八下历史与社会

八下历史与社会 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,?,,,?,,,,,, Unit 1 Useful Expressions 1. make predictions ,,,,, 2. free time ,,,,,,, 3. fly,,to,, ,,,,,,, 4. on a space station ,,,,,,,,5. I disagree. ,?,,,,. 6. fall/be in love with sb. ,,sb.,,7. keep pets ,,,,, 8. be able to ,,, 9. predict the future ,,,δ4 10. come true ,,, 11. see sb. do sth. ,,,,sb.,,?,?,,,,,,?, doing sth. ,,,,sb.,,,,,,?,?,,,,,12. help sb. with sth. ,,,,?,,,,?,,13. hundreds of ,,,,,,, 14. try to do sth. ,,f,,?,, 15. look like ,,,,,,,,,,, 16. look for ,,? 17. ?,,,,, + from now ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,from now on = in the future ,,,Key Points 1. Do you think ,,? I think (that),,. I don,,t think (that),,. 2. study at home on computer ,,,,on,,in,,with. on,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ý,,,,,,,,,,,,,? in,,,,,,,,,,,,?,ý,, with,,,,,,,,,,,?λ,,, Eg. I don,,t want to talk about it on the phone. Can you speak it in English? Don,,t write it with a red pen.3. Will people use money in 100 years? ,,in+,,,,,,,,,?,,4,l,ã,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,how soon. 4. before ago ,,,,,l,, Grammar Focus 1. The Simple Future tense ?,,4,,,,,,?,,,, ,, will +V. ,, be going to +V. ,, be + Ving ?,,4,,,,,,?,,in + ,,,in the future,,next + ,,, ,,tomorrow ,,?,,,,this + ,,,from now on,,right now,,some day,, 2.,,,,,,,,,?,,,,?,? Unit 2 UE 1. argue with sb. ,,?,,,, about/over sth. ??,,,,2. out of style/danger ,,,/,,,,,,,in style/danger ,,,/,,,,Σ,,,,,3. call up sb. ,,,,,,,м,,,?,,,,4. keep out ,,,á,,,,, 5. What,,s wrong? ,,ô2,, 6. be surprised at ,, ,,,,е,,,,7. borrow sth. from sb. ,,?,,,,,,,,,?,, 8. need to do sth. ,,?,,,,,,,?,,? doing sth. ,,?,,,,,,?,,? 9. pay ,, for sth. ??,,,,,,,,, 10. the same + n. + as,, ,??,,,n. 11. get on well with sb. ,,?,,,,,,,12. have a fight with sb. ,,?,,,, 13. take part in ,,,, 14. plan sth. for sb. ??,,,,?,, 15. as much as possible ,,,,,,,?, KP. 1. Sb. pay ,,for sth. ?,,??,,,,,,,, Sth. cost sb. ,, ?,,,,?,,,,,, Sb. spend ,, on sth. ?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, (in) doing sth. ?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,?, It takes/took sb. ,, to do sth. ,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,?, 2. not ,, until ?,,,,,š, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? until ??,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? 3. leave GF ,,,,,,, 1. ,,,,,,,û,,,,,,,,?,,仯 2. ,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,ν,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,ã,3. ,,,,,,,,,,,,û,,,,,?,,仯 4. ,,,,,,,,,,be,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,, Unit3 UE 1. in front of ---- behide ,,,,,,,, ---- ,,,,?,,, in the front of ---- at the back of ,,,,,,,, ---- ,,,,?,,,,,,,,, 2. take off ,,, 3. get out of ,,,? 4. You are kidding. ,,,,,, 5. follow sb. to do sth. ,,,,?,,,,?,,6. get into ,,,, 7. shout at ,,,,? shout to ,,,,, 8. What happen,, ,,,,,ô,,,,, happen = take place ,,,, 9. in silence ,,?,, 10. in space ,,,,,,, 11. at the doctor,,s ,,,,,, 12. jump down from,, ,,,,,,? 13. climb up the tree ,,,,,, KP ,,as + ,,,,,/,,,,,,,,+as,,,,,,,,,,?,, ,,,,,,,,,not as/so + ,,,,,/,,,,,,,,+as,, ,,,,,,,,,,?,, GF 1. The Past Progressive Tense ,,,,,,,, ,,,?,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,е?,,,,,ν,,,,,be ( was, were )+ Ving ,,,,,?,,at that time/moment at + ,,,, + yesterday/last night from +,,,, + to +,,,, + yesterday this time yesterday just then when he came in, ,,.,,when,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ù,,,,,,,,,? 2. when & while when,,while,,,,,,,l,,,,,С,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? when ,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,?,ε,,,,l,ã,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? while ???,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,while,,,,е,ν,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? Unit 4 UE 1. have a surprise party ,?,?,,,,,? 2. be mad at/with sb. for sth. ,,??,?,?,,,,,be mad about/on sth./sb. ,,?,,/?,,,,,,,3. not ,, anymore = not ,, any more = no more ,,,,4. first of all ,,,, 5. pass ( on ) sth. to sb. ,,?,,,,?,,pass on ,,,,,,,м, 6. work on ,,,, 7. be supposed to = should ,,? 8. be good/better/best at ,ó,,,,do well/better/best in 9. report card ,,,,? 10. the disappointing result ,,,,,,?,,? 11. this semester ,,,,? 12. How,,s it going? ,,,,, How goes it? How are things going? 13. be in good/poor/bad/ill health ,,,,?,,,/,,,,/,,,/,,,, 14. end of year exams ,,?,, 15. get/be nervous of sth./doing sth. ,,?,,/,,?,?е,,,,, 16. have a hard time with sth. ,,?,,,,/,,?,?,,,',, doing sth. 17. It,,s just that,, ,,?,,,,,,,18. forget to do sth. ,,,,,,?,, doing sth. ,,,,,,?,,19. get over ,,, 20. for now ,},?? 21. open up ,, 22. care for ,,, KP 1. true ,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,?, really ,,,,,,,?,,,,,?, 2. be sure that ,,š, 3. I don,,t think (that),, ,?,,,?,,,,,,,,ã, GF 1. The object clause ,,,,,, ,, ,,,that ,,,, ,,,,,?,,,,,п,,,,? if,,whether ,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,滻,,,г,,,or not,?,,,,,whether,,,, wh-,,h- ,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,, ?,,,,,,, ,,,,,, ?,,,,, ,,,?,,,,? ,, ,,,, ?,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? ,,,,, + ,,, + ,,,,,,, + ,,,ν,, + ,,,, 2. Direct Speech and Reported Speech,,,,?,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,?,,,,,?伴,ɡ,,,,,,,,,,,仯,,},, ,, ,,,,,,,и,, ?,,,,,,,, ,, ,, ?,,,,,? Unit 5 UE 1. have a great time ,,ú,,,,2. wear jeans ,,?,п, 3. let sb. in/out/by ,,?,,,4/,,,/,,,4. be late for ,,, 5. be sorry (that),, ,е,,?, 6. organize sth. for ,, ?,,,,,?,,7. half (of) the class ,,, 8. take away,, ,,,,,,,û,,? bring sth. to ,, ,,?,,,4,, take sth. from ,, ,,,,?,,,,,? 9. Why not? ?,ô,,,?, 10. clean up ,,,,,? 11. make a lot of money ,,,,,,12. be famous for,, ,,,,,, be famous as,, ,,,,?,,,,,,,13. join = take part in ,μ, 14. a professional athlete ?,,,,? 15. get?injured ,,,, 16. a great chance ?,κû,, 17. all the time ?? 18. around the world = all over the world ,,=, 19. make a living (by) doing sth. ,,?,,?,, 20. complain about sth. ,,,?,,21. decide to do sth. ,,,,,?,,22. in order to do sth. ,,,?,, that + ?,,?,,,, = so that in order ,,,,,,,,,,,? 23. talk on the phone ,,,, KP 1. too much + ,,,,,,,,, too many + ,,,,,,, much too + ,,,,, 2. against ,,,,,,,?,,,,,?,, argue against ,,,, GF 1. The Conditional Adverbial Clause,,,,,,?,,,,,,if,,unless,,,,,,,,д,,,е?,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,У,,,,,?,4,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,?,4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,if,,,,, unless,,,,, = if,, not,,,,,,. Eg. We will have a meeting tomorrow if Mr. Gao doesn,,t leave for Shanghai. = We will have a meeting tomorrow unless Mr. Gao leaves for Shanghai. 2. Imperative ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Unit 6 Useful Expression 1. how long ,,,,,,,, 2. start class/skating/to skate ,,,,,,/,,,, = begin class/skating/to skate3. a skating marathon ?,,,,,,,,-,,4. would like = ,,d like ,,,,,? 5. run out of ,,,, 6. by the way ,,,,,?,, 7. more than = over ,,,, 8. ever since ,,, 9. raise money for charity ,,:,, 10. a pair of ?, 11. five and a half years ,,,,,12. the whole five hours ,,,,,,,С,13. in Russian style ,,,,,,,?,,Key sentences 1. Every hour they skate, each student raises ten yuan for charity.ÿλ,,ÿ,,,?,,С,,,,,?,,,,,,,??10,,,,, every ,,each ,,,,,,,ÿ?,,,,,every,,?,,,壬each,,?ÿ,,,,, 2. Next is Sam. ,,,,?,,,Sam,, 3. Because we,,ve run out of room to store them. ,,?,,,,,,û,??,,,,,,,,,,,4. By the way, what,,s your hobby? ,,,,,?,?,,,,,,ô,,,ã,5. I am interested in the job as a writer. ,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,?? 6. In fact, the first Jews probably came to Kaifeng more than a thousand years ago.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,4,,,,,,?,7. The more I learn about Chinese history, the more I enjoy living in China. ,,,й,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,й,,,,?? 8. Although I live quite far from Beijing, ,,. ,,,,,?,,,,,,,?,,,Grammar 1. ,,,,,,,,,,? (1) ,,,,have/has + been + V.ing. (2) ,?,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,???,,,,,,,,,?,,п,,,,,,,,,,, I,,ve been doing the cleaning all this morning. ,,,,,,,,,???,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,, You,,re late again! I,,ve been waiting here for an hour. ,,,?,,??,,,,,,??,,?,,,,,,,?,,,?,,?,,, I have been calling you several times in two days. (3) ,,,?,,all the time/this morning, since morning, all night, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,this week/month, recently ,,(3) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,,,,,,how long,, How long have you been skating? I,,ve been skating since I was seven years old. for 5 years old. 2. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,?,,,,,,У,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,ɡ磺 I have written a letter to my father.,,,,,,,,,,,,д,,,?,,?,,,д,,?,,,š,? I have been writing a letter to my father.,,??,,д,,,,,,,,,д,,,,??,,,,?,,,д,š,?,,,,,I wrote a letter to my father. ,?,,?,,,д,,?,,,š,? Unit 7 Useful Expression 1. turn down/up ,,С/,,,,,,? turn on/off ,,/,,,,,,,,,,,?, 2. not at all ?,,?,, 3. right away = in a minute b,,,,,,, 4. do/wash the dish ,,, 5. get out of ,,4 6. put on ,,,,,,,,, wear ,,,?,?,,, 7. feed the dog ι,, keep the dog ,, 8. return ,, to ,, ,,,,,,? 9. help sb. do/with sth. ,,,,?,,,,?,, 10. make posters ,,,,, 11. a terrible haircut ?,,,,,?,,, 12. have a long telephone conversation ,,,,,13. wait in line ,?, cut in line ,,, 14. follow sb. around ,,,,?,,,,Χ 15. get mad = get annoy = get angry ,е,,,,16. all the time ?? 17. complain about ,,,,, 18. be polite ,,,,ò 19. try (not) to do sth. ,,f,,,,,,,,,?,,20. must be ?,,,, 21. keep down ,,,,,,? 22. seem like ,,,,,,, 23. be allowed ,,,,,, 24. even if/though ,,,,,,,, 25. take care = be careful С,, 26. in public places ,,,,,,,, in public ,,,,,,,,,,?, 27. put out ,,, 28. drop litter ,,,,,? 29. pick up ,,,,,,, Key sentences 1. Would you mind turning down the music? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,С,?, Would you mind (not) doing sth.? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,= Would/Could you please (not) do sth.? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2. I won,,t be long. ,,?,,á,? 3. The pen you bought didn,,t work. ,,,,,,,,,,,,? = The pen you bought wasn,,t broken. = There was something wrong with the pen you bought.= Something was wrong with the pen you bought.4. Here you are. ,,,, Here,,s what they said. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,5. I can,,t stand it. ,,,,,,,,,, I can,,t stand to see good food to waste. ,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,? 6. Could you please not follow me around? ,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, 7. This happens to me all the time in the school library. ,,,,У,,,,,,???,,,,,,,,,?, 9. Would you mind keeping your voice down? ,,,,,,,,,,,,С,??, voice: ,,?,?,,,,,,,,,,, talk in a loud voice ,,,,,? noise: ,,?,?,,,,,,,,,,,,, sound: ,,,,?,?,,,,,?,п,,,,,,,,,, 10. For example, dropping litter is almost never allowed. ,,,,,,磬?,,,,,,,,,,,,,?, ,,be allowed ,,,,,, ,,be + ,,,,?,, ,?,,,,,,,,,? Unit 8 Useful Expression 1. get her a scarf ,,,,?,,Χ,, 2. compare with/to sth. ,,,,,,? 3. not creative enough ,,,,,д,,, 4. easy/difficult to take care of ,,,,/,,,,,5. these days ?,,,,,,, 6. pot-bellied pig ,,,,, 7. spend with her ,,,,,,,?,, 8. not ,, at all ,, 9. fall asleep ,,,,,,,,, be asleep ,,,,,?,,, 10. half way = halfway ,,!,,,? 11. different kinds of ,,,,,,, 12. pay for ,,,, 13. from across China = from all over China 4,,,,й,14. as ,, as ,??,, not as/so,,as,, ,,?,,,,,, 15. encourage sb. to do sth. ,,,,?,,,,?,,16. hear of ,,, 17. make progress ,,ý, 18. be able to = can ,,, 19. have fun with sth. ,,,,,,, Key sentences 1. Why don,,t you get her a scarf? ?,ô,,,,,,,,,,Χ,,,?,get sb. sth. for ,, ?,,, ,,?,,,,?,, = get sth. to sb. for,, ?,,,,sth. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,õ,,,,,?,,, 2. That,,s not interesting enough. ,,,,,,,,,,enough,,},?,,,,,,,,,,4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ε????,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,磺I don,,t have enough time to spend with her. 3. What,,s the best gift (that) Joe has ever received? Joe,,,,,,,,,õ,,,,, ,,,ô,, 4. What a lucky guy! ,,,,??, 5. I think a dog is a good pet for a 6-year-old child. ,,,,?,,,,?,,,,,,?,,,?,,,,,?,,,,,,, 6. Dogs are too difficult to take care of. ,,,,,,,,,,,7. The trendiest kind of pet these days is the pot-bellied pig. ,,4,,,,,е?,,,,,,,,,,, 8. Life with a pig isn,,t always perfect. ,,??,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5?, 9. Now she,,s too big to sleep in the house. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, too,, to ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, = so,, that ,,,, can,,t ,,. e.g. He is too young to go to school. = He is so young that he can,,t go to school. = He isn,,t old enough to go to school. = He is very young and he can,,t go to school.?,,too,,to,,,,?,,,,,,so,,that,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,е,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,for sb.4,,,,,?磺 The digital camera is so expensive that we can,,t buy it.= The digital camera is too expensive for us to buy.= The digital camera isn,,t cheap enough for us to buy.= The digital camera is very expensive and we can,,t buy it.10. My shoes were really cheap. They only cost $5. ,,Ь,,,,??,,,,,?,,5,,,,,? cost,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,? pay,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,? take,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,?,, spend ,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,?,,, Grammar 1. Why don,,t you get her a scarf? = Why not get her a scarf? ?,ô,,,,,,,,,,Χ,,,?,How/What about doing sth.? ,,,,ô,,,?, How/What about + (a/an) + n.? ,,,,ô,,,?, 2. Would you mind (not) doing sth.? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,= Would/Could you please (not) do sth.? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,7,,8},,,,,?,,,,,ò,,,,,,,?,,,???,,,,,,,,?,,,,,?,,?, Unit 9 Useful Expression 1. hear of ,,, hear from ,,,,,,,,,,/4,, 2. take a ride ,,,, 3. end up ,,,, 4. argue with sb. ,,?,,,, 5. roller coaster ,,,,? 6. a flight attendant ?,,,,,,,,, 7. in fact ,,,,, 8. all over the world ,,=, 9. think about ,,,, think of ,,,,,,? 10. rather than ,,,,,,,? 11. neither,,nor,, ,,,,,?,,,, 12. three quarters of ,?,,,, 13. for example ,,,,,,, 14. such as ,,,, 15. on the one hand,,, on the other hand,,,. ?,,,,,,,桭?,,,桭 16. be asleep ,,?,?,,, fall asleep ,,?,,,,, Key sentences 1. Have you ever been to a water park? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,No, I haven,,t. ,,,,,,û,С,Me neither. = Neither/Nor have I. ,,?û,С,,,,,?,,,,,,?,,,?,,,, Neither/Nor + be,,,,/,,,/,,,,,,,+,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,so,,,,?,,,,So+ be,,,,/,,,/,,,,,,,,,,,???磺 -- I paid 20 yuan for this book. -- So did I. 2. The roller coaster is themed with Disney characters.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,?,? 3. The boats take different routes, but they all end up in the same place. ,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,?,,, 4. It,,s just so much fun in Disneyland. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5. It was because I could speak English that I got the job. ,,?,,,,?,,,,,,,,,õ,,,,,??,,,, 6. More than three quarters of the population are Chinese. ,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,й,,,, 7. This is because the island is so close to the equator. So you can choose to go whenever you like. ,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,?,,,,,,,,κ,,,,,,,,,,? Grammar 1. ,,,,,,,, (1) ,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,???? ,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,?,,,,?,,, (2) ,,,,,have/has + V.,,,,?, (3) ,,,?,,already, yet, just, ever, never, once, twice, so far, ever since, for a long time, for + ?,,,,,, since + ,,,,,,,,,/,,,,,?,,,,,(4) ?,,,,,,: ,,,,A. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,?,,?,,,?,? B. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,for + ,,,,, since? +,,,,,l,á,,,for,,since,,,,,,,,,,how long,, C. ,,,,,,,,,,,,when,,,,,,,,,,j,á,? D. have been to,,,,, have gone to,,,,,, have been in,,,,,,, E. ,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,? buy --- have had borrow --- have kept join --- have been in / have been a member of become --- have been a member make friends --- have been friends die --- have been dead get to know --- have known come/go to do --- have done catch a cold --- have had a cold begin/start to do --- have done begin / start --- have been on enter / come / arrive / get to / reach --- have been in/at go / leave for / set off / set out --- have been away from2. since,,for,,,,,,,,,,,,У,,,е,,?,,,,,? (1) since ,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,?,?, He has been an English teacher since three years ago.We have known each other since we came to study in this university.(2) for,,,,,,, He has lived here for three years. 3. ,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,l,ã,,磺yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in 1990,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,?,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,l,á,,磺 He has lived here since 1992. 1992,,,,4,,???,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,, He lived here in 1992. 1992,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,漰,,?,,,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, Unit 10 Useful Expression 1. forget to do sth. ,,,,,,?,, forget doing sth. ,,,,,,?,, 2. look through ,,, 3. cross a busy street = go/walk across a busy street ,,,,?,,æ,??, 4. think of ,,,,,,? 5. come along ,,,,,,,,, 6. get along/on ,, with sb. ,,?,,,,,?, 7. be friendly to sb. ,,?,,,,? 8. have a birthday party ,?,?,,,,,,,, 9. on Saturday night ,,,,,,,,,,, 10. at least ,,,, 11. at the school dining room ,,У,?,,,,,? Key sentences 1. I hope so. ,,,,,,,,, so?,,,,,4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,hope,,,,,,,,think,,believe,,suppose,,be? afraid,,,,,,,sol,á,,磺 Do you think it will rain this afternoon? ,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,I think/believe/suppose/hope/am afraid so. ,,,,/,,,,/,,/,,,/,,,?, ?,,,,4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,},?,,,?,,,,,,,,,,á,,?磺 I don,,t think so. ,?,,,ô,? I hope/suppose/am afraid not. ,,,,,/,,/,,,?,,,,,,,2. How much did that shirt cost? ,?,,,,6,,,,,,3. I feel like part of the group now. ,,,,,?о,,,,,,,,,,е,?,,,,4. Friends like you make it a lot easier to get along in a new place. ,,,,,,,,,,,?Щ,,,,,,,,,,,,µ???,,,,,,,,,,? Grammar ,,,,,,,,,