ca(OH)==Ca+2OH (澄清石灰水) 2 2+,Ca(OH)Ca+2OH (石灰悬浊液) 2 3、盐的电离 29 (NaCl、NaSO、NaHSO、NaSO、NaHSO、MgSO、CaSO、24423344Al(SO)、CuSO、AlCl、AgNO、CHCOONa、NHNO、243433343FeCl、NaCO、NaHCO、NaS、NaHS、NaHPO、NaHPO、323322424NaPO、KI、NaBr、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO) 343 +,NaCl==Na+Cl +2,NaSO==2Na+ SO244 ++2,NaHSO==H+Na+ SO44 +2,NaSO==2Na+ SO234 +++-2-NaHSO==Na+HSO (错误 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 写:NaHSO==Na+H+SO) 3334 2+2,MgSO==Mg+ SO44 3+2,Al(SO)==2Al+3 SO2434 2+2,CuSO==Cu+ SO44 3+,AlCl==Al+3Cl 3 + AgNO==Ag+NO33 + ,CHCOONa==CHCOO+Na33 +-NHNO==NH+NO 4343 3+,FeCl==Fe+3Cl 3 +2,NaCO==2Na+ CO233 +++,2,NaHCO==Na+ (错误书写:NaHCO==Na+H+) HCOCO3333 +2,SNaS==2Na+ 2 ++,2,SNaHS==Na+HS (错误书写:NaHS==Na+H+) 30 +,NaHPO==Na+HPO 2424 +2,NaHPO==2Na+HPO (错误书写:244 ++3,NaHPO==2Na+H+PO) 244 +3,NaPO==3Na+PO 344 +― +― +― KI==K+INaBr==Na+BrNaClO==Na+ClO +,+ (难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离) AgClAgCl 2+2+2,2,CaCOCa+ (错误书写:CaCO==Ca+CO) CO3333 2+2+2,2,CaSOCa+SO(错误书写:CaSO==Ca+SO) 4444 4、熔融电离 +2+,,NaClNa+ MgClMg+2 ClCl2 ――+2 3+2 NaO2Na+OAlO2Al+3O223十、水解反应 1、单水解---可逆水解 NHCl+HONH?HO+HCl 3242 ++NH+HOH+NH?HO 4232FeCl+3HOFe(OH)+3HCl 323 3++Fe+3HOFe(OH)+3H 23 AlCl+3HOAl(OH)+3HCl 323 3++Al+3HOAl(OH)+3H 23 CuSO+2HOCu(OH)+HSO (金属活动顺序表中42224 2+Mg以后的阳离子均水解) 31 NaHCO+HOHCO+NaOH (NaHSO不水解，32234NaHSO电离大于水解) 3 NaCO+HONaHCO+NaOH 2323 --–2CO+HOHCO+OH 323 NaHCO+HOHCO+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二3223 步，二步不能叠加) NaSO+HONaHSO+NaOH2323 --–2 SO+HOHSO+OH 323 NaHSO+HOHSO+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二3223 步，二步不能叠加) -- HSO+HOHSO+OH 3223 -–2-NaS+HONaHS+NaOH S+HOHS+OH 222NaHS+HOHS+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二22 步不能叠加) -- HS+HOHS+OH 22NaPO+HONaHPO+NaOH 34224 --–32 PO+HOHPO+OH 424 NaHPO+HONaHPO+NaOH 24224 --–2 HPO+HOHPO+OH 4224 NaHPO+HOHPO+NaOH 24234 -– HPO+HOHPO+OH 24234 32 CHCOONa+HOCHCOOH+NaOH 323 -–CHCOO+HOCHCOOH+OH 323 CHONa+HOCHOH+NaOH 65265 -– CHO+HOCHOH+OH 65265 2、双水解 CHCOONH+HOCHCOOH+NH?HO 342332NHF+HOHF+NH?HO 4232 AlS+6HO==Al(OH)?+HS? (隔绝空气，密封保存) 23232 MgN+6HO==Mg(OH)?+NH?(隔绝空气，密封保32223存) NaP+3HO==3NaOH+PH?(隔绝空气，密封保存) 323 ZnP+6HO==Zn(OH)?+PH?(ZnP一种老鼠药，3222332PH剧毒神经毒剂) 3 CaC+2HO==Ca(OH)?+CH?(隔绝空气，密封保22322 存) CHONa+HO==CHOH+NaOH 25225 十一、电解及电极方程式 1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下～或阴 极是较活泼金属电极～阳极是惰性电极条 件下的电解 2NaCl+2HO2NaOH+H?+Cl? 222 33 -+- (-)2HO+2e-==H?+2OH 或 2H+2e==H? 222 - (+)2Cl-2e-==Cl? 2 -- 2Cl+2HO2OH+H?+Cl? 222CuCl Cu+Cl? 22 2+ (-)Cu+2e-==Cu? - (+)2Cl -2e-==Cl? 2 -2+ Cu+2Cl Cu?+Cl? 2 2CuSO+2HO2Cu?+O?+2HSO 42224 2+ (-)2Cu+ 4e-==2Cu? -+ (+)2HO - 4e-==O?+4H 4OH -4e-==O?222 -++2HO 4HO4H+4OH 22 2++ 2Cu+2HO 2Cu?+O?+4H 222HO2H?+O? 222 + (-) 4H+4e-==2H? 2 - (+)4OH -4e-==O?+2HO 22 -+中性电解 4HO4H+4OH 2 2HOH?+O? 222 酸性水解: +- (-) 4H+4e==2H? 2 --+ (+)2HO-4e==O?+4H 4OH -4e-==O?222 +2HO 2 34 2HOH?+O? 222 碱性水解: -+- (-) 4HO+4e-==2H?+4OH 或:4H+4e==2H222 ? - (+)4OH-4e-==O?+2HO 22 2HOH?+O? 222 2、电镀:镀件作阴极～被镀金属作阳极～ 被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液 镀铜,CuSO电镀液 4 2+-镀件(-) Cu+2e==Cu? -2+纯铜(+) Cu–2e==Cu 镀锌,ZnSO电镀液 4 2+-镀件(-) Zn+2e==Zn? -2+纯锌(+) Zn–2e==Zn 镀银,AgNO电镀液 3 +-镀件(-) Ag+e==Ag? -+纯银(+) Ag–e==Ag 镀镍,NiSO电镀液 4 2+-镀件(-) Ni+2e==Ni? -2+纯镍(+) Ni–2e==Ni 3、熔融状态下的电解: 35 2NaCl(熔融)2Na+Cl? 2 + (-)2Na+2e-==2Na -- (+)2Cl-4e==Cl? 2 +- 2Na+2Cl(熔融)2Na+Cl? 2 ? 2AlO(熔融)4Al+2O232 3+– (-)4Al+12e==4Al 2- (+)6O-12e-==3O? 2 3+ 2- 4Al+6O4Al+3O? 2 NaHF(熔融)H?+F? 222 +– (-)2H+2e==H? 2 - (+)2F-2e-==F? 2 2HFH?+F? 22 十二、原电池反应 X—Y(电解质溶液) 或 X//电解质溶液//Y (1)不可逆电池 苏打电池:Zn—Cu(HSO) 24 -2+ Zn极(-) Zn–2e==Zn (氧化反应) -+Cu极(+) 2H+2e==H? (还原反应) 2 +2+离子方程式 Zn+2H==H?+Zn 2 化学方程式 Zn+HSO=ZnSO+H? 2442铁碳电池:Fe—C(HCO) 23 36 -2+ Fe极(-) Fe–2e==Fe (氧化反应) -+C极 (+) 2H+2e==H? (还原反应) 2 +2+离子方程式 Fe+2H==H?+Fe (析氢腐蚀) 2 铁碳电池:Fe—C(HO、O) 22 -2+ Fe极(-) 2Fe–4e==2Fe (氧化反应) -, (+) O+2HO+4e==4 (还原反应) C极OH22 化学方程式 2Fe+O+2HO==2Fe(OH) (吸氧腐蚀) 222 4Fe(OH)+O+2HO==4Fe(OH) 2223 2Fe(OH)==FeO?nHO+(3-n)HO 32322(铁锈的生成过程) 铝镍电池:Al—Ni(NaCl溶液、O) 2 -3+ Al极(-) 4Al–12e==4Al (氧化反应) -,Ni极(+)3O+6HO+12e==12 (还原反应) OH22 化学方程式 4Al+3O+6HO==4Al(OH)(海洋灯223 标电池) 干电池:Zn—MnO(NHCl糊状物) 24 NHCl+HO==NH?HO+HCl 4232 -2+ Zn极(-) Zn–2e==Zn (氧化反应) -+Cu极(+) 2MnO+2H+2e==MnO+HO (还原2232 反应) 化学方程式 37 Zn+2NHCl+2MnO=ZnCl+MnO+2NH? 422233(2)可逆电池 铅蓄电池:Pb—PbO(浓硫酸)放电 2 -+ Pb极 (-) Pb+HSO–2e==PbSO+2H 244 (氧化反应) +-+HSO+2H+2e==PbSO+2HO (还PbO极 (+)PbO222442 原反应) 化学方程式 Pb+PbO+2HSO==2PbSO+2HO 22442 Pb—PbO(浓硫酸)充电 2 +- Pb极 (-) PbSO+2H–2e== Pb+HSO 424 (还原反应) -+PbO极 (+)PbSO+2HO+2e==PbO+HSO+2H (氧242224 化反应) 化学方程式 2PbSO+2HO==Pb+PbO+2HSO 42224 锂电池:Li—LiMnO(固体介质) 2 -+ (-) Li–e==Li (氧化反应) +-(+) MnO+Li+e==LiMnO+HO (还原反222应) 化学方程式 Li+MnO==LiMnO22 38 银锌电池:Zn—AgO(NaOH) 2 –- Zn极(-) Zn+2OH–2e==ZnO+HO (氧化2反应) -,Cu极(+) AgO+HO+2e==2Ag+2 (还原OH22 ) 反应 化学方程式 Zn+AgO ==ZnO+2Ag 2 (3)高能燃料电池: H—O(NaOH) 22 -, Pt极(-) 2H+4–4e==4HO (氧OH22化反应) -,Pt极(+) O+2HO+4e==4 (还原反应) OH22 化学方程式 2H+O==2HO 222 CH—O(NaOH) 42 -,2, Pt极(-) CH+10–8e==+7HO (氧OHCO423化反应) -,Pt极(+) 2O+4HO+8e==8 (还OH22 原反应) 化学方程式 CH+2O+2NaOH==NaCO+3HO 42232 十三、热化学方程式 39 C(s)+1/2O(g)==CO(g); 2 ?H=,393.5kJ/mol C(s)+O(g)==CO(g); 22 ?H=,110.5kJ/mol CO(g)+1/2O(g)==CO(g); 22 ?H=,283.0kJ/mol H(g)+1/2O(g)==HO(g); 222 ?H=,241.8kJ/mol H(g)+1/2O(g)==HO(l); 222 ?H=,285.8kJ/mol 2H(g)+O(g)==2HO(g); 222 ?H=,483.6kJ/mol 2H(g)+O(g)==2HO(l); 222 ?H=,571.6kJ/mol 40 CH(g)+2O(g)==CO(g)+2HO(l); 4222?H=,890.3kJ/mol CH(l)+12.5O(g)==8CO(g)+9HO(l); 818222?H=,5518kJ/mol CHO(s)+6O(g)==6CO(g)+6HO(l); 6126222?H=,2800kJ/mol NH(g)+O(g)==N(g)+2HO(g); 24222 ?H=,534kJ/mol S(s)+O(g)==SO(g); 22 ?H=,297kJ/mol FeS(s)+11/4O(g)==1/2FeO(s)+2SO(g);22232?H=-853kJ/mol SO(s)+1/2O(g)==SO(g); 223 ?H=,98.3kJ/mol 41 SO(g)+HO(l)==HSO(l); 3224 ?H=,130.8kJ/mol H(g)+Cl(g)==2HCl(g); 22 ?H=,184.6kJ/mol C(s)+HO(g)==H(g)+CO(g);222 ?H=+131.5kJ/mol 3H(g)+N(g)==2NH(g); 223 ?H=,92.2kJ/mol 2O(g)+N(g)==2NO(g); 222 ?H=+68kJ/mol O(g)+N(g)==2NO(g); 22 ?H= ,kJ/mol O(g)+2NO(g)==2NO(g); 22 ?H= ,kJ/mol 42 2NO(g)==NO(g); 224 ?H= ,kJ/mol Cu(s)+1/2O(g)==CuO(s); 2 ?H=,157kJ/mol CaCO(s)+==CaO(s)+CO(g);32?H=+1777kJ/mol C(石墨) + O(g) === CO(g); 22 -1?H = ,393.51kJ ?mol C(金刚石) + O(g) === CO(g); 22 -1?H = ,395.41kJ ?mol C(石墨) ===C(金刚石); -1?H = +1.9kJ ?mol NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)=NaCl(aq)+HO(l); 2?H=,57.3kJ/mol 43 KOH(aq)+HNO(aq)=NaNO(aq)+HO(l);332?H=,57.3kJ/mol NaOH(aq)+1/2HSO(aq)=1/2NaSO(aq)+2424HO(l); 2 ?H=,57.3kJ/mol 44