润滑油知识培训讲座

润滑油知识培训讲座 润滑油知识培训讲座 润滑油知识培训讲座 , 概述 , 概述 , 润滑油基础知识介绍 , 润滑油基础知识介绍 , 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 国际 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 介绍 , 国际标准介绍 一、概述(向设备润滑要效益) 一、概述(向设备润滑要效益) , 润滑油是设备的血液，对于设备正常运行起着重要作用。, 润滑油是设备的血液，对于设备正常运行起着重要作用。也有人说，润滑剂也应算机器零件，至于有40--60%以上设也有人说，润滑剂也应算机器零件，至于有40--60%以上设备故障由润滑不良引起的。这足以 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 润滑在设备中的重备故障由润滑不良引起的。这足以说明润滑在设备中的重要地位，尽管如此，人们还是更愿意组织相当人数、设施要地位，尽管如此，人们还是更愿意组织相当人数、设施和备件的队伍专心致志地更换和修理零件，而不肯在润滑和备件的队伍专心致志地更换和修理零件，而不肯在润滑上下功夫，走一条投资少，效益好，少维修的路子。那么，上下功夫，走一条投资少，效益好，少维修的路子。那么，润滑技术创新究竟给维修带来了什么, 润滑技术创新究竟给维修带来了什么, 概述 概述 , 油品高性能化，减少了维修次数 , 油品高性能化，减少了维修次数 , 高清洁度油品，减少了维修次数 , 高清洁度油品，减少了维修次数 , 特种专用润滑剂改变了维修手段 , 特种专用润滑剂改变了维修手段 , 综合油液监测，保证了"状态维修" , 综合油液监测，保证了"状态维修" , 高科技润滑成果，达到了免维修 , 高科技润滑成果，达到了免维修 , 环保润滑剂，促进了"生态维修" , 环保润滑剂，促进了"生态维修" 油品高性能化，减少了维修次数 油品高性能化，减少了维修次数 , ,油 中加了高效添加剂(硫，磷)等极性物质，通过与金属表面的反油中加了高效添加剂(硫，磷)等极性物质，通过与金属表面的反应形成了化学吸附膜;(新一代油品与传统油品其润滑机理迥然不应形成了化学吸附膜;(新一代油品与传统油品其润滑机理迥然不同) 同) , ,用 多级油，减少初期磨损(这种油改善了油品粘温性 、而且能使用多级油，减少初期磨损(这种油改善了油品粘温性 、而且能使发动机在更宽的温度范围内工作，避免季节换油，达到冬夏通用，发动机在更宽的温度范围内工作，避免季节换油，达到冬夏通用，南北通用。 南北通用。 减低燃料消耗5-10%。冷天易起动。良好的轴承润滑，维持较低机减低燃料消耗5-10%。冷天易起动。良好的轴承润滑，维持较低机油耗量)。 油耗量)。 高清洁度油品，带来了少维修 高清洁度油品，带来了少维修 , SKF轴承制造商是世界最负有盛名的公司，它们通过大量, SKF轴承制造商是世界最负有盛名的公司，它们通过大量air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, 试验，深入研究了负荷，油液粘度，颗粒污染物等各种因试验，深入研究了负荷，油液粘度，颗粒污染物等各种因素对轴承寿命的影响得出结论:即清除润滑油中2-5微米固素对轴承寿命的影响得出结论:即清除润滑油中2-5微米固体颗粒，滚动轴承疲劳寿命可延长到原来的10-50倍。根据体颗粒，滚动轴承疲劳寿命可延长到原来的10-50倍。根据发动机综合研究理论，使用改良后的清洁型机器润滑油将发动机综合研究理论，使用改良后的清洁型机器润滑油将发动机寿命延长8倍，。 发动机寿命延长8倍，。 特种专用润滑剂改变了维修手段 特种专用润滑剂改变了维修手段 , , 以脂治漏，如一些变速箱、传动箱、齿轮箱等，线速度在6-8m/s以下可以采用以脂治漏，如一些变速箱、传动箱、齿轮箱等，线速度在6-8m/s以下可以采用GM成膜膏，取代润滑油。在齿轮线速度小于10m/s 以下也可以采用合成油为GM成膜膏，取代润滑油。在齿轮线速度小于10m/s 以下也可以采用合成油为基础油调制半流体脂。 基础油调制半流体脂。 , , 就是用化学 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 方法。油中加入了极压添加剂，可对重型齿轮早期康复处理、 就是用化学工程方法。油中加入了极压添加剂，可对重型齿轮早期康复处理、 , , 高温丝扣防粘剂是一种油膏状物资，涂敷于丝扣上，当螺栓、螺母旋紧时，便高温丝扣防粘剂是一种油膏状物资，涂敷于丝扣上，当螺栓、螺母旋紧时，便会形成一层固体润滑膜，从而防止金属与金属直接接触，防止丝扣磨损、冷焊、会形成一层固体润滑膜，从而防止金属与金属直接接触，防止丝扣磨损、冷焊、卡咬或烧结，长期使用后，仍比较容易拆卸，缩短了设备修理停机时间，减轻卡咬或烧结，长期使用后，仍比较容易拆卸，缩短了设备修理停机时间，减轻了维修工人劳动强度。在化工、油田钻具，酸碱高压、密封工况下都获得满 意了维修工人劳动强度。在化工、油田钻具，酸碱高压、密封工况下都获得满 意效果。 效果。 综合油液监测，保证了"状态维修" 综合油液监测，保证了"状态维修" , 光谱 , 光谱 , 铁谱 , 铁谱 , 红外线光谱 , 红外线光谱 , 颗粒计数器 , 颗粒计数器 , 理化 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 等多种手段来达到监测目的 , 理化分析等多种手段来达到监测目的 高科技润滑成果，达到了免维修 高科技润滑成果，达到了免维修 , ,摩 擦付表面的自修复材料 摩擦付表面的自修复材料 , , 固体润滑(利用固体粉沫，簿膜式某些整体材料来减少两相对运动固体润滑(利用固体粉沫，簿膜式某些整体材料来减少两相对运动承载表面之间的摩擦，磨损的作用 ) 承载表面之间的摩擦，磨损的作用 ) , ,全 寿命"润滑剂 全寿命"润滑剂 随着油品不断更新换代，换油期也在延长。这些长寿命油 随着油品不断更新换代，换油期也在延长。这些长寿命油(脂)和摩擦付同寿命。无须在使用过程中更换油脂和密封件。这(脂)和摩擦付同寿命。无须在使用过程中更换油脂和密封件。这无疑给设备维护很大方便，同时也大为减少维修工作量。 无疑给设备维护很大方便，同时也大为减少维修工作量。 环保润滑剂，促进了"生态维修" 环保润滑剂，促进了"生态维修" 二、润滑油基础知识介绍 二、润滑油基础知识介绍 , 润滑油的常用质量指标 , 润滑油的常用质量指标 , 润滑油添加剂 , 润滑油添加剂 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 粘度: 粘度: air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, , , 定义:粘度就是液体的内摩擦。润滑油受到外力作用而发生相对移动时，定义:粘度就是液体的内摩擦。润滑油受到外力作用而发生相对移动时， 油分子之间产生的阻力，使润滑油无法进行顺利流动，其阻力的大小称油分子之间产生的阻力，使润滑油无法进行顺利流动，其阻力的大小称 为粘度。 为粘度。 22, , 粘度单位:通常使用的粘度为运动粘度，单位是:m/s，实际中，通常使粘度单位:通常使用的粘度为运动粘度，单位是:m/s，实际中，通常使,,662222用厘斯(cSt),即10m/s(即1 cSt,1mm/s)。 用厘斯(cSt),即10m/s(即1 cSt,1mm/s)。 , , 粘度指数:润滑油的粘度随着温度的升高而变小，随着温度的降低而变粘度指数:润滑油的粘度随着温度的升高而变小，随着温度的降低而变 大，这就是润滑油的粘温特性。评价油品的粘温特性的指标称为粘度指大，这就是润滑油的粘温特性。评价油品的粘温特性的指标称为粘度指 数。 数。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 酸值: 酸值: , , 定义:润滑油的酸值是表征润滑油中有机酸的总含量(在大多数定义:润滑油的酸值是表征润滑油中有机酸的总含量(在大多数 情况下，油品不含有机酸)的质量指标。中和1g石油产品所需的情况下，油品不含有机酸)的质量指标。中和1g石油产品所需的 氢氧化钾毫克数称为酸值。 氢氧化钾毫克数称为酸值。 , , 酸值单位:mgKOH./g。 酸值单位:mgKOH./g。 , , 酸值对润滑油的影响:润滑油的酸值大，表示润滑油中的有机酸酸值对润滑油的影响:润滑油的酸值大，表示润滑油中的有机酸 含量高，有可能对机械零件造成腐蚀，尤其是有水存在时，这种含量高，有可能对机械零件造成腐蚀，尤其是有水存在时，这种 腐蚀作用更明显。 腐蚀作用更明显。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 总碱值: 总碱值: , , 定义:在规定的条件下滴定时，中和1g试样中全部碱性组分所需定义:在规定的条件下滴定时，中和1g试样中全部碱性组分所需 高氯酸的量，以当量氢氧化钾毫克数表示，称为润滑油或添加剂高氯酸的量，以当量氢氧化钾毫克数表示，称为润滑油或添加剂 的总碱值，总碱值表示试样中含有机和无机碱、胺基化合物，弱的总碱值，总碱值表示试样中含有机和无机碱、胺基化合物，弱 酸盐如皂类、多元酸的碱性盐和重金属的盐类。 酸盐如皂类、多元酸的碱性盐和重金属的盐类。 , , 总碱值的意义:是内燃机油的重要质量指标，取样分析总碱值的总碱值的意义:是内燃机油的重要质量指标，取样分析总碱值的 变化，可以反映出润滑油中添加剂的消耗情况。 变化，可以反映出润滑油中添加剂的消耗情况。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 水容性酸和碱 水容性酸和碱 , , 定义:润滑油的水容性酸，是指润滑油中溶于水的分子有机酸和定义:润滑油的水容性酸，是指润滑油中溶于水的分子有机酸和 无机酸(硫酸及其衍生物，如硫酸及酸性硫酸酯等);润滑油的无机酸(硫酸及其衍生物，如硫酸及酸性硫酸酯等);润滑油的 水溶性碱，是指润滑油中溶于水的碱和碱性化合物，如氢氧化钠水溶性碱，是指润滑油中溶于水的碱和碱性化合物，如氢氧化钠 及碳酸钠等。 及碳酸钠等。 , , 检测水溶性酸和碱的意义:水溶性酸和碱不合格，将腐蚀机械设检测水溶性酸和碱的意义:水溶性酸和碱不合格，将腐蚀机械设 备。尤其对于变压器油，水溶性酸和碱不合格时，不仅会腐蚀设备。尤其对于变压器油，水溶性酸和碱不合格时，不仅会腐蚀设 备，而且使变压器的耐电压下降。 备，而且使变压器的耐电压下降。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 闪点 闪点 , , 定义:在规定的条件下，加热润滑油，当油温达到某温度时，润滑油的蒸气定义:在规定的条件下，加热润滑油，当油温达到某温度时，润滑油的蒸气 和周围空气的混合气，一旦与火焰接触，即发生闪火现象，最低的闪火温度，和周围空气的混合气，一旦与火焰接触，即发生闪火现象，最低的闪火温度， 称为润滑油的闪点。 称为润滑油的闪点。 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, , , 闪点的意义:润滑油的闪点是润滑油的储存、运输和使用的一个安全指标，闪点的意义:润滑油的闪点是润滑油的储存、运输和使用的一个安全指标， 同时也是润滑油的挥发性指标。闪点低的润滑油，挥发性高，容易着火，安同时也是润滑油的挥发性指标。闪点低的润滑油，挥发性高，容易着火，安 全性较差。润滑油的挥发性高，在工作过程容易蒸发损失，严重时甚至引起全性较差。润滑油的挥发性高，在工作过程容易蒸发损失，严重时甚至引起 润滑油粘度增大，影响润滑油的使用。选用润滑油时，一般要求润滑油的闪润滑油粘度增大，影响润滑油的使用。选用润滑油时，一般要求润滑油的闪 点比使用温度高20,30?，以保证使用安全和减少挥发损失。 点比使用温度高20,30?，以保证使用安全和减少挥发损失。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 倾点 倾点 , , 定义:油品在标准规定的条件下冷却时，能够继续流动的最低温定义:油品在标准规定的条件下冷却时，能够继续流动的最低温 度称为倾点。 度称为倾点。 , , 倾点的意义:润滑油的倾点是润滑油的低温流动性能的重要质量倾点的意义:润滑油的倾点是润滑油的低温流动性能的重要质量 指标。倾点高的润滑油不能在低温下使用，否则由于润滑油在低指标。倾点高的润滑油不能在低温下使用，否则由于润滑油在低 温下失去流动性，堵塞油路，不能保证润滑。对于发动机润滑油，温下失去流动性，堵塞油路，不能保证润滑。对于发动机润滑油， 因倾点高而造成启动困难。对于低温下使用的机械设备，一般选因倾点高而造成启动困难。对于低温下使用的机械设备，一般选 用比使用温度低10,20?的倾点的润滑油。 用比使用温度低10,20?的倾点的润滑油。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , 机械杂质 , 机械杂质 , 定义:润滑油中不溶于汽油或苯的沉淀和悬浮物，经过, 定义:润滑油中不溶于汽油或苯的沉淀和悬浮物，经过 滤而分出的杂质，称为机械杂质。 滤而分出的杂质，称为机械杂质。 , 机械杂质的危害:润滑油中机械杂质的存在，将加速机, 机械杂质的危害:润滑油中机械杂质的存在，将加速机 械零件的研磨、拉伤和划痕等磨损，而且堵塞油路油嘴械零件的研磨、拉伤和划痕等磨损，而且堵塞油路油嘴 和滤清器，造成润滑失效。变压器油中有机械杂质，会和滤清器，造成润滑失效。变压器油中有机械杂质，会 降低其绝缘性能。 降低其绝缘性能。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , 灰分 , 灰分 , 定义:润滑油的灰分，是润滑油在规定的条件下完全燃, 定义:润滑油的灰分，是润滑油在规定的条件下完全燃 烧后，剩下的残留物(不燃物)。 烧后，剩下的残留物(不燃物)。 , 润滑油灰分的危害:润滑油中灰分的存在，使润滑油在, 润滑油灰分的危害:润滑油中灰分的存在，使润滑油在 使用中积炭增加，润滑油的灰分过高时，将造成机械零使用中积炭增加，润滑油的灰分过高时，将造成机械零 件的磨损。 件的磨损。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 水分 水分 , , 定义:水分表示油品中含水量的多少，用质量百分数表示。油品中应不含水定义:水分表示油品中含水量的多少，用质量百分数表示。油品中应不含水 分。 分。 , , 水分的危害:润滑油中的有水分存在，将破坏润滑油膜，使润滑效果变差，水分的危害:润滑油中的有水分存在，将破坏润滑油膜，使润滑效果变差， 加速油中有机酸对金属的腐蚀作用。水分还造成对机械设备的锈蚀，并导致加速油中有机酸对金属的腐蚀作用。水分还造成对机械设备的锈蚀，并导致 润滑油的添加剂失效，使润滑油的低温流动性变差。甚至结冰，堵塞油路，润滑油的添加剂失效，使润滑油的低温流动性变差。甚至结冰，堵塞油路， 妨碍润滑油的循环及供油。水分存在时，润滑油乳化的可能性加大，当温度妨碍润滑油的循环及供油。水分存在时，润滑油乳化的可能性加大，当温度air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, 高到一定程度时，水分将汽化形成气泡，不但破坏油膜，危及润滑，而且还高到一定程度时，水分将汽化形成气泡，不但破坏油膜，危及润滑，而且还 因气阻影响润滑油的循环和供油。对于变压器油，水分存在，使变压器油的因气阻影响润滑油的循环和供油。对于变压器油，水分存在，使变压器油的 耐电压急剧下降，危害更大。 耐电压急剧下降，危害更大。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 抗泡性 抗泡性 , , 气泡的形成:润滑油在实际使用中，由于受到振荡、搅动等作用，气泡的形成:润滑油在实际使用中，由于受到振荡、搅动等作用， 使空气进入润滑油中，以至形成气泡。因此要求评定油品生成泡使空气进入润滑油中，以至形成气泡。因此要求评定油品生成泡 沫的倾向及泡沫的稳定性。 沫的倾向及泡沫的稳定性。 , , 气泡的危害:如果油品的抗泡性不好，在润滑系统中形成了很多气泡的危害:如果油品的抗泡性不好，在润滑系统中形成了很多 泡沫，而且不能迅速破除，则将影响其润滑性，增加它的氧化速泡沫，而且不能迅速破除，则将影响其润滑性，增加它的氧化速 度，导致润滑油的损失，而且阻碍润滑油在循环系统中的传送，度，导致润滑油的损失，而且阻碍润滑油在循环系统中的传送， 使供油中断，妨碍润滑，对液压油则影响其压力传递。 使供油中断，妨碍润滑，对液压油则影响其压力传递。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , 腐蚀试验 , 腐蚀试验 , 定义:腐蚀试验是测定油品在一定温度下对金属的腐蚀, 定义:腐蚀试验是测定油品在一定温度下对金属的腐蚀 作用。 作用。 , 提高润滑油抗腐蚀能力的方法:必须添加腐蚀抑制剂。 , 提高润滑油抗腐蚀能力的方法:必须添加腐蚀抑制剂。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , 氧化试验 , 氧化试验 , 定义:润滑油在加热和金属的催化作用下，抵抗氧化变, 定义:润滑油在加热和金属的催化作用下，抵抗氧化变 质的能力，称为润滑油的抗氧化安定性。 质的能力，称为润滑油的抗氧化安定性。 , 氧化安定性的重要性:润滑油的氧化安定性是至关重要, 氧化安定性的重要性:润滑油的氧化安定性是至关重要 的质量指标。润滑油的氧化安定性差，在使用时就容易的质量指标。润滑油的氧化安定性差，在使用时就容易 氧化变质，生成的有机酸增多，酸值增大，将造成机械氧化变质，生成的有机酸增多，酸值增大，将造成机械 设备的腐蚀。 设备的腐蚀。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 润滑性试验 润滑性试验 , , 润滑剂的润滑性包括油性、抗磨损性和极压性三个不同概念的性质。 润滑剂的润滑性包括油性、抗磨损性和极压性三个不同概念的性质。 , , 油性的定义:油性主要是指润滑剂减少摩擦的性能。以提高这种性能为目的油性的定义:油性主要是指润滑剂减少摩擦的性能。以提高这种性能为目的 而使用的添加剂称为油性剂，有时也称为减摩剂。 而使用的添加剂称为油性剂，有时也称为减摩剂。 , , 抗磨损性是指润滑剂在轻负荷和中等负荷条件下能在摩擦表面形成薄膜防抗磨损性是指润滑剂在轻负荷和中等负荷条件下能在摩擦表面形成薄膜防 止磨损的能力，提高润滑剂这种能力的添加剂称为抗磨损添加剂。 止磨损的能力，提高润滑剂这种能力的添加剂称为抗磨损添加剂。 , , 极压性是指润滑剂在低速高负荷或高速冲击摩擦条件下，即在所谓极压条件极压性是指润滑剂在低速高负荷或高速冲击摩擦条件下，即在所谓极压条件 下防止摩擦而发生烧结、擦伤的能力。为防止烧结为目的而使用的添加剂称下防止摩擦而发生烧结、擦伤的能力。为防止烧结为目的而使用的添加剂称 为极压添加剂。 为极压添加剂。 润滑油的常用质量指标 润滑油的常用质量指标 , , 元素分析 元素分析 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, , , 润滑油的元素分析常常用作质量控制的一种手段。使用过程中润润滑油的元素分析常常用作质量控制的一种手段。使用过程中润滑油元素分析可以用来监测添加剂的消耗情况，油品被杂质(灰滑油元素分析可以用来监测添加剂的消耗情况，油品被杂质(灰尘、燃烧产物等)的污染程度，部件的磨损程度。如从新油品中尘、燃烧产物等)的污染程度，部件的磨损程度。如从新油品中的钡、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁等元素含量可以估计添加剂的添加量;的钡、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁等元素含量可以估计添加剂的添加量;在用油品中的铅、硅等元素的多少可以说明油品的污染状况;铁、在用油品中的铅、硅等元素的多少可以说明油品的污染状况;铁、铜、铅、锡、铝等元素的含量变化可以检测发动机的磨损程度。 铜、铅、锡、铝等元素的含量变化可以检测发动机的磨损程度。 润滑油添加剂 润滑油添加剂 , 清净分散剂:清净分散剂是润滑油添加剂中的大类，用, 清净分散剂:清净分散剂是润滑油添加剂中的大类，用量占润滑油添加剂的一半左右。清净分散剂包括金属清量占润滑油添加剂的一半左右。清净分散剂包括金属清净剂(有灰)和无灰分散剂二大类。金属清净剂的作用净剂(有灰)和无灰分散剂二大类。金属清净剂的作用主要为抑制和减少内燃发动机在活塞区表面生成高温沉主要为抑制和减少内燃发动机在活塞区表面生成高温沉积物，从而使发动机内部清洁。无灰分散剂可将发动机积物，从而使发动机内部清洁。无灰分散剂可将发动机低温运行时曲轴箱和循环油路中生成的油泥分散于油低温运行时曲轴箱和循环油路中生成的油泥分散于油中。 中。 润滑油添加剂 润滑油添加剂 , , 抗氧剂和抗氧抗腐剂:润滑油在使用中要与空气接触，各种机械抗氧剂和抗氧抗腐剂:润滑油在使用中要与空气接触，各种机械设备也会产生热量，使运转中的摩擦部位温度升高，另外，设备设备也会产生热量，使运转中的摩擦部位温度升高，另外，设备中的各种金属材质，如铜、铁等均会起催化作用加速油品的氧化中的各种金属材质，如铜、铁等均会起催化作用加速油品的氧化变质，最终使润滑油粘度增加，生成酸性物质腐蚀金属材质，也变质，最终使润滑油粘度增加，生成酸性物质腐蚀金属材质，也会生成各种碳状和沥青状沉淀物质如漆膜等。所有这些变化均对会生成各种碳状和沥青状沉淀物质如漆膜等。所有这些变化均对油品的继续使用和设备正常运行带来不利影响。因此要求油品有油品的继续使用和设备正常运行带来不利影响。因此要求油品有较好的抗氧抗腐作用。在油品中加入抗氧和抗氧抗腐添加剂，其较好的抗氧抗腐作用。在油品中加入抗氧和抗氧抗腐添加剂，其目的是抑制油品的氧化过程，钝化金属对氧化的催化作用达到延目的是抑制油品的氧化过程，钝化金属对氧化的催化作用达到延长油品使用和保护机器的目的。 长油品使用和保护机器的目的。 润滑油添加剂 润滑油添加剂 , 降凝剂:为了制得能在低温下使用的油品，在润滑油基, 降凝剂:为了制得能在低温下使用的油品，在润滑油基础油加工工艺中要经过脱蜡，以降低油品的凝点。油品础油加工工艺中要经过脱蜡，以降低油品的凝点。油品中如含有少量蜡，在低温下，会使油品失去流动性，使中如含有少量蜡，在低温下，会使油品失去流动性，使油品在低温下不能使用。因此，在加工油品过程中，经油品在低温下不能使用。因此，在加工油品过程中，经常采用合理的脱蜡深度再加入降凝剂的办法，得到低凝常采用合理的脱蜡深度再加入降凝剂的办法，得到低凝点润滑油。 点润滑油。 润滑油添加剂 润滑油添加剂 , 粘度指数改进剂:粘度指数改进剂又称增粘剂和粘度剂，, 粘度指数改进剂:粘度指数改进剂又称增粘剂和粘度剂，用得比较广泛，其产量仅次于清净分散剂，是润滑油添用得比较广泛，其产量仅次于清净分散剂，是润滑油添加剂中的一个大剂，用的最多的是各种内燃机油。尤其加剂中的一个大剂，用的最多的是各种内燃机油。尤其air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, 是多级汽油机油和多级柴油机油必须使用这种添加剂。是多级汽油机油和多级柴油机油必须使用这种添加剂。 另外，液压油和齿轮油中也要应用这种添加剂。此种添另外，液压油和齿轮油中也要应用这种添加剂。此种添 加剂加入油中后，可以增加油的粘度，提高油品的粘度加剂加入油中后，可以增加油的粘度，提高油品的粘度 指数，特别是能满足油品的低温使用性能要求。 指数，特别是能满足油品的低温使用性能要求。 润滑油添加剂 润滑油添加剂 , , 油性剂和极压抗磨剂:油性剂有动、植物油、脂肪酸脂、醇及硫化油性剂和极压抗磨剂:油性剂有动、植物油、脂肪酸脂、醇及硫化脂肪等。凡是能使润滑油在摩擦表面上形成定向吸附膜而改善摩擦脂肪等。凡是能使润滑油在摩擦表面上形成定向吸附膜而改善摩擦性能，起润滑作用的化合物均可视作油性剂。极压抗磨剂是抗磨剂性能，起润滑作用的化合物均可视作油性剂。极压抗磨剂是抗磨剂和极压添加剂的总称。抗磨剂是指在边界润滑条件下，如有一种添和极压添加剂的总称。抗磨剂是指在边界润滑条件下，如有一种添加剂能被吸附在金属表面上，或与金属表面起反应，形成吸附膜或加剂能被吸附在金属表面上，或与金属表面起反应，形成吸附膜或反应膜，便可以防止金属表面的磨损，这种添加剂称为抗磨添加剂。反应膜，便可以防止金属表面的磨损，这种添加剂称为抗磨添加剂。极压添加剂是指能与金属表面起化学反应生成化学反应膜、防止金极压添加剂是指能与金属表面起化学反应生成化学反应膜、防止金属表面檫伤和熔焊添加剂。 属表面檫伤和熔焊添加剂。 润滑油添加剂 润滑油添加剂 , 防绣剂:为了抑制金属的生锈，便要在油中加入各种防绣, 防绣剂:为了抑制金属的生锈，便要在油中加入各种防绣剂。 剂。 润滑油添加剂 润滑油添加剂 , , 抗泡剂:润滑油基础油中经过精制后仍会残余少量极性物质，且抗泡剂:润滑油基础油中经过精制后仍会残余少量极性物质，且 随着润滑油中使用各种各样添加剂以满足各种高性能机械设备随着润滑油中使用各种各样添加剂以满足各种高性能机械设备 的要求，便会在循环润滑系统中，产生发泡现象，不但影响润滑的要求，便会在循环润滑系统中，产生发泡现象，不但影响润滑 油的泵送，也破坏了油膜强度和稳定性，造成不应有的磨损事故、油的泵送，也破坏了油膜强度和稳定性，造成不应有的磨损事故、 或使机器无法正常运转，诸如断油、气阻、烧结等现象便会不断或使机器无法正常运转，诸如断油、气阻、烧结等现象便会不断 发生。抗泡剂即使主要抑制泡沫的产生，以免形成安定的泡沫。发生。抗泡剂即使主要抑制泡沫的产生，以免形成安定的泡沫。 它能吸附在泡膜上，形成不安定的膜，从而达到破坏泡沫的目的。 它能吸附在泡膜上，形成不安定的膜，从而达到破坏泡沫的目的。 润滑油添加剂 润滑油添加剂 , 抗乳化剂:润滑油中进入水后会引起油品乳化，在油品, 抗乳化剂:润滑油中进入水后会引起油品乳化，在油品 中加入抗乳化剂后能改变油/水界面张力，以达到改善油中加入抗乳化剂后能改变油/水界面张力，以达到改善油 品的目的。 品的目的。 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 内燃机油 , 内燃机油 , 齿轮油 , 齿轮油 , 液压油 , 液压油 , 液力传动油 , 液力传动油 , 全损耗系统用油 , 全损耗系统用油 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, , 热传动油 , 热传动油 , 润滑脂 , 润滑脂 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 内燃机油: , 内燃机油: , 内燃机润滑油所起作用: , 内燃机润滑油所起作用: , a、润滑作用 , a、润滑作用 , b、冷却作用 , b、冷却作用 , c、清洗作用 , c、清洗作用 , d、密封作用 , d、密封作用 , e、防绣和抗腐蚀作用 , e、防绣和抗腐蚀作用 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 内燃机油: , 内燃机油: , 内燃机油的主要性能要求: , 内燃机油的主要性能要求: , a、粘度和粘温性质 , a、粘度和粘温性质 , b、流变性和泵送性 , b、流变性和泵送性 , c、生成漆膜的倾向 , c、生成漆膜的倾向 , d、生成沉淀的倾向 , d、生成沉淀的倾向 , e、腐蚀性 , e、腐蚀性 润滑技术与实际应用 润滑技术与实际应用 介绍 介绍 , 内燃机油: , 内燃机油: , SAE发动机油粘度分类 , SAE发动机油粘度分类 例如:15W,40 例如:15W,40 , API汽油发动机润滑油等级分类 , API汽油发动机润滑油等级分类 , API柴油发动机润滑油等级分类 , API柴油发动机润滑油等级分类 SAE发动机润滑油粘度分类.xls SAE发动机润滑油粘度分类.xls API汽油发动机等级分类.xls API汽油发动机等级分类.xls API柴油发动机润滑油等级分类.xls API柴油发动机润滑油等级分类.xls 润滑技术与实际应用 润滑技术与实际应用 介绍 介绍 , 齿轮油 , 齿轮油 , 车辆齿轮油: SAE车用齿轮油粘度分类 , 车辆齿轮油: SAE车用齿轮油粘度分类 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, , 工业齿轮油: ISO润滑油粘度分类 , 工业齿轮油: ISO润滑油粘度分类 , AGMA(美国齿轮制造商协会):AGMA润滑油粘度范围 , AGMA(美国齿轮制造商协会):AGMA润滑油粘度范围 SAE车用齿轮油粘度分类.xls SAE车用齿轮油粘度分类.xls ISO润滑油粘度分类.xls ISO润滑油粘度分类.xls 润滑技术与实际应用 润滑技术与实际应用 介绍 介绍 , , 液压油: 液压油: , , 液压传动对油品的要求: 液压传动对油品的要求: , , 对于液压油来说，首先应满足液压装置在工作温度时与起动温度对于液压油来说，首先应满足液压装置在工作温度时与起动温度 时对于液体粘度的要求，由于液体粘度的变化，直接与液压动作时对于液体粘度的要求，由于液体粘度的变化，直接与液压动作 和传递效率、传递精度有关，还要求油的粘温特性应满足不同用和传递效率、传递精度有关，还要求油的粘温特性应满足不同用 途所提出的各种需要。另外，液压油要对液压系统金属和密封材途所提出的各种需要。另外，液压油要对液压系统金属和密封材 料有良好的配伍性，具有抗腐蚀和抗磨损性能等…… 有良好的配伍性，具有抗腐蚀和抗磨损性能等…料… 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 液力传动油 , 液力传动油 , 液力传动油与液压油的区别:通常将利用液体压力能的液, 液力传动油与液压油的区别:通常将利用液体压力能的液 压系统所使用的液压介质称为液压油;利用液体动能的压系统所使用的液压介质称为液压油;利用液体动能的 液力传动系统(例如变矩器)使用的介质称为液力传动液力传动系统(例如变矩器)使用的介质称为液力传动 油。二种传动系统是有区别的，对于介质的要求也有区油。二种传动系统是有区别的，对于介质的要求也有区 别。 别。 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 全损耗系统用油 , 全损耗系统用油 , 全损耗系统用油是一种通用润滑油，仅用来润滑安装在, 全损耗系统用油是一种通用润滑油，仅用来润滑安装在 室内，工作温度在50,60?以下的各种负载机械，如纺室内，工作温度在50,60?以下的各种负载机械，如纺 织机械、各种机床和水压机等，在我国过去的一种油品织机械、各种机床和水压机等，在我国过去的一种油品 叫机械油，即属此类用油 。全损耗用油一般只加有降凝叫机械油，即属此类用油 。全损耗用油一般只加有降凝 剂，以满足油品的低温性能的要求， 剂，以满足油品的低温性能的要求， 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 热传导油: , 热传导油: , 热传导是化学工业中不可缺少的环节，在常压装置上，, 热传导是化学工业中不可缺少的环节，在常压装置上， 主要选用矿物油作为传热介质(可达340?左右)。这是主要选用矿物油作为传热介质(可达340?左右)。这是 由于矿油具有无腐蚀性、无毒性、易于输送、在低温下由于矿油具有无腐蚀性、无毒性、易于输送、在低温下air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting, 可以泵送等优点。 可以泵送等优点。 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 对热传导油(液)的要求: , 对热传导油(液)的要求: , 适宜的低粘度 , 适宜的低粘度 , 较好的粘温性 , 较好的粘温性 , 良好的热稳定性 , 良好的热稳定性 , 高的比热和传导 , 高的比热和传导 , 能与设备(或装置)所用材料有好的相容性 , 能与设备(或装置)所用材料有好的相容性 , 对环境不污染，对人体无毒害等 , 对环境不污染，对人体无毒害等 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 润滑脂:润滑脂是将一种(或几种)稠化剂分散到一种(或, 润滑脂:润滑脂是将一种(或几种)稠化剂分散到一种(或几种)液体润滑油中，而形成的一种固体到半固体的产物。几种)液体润滑油中，而形成的一种固体到半固体的产物。为了改善某些性能，加入一些其它组分。简单的说，润滑为了改善某些性能，加入一些其它组分。简单的说，润滑脂是有稠化剂、基础油、添加剂组成。稠化剂的作用主要脂是有稠化剂、基础油、添加剂组成。稠化剂的作用主要是将流动的液体润滑油增稠成不流动的固体、半固体状态。 是将流动的液体润滑油增稠成不流动的固体、半固体状态。 国际标准介绍 国际标准介绍 , SAE(美国汽车工程师学会) , SAE(美国汽车工程师学会) , ISO(国际标准化组织) , ISO(国际标准化组织) , AGMA:美国齿轮制造商协会 , AGMA:美国齿轮制造商协会 , API(美国石油学会) , API(美国石油学会) , NLGI:美国润滑脂学会 , NLGI:美国润滑脂学会 air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,