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高分子材料工程专业英语翻译高分子材料工程专业英语翻译————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:Unit1Whatarepolymers?Whatare polymers? For onething, theyarecomplexand giant molecules and aredifferentfromlow molecularweightcompounds like, say,commonsalt.什么是高聚物?首先,他们是合成物和大分子...

高分子材料工程专业英语翻译
高分子材料工程专业英语翻译————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:Unit1Whatarepolymers?Whatare polymers? For onething, theyarecomplexand giant molecules and aredifferentfromlow molecularweightcompounds like, say,commonsalt.什么是高聚物?首先,他们是合成物和大分子,而且不同于低分子化合物,譬如说普通的盐。Tocontrastthedifference,themolecularweightofcommonsaltisonly58.5, while thatof apolymercanbeashighasseveralhundred thousand, even morethanthousandthousands.与低分子化合物不同的是,普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5,而高聚物的分子量高于105,甚至大于106。These bigmoleculesor ‘macro-molecules’ aremadeupofmuchsmallermolecules,canbeofoneormorechemical compounds.这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子,大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。Toillustrate, imagine thata setofrings has thesame size andismade ofthesamematerial.Whenthese things are interlinked,thechainformedcan beconsideredasrepresenting apolymerfrom moleculesofthesamecompound.举例说明,想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来,可以把形成的链看成是具有同种化合物组成的高聚物。Alternatively,individualringscouldbeofdifferent sizesandmaterials,andinterlinked torepresentapolymer frommoleculesof different compounds.另一方面,环可以大小不同、材料不同,相连接后形成具有不同化合物组成的聚合物。This interlinkingofmanyunitshas giventhepolymeritsname,poly meaning‘many’andmermeaning ‘part’(inGreek).聚合物的名称来自于许多单元相连接,poly意味着“多、聚、重复”,mer意味着“链节、基体”(希腊语中)。Asanexample,a gaseouscompoundcalledbutadiene,witha molecularweightof 54, combinesnearly4000timesandgivesapolymer known aspolybutadiene(a synthetic rubber)withabout 200 000molecularweight.例如:气态化合物丁二烯的分子量为54,连接4000次可得到分子量大约为200000的聚丁二烯(合成橡胶)高聚物。Thelow molecularweightcompoundsfromwhichthepolymersformare knownas monomers.Thepictureissimply asfollows:形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程:butadiene+butadiene+∙∙∙+butadiene--→polybutadiene(4 000 time)丁二烯+丁二烯+…+丁二烯——→聚丁二烯(4000次)One canthussee howasubstance (monomer) withassmallamoleculeweightas54growto becomeagiantmolecule(polymer)of(54×4000≈)200000 molecularweight.能够知道分子量仅为54的小分子物质(单体)如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子(高聚物)。Itisessentiallythe “giantness”of thesizeofthepolymermoleculethat makesitsbehavior(differentfromthatofacommonlyknownchemicalcompoundsuchasbenzene.) 实质上正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物(的性能)Solid benzene, forinstance,melts tobecomeliquidbenzeneat5.5℃ and ,on furtherheating,boilsintogaseous benzene.例如固态苯在5.5℃熔融成液态苯,进一步加热,煮沸成气态苯。Asagainstthiswell-definedbehaviorofasimple chemical compound, apolymer like polyethylenedoes notmeltsharplyatoneparticulartemperatureintocleanliquid.与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比,像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。Instead,itbecomesincreasingly softerand, ultimately,turnsintoaveryviscous,tackymolten mass.Furtherheatingofthishot,viscous, moltenpolymerdoesconvertitintovarious gasesbutitis nolongerpolyethylene. (Fig.1.1) .而聚合物变得越来越软,最终变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热,它会转变成不同气体,但它不再是聚乙烯(如图1.1)Another strikingdifference withrespecttothe behaviorofa polymerandthatofalow molecularweight compoundconcernsthedissolutionprocess.聚合物行为和低分子量化合物另一不同的行为为溶解过程。Letustake, forexample, sodiumchlorideandadditslowlytofixed quantity ofwater.The salt,which representsalowmolecularweightcompound,dissolvesinwaterupto apoint(calledsaturation point) but, thereafter,anyfurtherquantityadded doesnotgointosolutionbutsettlesatthebottom and justremains thereassolid.例如,将氯化钠慢慢地添加到定量的水中。盐作为一种低分子量化合物,在水中溶解直到某一点(叫饱和点),但进一步添加, 盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的固体状态The viscosityof thesaturatedsaltsolutionisnotverymuchdifferentfromthatofwater. Butifwetake apolymerinstead, say,polyvinylalcohol,andaddit toafixedquantityofwater,thepolymerdoesnotgointosolution immediately.饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度接近.但是,如果我们用聚合物,如聚乙烯醇添加到定量水中,聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。Theglobulesof polyvinylalcoholfirst absorbwater,swellandget distorted inshape andafter alongtime gointo solution.聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀,发生变形,经过很长时间后,(聚乙烯醇分子)进入到溶液中。Also,wecan add avery largequantityofthepolymertothesamequantityofwaterwithoutthesaturationpoint everbeingreached.同样地,我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中,不存在饱和点。Asmoreandmore quantity ofpolymer is addedto water,thetimetaken forthedissolutionofthepolymerobviouslyincreasesand themixultimatelyassumesasoft,dough-likeconsistency.将越来越多的聚合物加入水中,认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加,最终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。Anotherpeculiarityisthat,inwater,polyvinylalcohol never retainsitsoriginalpowderynature[astheexcesssodium chloridedoes][in asaturatedsaltsolution]. 另一个特点是,在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。Inconclusion,we cansaythat(1)thelongtimetaken bypolyvinylalcoholfordissolution,(2)the absenceof a saturation point, and(3)theincreaseintheviscosityareall characteristicsofa typicalpolymerbeingdissolved inasolvent andthesecharacteristicsareattributedmainlytothelargemolecularsizeofthepolymer.总之,我们可以讲(1)聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间,(2)不存在饱和点,(3)粘度的增加是聚合物溶于溶液中的典型特性,这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。The behaviorofalowmolecularweightcompound andthatof apolymer ondissolutionareillustratedinFig.1.2.总如图1.2说明了低分子量化合物和聚合物的溶解行为。Polymer: 高分子,聚合物.(repeatunits)polymericpolymerization“poly-”:多的,聚合的. Polygon,聚醚?聚酯?聚酰胺?聚乙烯?多官能团?polyfunctional“-mer”:part.Isomer, 同分异构体Macromolecule: 大分子,高分子Macro-:大(反义词?)Molecule, 分子 ---------Atom,原子MolecularWeight, 分子量Micro-:显微的。显微镜?Microscope. MicrosoftMonomer: 单体“mono-”: 单个. Monocrystalline,monodisperse,monofunction“di-, bi-”:双. “tri-”:三个. “tetra-”:四个RepeatUnit,重复单元-----Monomer unit,单体单元Synthetic,合成的, 如SyntheticRubberSynthesis, n,合成--------Syntheses,vt,合成Butadiene:丁二烯。 Butyl-:丁基。-ene:烯。-yne:炔。乙烯?Ethylene.1-丁烯?Butylene. 乙炔?Ethyne.Polyethylene:聚乙烯. Ethyl-:乙基。Ethylene:乙烯。Ethane:乙烷synthetic:合成的。名词?动词?Viscous:粘的。名词?Plastics,塑料--------Rubber,橡胶-------Fiber,纤维Adhesive,黏合剂-----------Paints,涂料Polybutadiene, 聚丁二烯Polyvinylalcohol, 聚乙烯醇Polyvinylchloride,聚氯乙烯Polyester,聚酯Polystyrene, 聚苯乙烯Polypropylene,聚丙烯Polyethylene, 聚乙烯Polyamide,聚酰胺Polyether:聚醚Thermoplastics,热塑性塑料Thermosettingresin, 热固性树脂Elastomers,弹性体Thermoelastomers, 热塑性弹性体Homopolymersandcopolymers,均聚物和共聚物Homo- :均匀的。Homogenous:均相的Hetero-:异的,不同的heterogenous:异相的Blockcopolymers,嵌段共聚物Randomcopolymers,无规共聚物Alternating copolymers,交替共聚物Terpolymers,三元共聚物Graftcopolymers,接枝共聚物Polyvinyl alcohol: 聚乙烯醇。 Vinyl:乙烯基Sodiumchloride,氯化钠,potassiumsulfate, 硫酸钾;sulfuricacid,硫酸Settle,使(液体)澄清,沉淀,沉降Precipitate,使沉淀,使凝结Precipitant,沉淀剂Stir,搅拌Saturation,饱和-------Unsaturation,不饱和Dissolution,n,溶解------Dissolve, vt,溶解solutionn 溶液; solutionpolymerizationsolubility n溶解度,溶解性solventn 溶剂, solventeffectViscous, a,粘稠的----Viscosity,粘度(性)Clean,完全的,彻底的;sharply, 明显地,精明地,敏锐地,突然地,急剧地Increasingly, 越来越….,Striking,显著的,引人注目的,withrespectto关于,就……而论Thereafter,此后Distort,畸变,扭变,变形。Consistency,一致性,坚固性。Peculiarity,独特性,特色,特质,特殊的东西,怪癖。issuefrom,由…..产生,由…得出….Adventitious[ædven’tiSəs],外来的,偶然的,abstract, 分离,转移profound,意义深远的,深刻的,notably,显著的,著名的,这个句型很有用 justasitisnotnecessary for…to be…, it isalsonotnecessary for…to be… 正…不一定是….一样,….也不一定是….Themoment, 一….就…….Segment, 链段Backbone,主链,骨架(脊骨,脊柱)//skeleton,骨骼,骨架(建筑),骷髅Skeletonatom (structure),骨架原子(结构)substituent, substituted group,取代基side(pendant, lateral)group,侧基//endgroup,端基Sidechain, 侧链,支链Sidereaction,副反应.Linearpolymers,线型高分子//Nonlinear polymers,非线型高分子Branchedpolymers,支化高分子Crosslinked polymers,交联高分子Starsanddendrimers,星型高分子及树枝状高分子Ladder polymers,梯型高分子Cyclolinearpolymers,线型环聚合物//Cyclomatrixpolymer,体型聚合物Telechelicpolymers,远鳌聚合物,遥爪聚合物Mono-telechelicpolymer,单遥爪聚合物Di-telechelicpolymer,双遥爪聚合物Amorphouspolymers,无定形高分子//Crystallinepolymers,结晶高分子Unit2ChainPolymerizationManyolefinicandvinylunsaturatedcompounds areabletoformchain-likemacromoleculesthrough eliminationofthedoublebond,aphenomenonfirstrecognizedby Staudinger.Diolefinspolymerizeinthesamemanner,however,onlyoneofthetwo doublebondsiseliminated.Staudinger首先发现许多烯烃和不饱和烯烃通过打开双键可以形成链式大分子。二烯烃以同样的方式聚合,但仅消除两个双键中的一个。Suchreactionsoccurthroughtheinitialadditionof a monomermoleculetoaninitiatorradicaloraninitiatorion, bywhich the activestateistransferredfromtheinitiatortotheaddedmonomer.这类反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自由基或引发剂离子上而进行的,靠这些反应活性中心由引发剂转移到被加成的单体上。Inthesamewaybymeansof achainreaction,onemonomer moleculeaftertheotherisadded (2000~20000monomerspersecond)until the activestateis terminated throughadifferenttypeofreaction.单体分子通过链式反应以同样的方式一个接一个地加上(每秒2000~20000个单体)直到活性中心通过不同的反应方式终止。Thepolymerizationisa chainreactionin twoways:becauseofthereactionkineticandbecauseasareaction productoneobtainsachainmolecule.Thelengthofthe chainmolecule isproportionalto thekineticchainlength.聚合反应成为链式反应的两种原因:反应动力学和作为链式反应产物分子。链分子的长度与动力学链长成正比。One cansummarizetheprocess asfollow(R.isequaltotheinitiatorradical):链式反应可以概括为以下过程(R·相当与引发剂自由基):略 Onethusobtainspolyvinylchloride from vinylchloride,orpolystyrenefromstyrene,orpolyethylenefromethylene,etc.因而通过上述过程由氯乙烯得到聚氯乙烯,或由苯乙烯获得聚苯乙烯,或乙烯获得聚乙烯,等等。The length ofthechainmolecules,measuredby meansof thedegreeofpolymerization,canbe variedovera largerange throughselectionof suitablereactionconditions.分子链长通过聚合度测量,可以通过选择适宜的反应条件大为改变Usually,with commerciallypreparedandutilizedpolymers,thedegree ofpolymerization liesintherangeof1000to5000,butinmany cases itcanbe below500 andover10000.商业制备和使用的聚合物,聚合度通常在1000~5000范围内,但在许多情况下可低于500或高于10000。Thisshouldnotbe interpretedtomeanthatallmoleculesofacertain polymericmaterial consistof500,or 1000,or5000monomerunits.In almost all cases,thepolymeric materialconsistsof amixtureofpolymermolecules of different degreesofpolymerization.这不应该把聚合物材料所有的分子理解为由500,或1000,或5000个单体单元组成。在几乎所有的情况下,聚合物材料由不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混合物组成。Polymerization,achainreaction, occursaccordingtothesamemechanismas thewell-knownchlorine-hydrogenreactionand the decompositionof phosegene.链式聚合反应的机理与众所周知的氯(气)-氢(气)反应和光气的分解机理相同。The initiation reaction,whichistheactivation processofthedoublebond,canbebroughtabout by heating,irradiation,ultrasonics,orinitiators.Theinitiation ofthe chainreactioncan beobservedmostclearlywith radicalor ionic initiators.通过双键活化的引发剂反应,可以通过热、辐射、超声波或引发剂产生。可以很清楚地进行研究用自由基型或离子型引发剂引发的链式反应。Theseareenergy-richcompoundswhich can add suitableunsaturated compounds(monomers)and maintainthe activated radicalorionicstatesothatfurther monomermolecules canbe addedinthesamemanner.这些是高能态的化合物,它们能够加成不饱和化合物(单体)并保持自由基或离子活性中心以致单体可以以同样的方式进一步加成。Fortheindividualstepsofthegrowthreaction one needsonlyarelativelysmallactivationenergyand thereforethrough asingle activationstep(the actualinitiationreaction)alarge numberof olefin molecules areconverted,asis impliedbythe term “chain reaction”.对于增长反应的各个步骤,每一步仅需要相当少的活化能,因此通过一步简单的活化反应(即引发反应)即可将许多烯类单体分子转化成聚合物,这正如连锁反应这个术语的内涵那样。Becauseverysmallamountsoftheinitiatorbringabout theformation of alargeamountofpolymericmaterial (1:1000to 1:1000),itis possibletoregardpolymerizationfromasuperficialpointof view asacatalyticreaction.因为少量的引发剂引发形成大量的聚合物原料(1:1000~1:10000),从表面上看聚合反应被看成是催化反应。Forthisreason,theinitiatorsused in polymerizationreactions areoften designatedaspolymerization catalysts,even though,in thestrictest sense,theyarenottrue catalysts because the polymerizationinitiator enters intothe reaction as areal partnerandcanbefoundchemically boundinthereactionproduct,i.e.,thepolymer.由于这个原因,通常把聚合反应的引发剂看作是聚合反应的引发剂。但因为聚合反应的催化剂进入到反应内部而成为一部分,同时可以在反应产物,既聚合物的末端发现催化剂,所以严格地讲它们不是真正意义上的催化剂,Inaddition to theionic andradicalinitiators therearenow metal complexinitiators(whichcanbeobtained,forexample, bythereactionoftitaniumtetrachlorideor titaniumtrichloride with aluminumalkyls),whichplayanimportantroleinpolymerizationreactions(Zieglercatalysts) ,Themechanism oftheir catalytic actionis notyetcompletelyclear.除离子引发剂和自由基引发剂外,还有金属络合物引发剂(可以通过四氯化钛或三氯化钛与烷基铝的反应得到)。它们在聚合反应中起到了重要作用(齐格纳引发剂)。它们催化活动的机理还不是十分清楚。Radical,自由基; ion,离子,ionic,离子的,ionic polymer,离子聚合物,ionomer,离聚体Activation,活化(作用),活化过程; Activestate,活性中心Polyvinylchloride:聚氯乙烯Polystyrene:聚苯乙烯Degreeofpolymerization:聚合度(DP)Mechanism:机理Chlorine:氯气;Hydrogen: 氢气Decomposition:分解。Degradation:降解Irradiation,辐射,照射。ultrasonics, 超声波Imply,暗指,含有…….的意思regard, 把…….看作……..Catalyst:催化剂Ionic:离子的。Ion:离子。Cation:阳离子。Anion:阴离子Complex:络合物Di-: 二。Tri-:三。Tetra-:四。Mono-:单。Penta-:五个;hexa-:六Alkyl:烷基alkane:烷烃。Alkene:烯烃bymeansof…:ByusingOne…after theother… 一个接一个…..be proportional to…:和…成正比Liein处于,落在,在于Bring about,引起,产生,导致fromasuperficialpointofview,从表面上看intheproper(strict、literal)sense在本来(严格、字面)的意义上说的play animportantrolein…: 在….方面起重要作用Even though=evenif,即使,纵然Inadditionto…除了…….之外,在…….起重要作用Radical,自由基//Initiator,引发剂//Unsaturatedmonomer,不饱和单体Organic peroxide, 有机过氧化物//hydroperoxide, 过氧化氢Redox agent, 氧化-还原试剂Azocompounds,偶氮化合物Organometallicreagents,有机金属Irradiation,光辐射,紫外光照射High energy radiation,高能辐射Homolyticdissociation,均裂Chain initiation,链引发反应//chain propagation,链增长反应Steady-stateassumption,稳态假设Rate ofpolymerization,聚合速率Chain transfer,链转移//chaintermination,链终止反应Combination,偶合(终止),结合Disproportionation,歧化(终止)UNIT3 Step-GrowthpolymerizationManydifferentchemicalreactionsmay beusedtosynthesize polymericmaterialsby step-growthpolymerization.Theseincludeesterification, amidation,the formationof urethanes,aromaticsubstitution, etc.通过逐步聚合可用许多不同的化学反应来合成聚合材料。这些反应包括酯化、酰胺化、氨基甲酸酯、芳香族取代物的形成等。Polymerizationproceedsby thereactionsbetweentwodifferentfunctionalgroups,e.g.,hydroxylandcarboxylgroups,or isocyanateandhydroxyl groups.通过在两种不同的官能团,如,羟基和羧基,或异氰酸酯和羟基之间可发生聚合反应。Allstep-growthpolymerizationfallinto two groupsdependingonthe typeofmonomer(s)employed.Thefirstinvolvestwodifferentpolyfunctionalmonomersin whicheachmonomerpossessesonly onetype of functional group.所有的逐步聚合反应根据所使用单体的类型可分为两类。第一类涉及两种不同的官能团单体,每一种单体仅具有一种官能团。A polyfunctionalmonomeris onewithtwoor more functionalgroups per molecule.Thesecond involvesasingle monomer containingbothtypesoffunctionalgroups.一种多官能团单体每个分子有两个或多个官能团。第二类涉及含有两类官能团的单个单体。Thesynthesisofpolyamidesillustratesbothgroupsofpolymerizationreactions.Thus,polyamidescanbe obtainedfromthereactionofdiamines withdiacidsor from thereaction ofaminoacids withthemselves.聚酰胺的合成说明了两类聚合反应。因此聚酰胺可以由二元胺和二元酸的反应或氨基酸之间的反应得到。Thetwogroups of reactionscanberepresentedinageneral manner bytheequationsasfollows两种官能团之间的反应一般来说可以通过下列反应式表示Reaction(3.1)illustratestheformer,while(3.2) isofthe latter type.反应(3.1)说明前一种形式,而反应(3.2)具有后一种形式。Polyesterification,whether betweendiol anddibasicacidorintermolecularlybetweenhydroxyacidmolecules,isan exampleofastep-growthpolymerizationprocess.聚酯化反应是逐步聚合反应过程的一个例子。反应可能在二元酸和二元醇之间或羟基酸分子间进行。Theesterificationreactionoccursanywhere in themonomermatrixwheretwomonomermoleculescollide, andoncetheesterhas formed,it,too,canreactfurther byvirtueof itsstill-reactivehydroxylor carboxyl groups.酯化反应出现在单体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的位置,且酯一旦形成,依靠酯上仍有活性的羟基或羧基还可以进一步进行反应。Thenet effectof thisisthat monomermoleculesareconsumedrapidlywithoutany largeincreaseinmolecularweight.酯化的结果是单体分子很快地被消耗掉,而分子量却没有多少增加。Fig.3.1 illustrates thisphenomenon.Assume,forexample, thateachsquareinFig.3.1arepresents amolecule ofhydroxyacid.Afterthe initialdimmer moleculesfrom (b),halfthemonomermoleculeshave beenconsumedandtheaverage degreeof polymerization(DP)ofpolymericspeciesis 2.图3.1说明了这个现象。假定图3.1中的每一个方格代表一个羟基酸分子。产生二聚体分子后(b),一半的单体分子消耗了,这时平均聚合度(DP)是2。Astrimerandmoredimer moleculesform(c),morethan80%of the monomermolecules have reacted,but DPisstill2.5.Whenallthe monomermoleculeshavereacted (d),DP is4.(c)中形成三聚体和更多的二聚体,超过80%的单体分子已参加反应,但DP仅仅还是2.5。(d)中所有的单体反应完,DP是4。Buteachpolymermolecule thatformsstillhasreactive endgroups; hencethepolymerizationreactionwill continueinastepwisefashion,witheachesterificationstep being identical inrateandmechanismtotheinitialesterificationof monomers.但形成的每一种聚合物分子还有反应活性的端基;因此,聚合反应将以逐步的方式继续进行,其每一步酯化反应的反应速率和反应机理均与初始单体的酯化作用相同。Thus,molecularweightincreasesslowly even at highlevelsofmonomerconversion,anditwill continue toincreaseuntiltheviscosity build-upmakesit mechanically too difficultto removewaterofesterificationor for reactiveendgroups tofindeachother.这样,分子量在高单体转化率下缓慢增加,继续增加直到粘度增加到难以除去酯化反应的水或端基难以相互反应为止。It canalsobeshownthatin theA-A+B-Btypeofpolymerization,anexactstoichiometricbalance isnecessarytoachievehighmolecularweights.Ifsomemonofunctionalimpurity is present,its reaction willlimit themolecular weight byrenderingachainendinactive.在A-A+B-B的聚合反应中,精确的定量配比是获得高分子量所必需的。假如存在一些单官能团杂质,由于链的端基失活,其反应将限制分子量。Similarly,high-purity monomersare necessary in theA-Btypeofpolycondensationanditfollowsthat high-yieldreactionsarethe only practical onesfor polymerformation,sincesidereactionswillupset thestoichiometricbalance.同样,在A-B类的缩聚反应中高纯度的单体是必要的。因为副反应会破坏定量配比,能形成聚合物的实用方法只能是高收率的反应。Step-growthpolymerization:逐步聚合(包括缩聚)Synthesize: v. 合成synthesis: n.Esterification:酯化(COOH和-OH的反应). Ester:酯.COOR polyester,聚酯。Amide: 酰胺(-CONH2) ,Amidation: 酰胺化,polyamide,聚酰胺,尼龙Urethane:(cabarmate)氨基甲酸酯.RO(CO)NR2. 氨基甲酸乙酯,NH2CO2C2H5Polyurethane,聚氨酯, 弹性体。Aromatic:芳香族的(环状的闭合共轭体系,如含苯环的化合物)Aromatic,芳香族的,aromatics,芳香族化合物,香料,芳香剂。aroma,香味,aromaticacid,芳香酸Substitution:n.取代,代替,取代反应 substitute:v.取代举例:C6H5-Br       C6H5-OHFunctionalgroup:官能团Monofunctional, 单官能度的//difunctional,两官能团的Polyfunctional,多官能团的,多官能度的Hydroxyl,羟基,hydro-,氢化的,氢的,水的;-oxyl,…氧基,如methoxyl,甲氧基。carboxyl, 羧基,carbo-,碳,羰isocyanate,异氰酸酯。RN=C=O.iso-,异,等位,如,isoelectric point,等电离点。Isobutylene,异丁烯。。Iso-propanol: 异丙醇。异丁醇ROH +R'NCO→ROC(O)N(H)R'Cyanate,氰酸盐,氰酸酯,RO-CN。Cyanide, 氰化物,如potassiumcyanate,氰化钾。Dimmer, 二聚体,trimer,三聚体,tetramer,四聚体,pentamer,五聚体,Hexamer,六聚体。Heptamer,七聚体,Oligomer,低聚物,低聚体 Diamine,二元胺// diol,二元醇//triol,三元醇//polyol,多元醇酸Ethylene diamine(?)dibasic,二元的//diacid,二元酸//aminoacid,氨基酸Fallinto,归入, 可分为…..Dependingon…,根据…….Ina generalmanner,一般来说Whether….or….,无论是…..还是…….,或者……或者……,不是……就是…..By(后in)virtue of…….依靠,借助于…….Beidentical in… to…,在…….方面和…..是相同的。Identical[ai’dentikəl], a, 同一的,完全相同的,相等的,有同一原因(来源)的,Identical twins,同卵双胞胎,identicalequation,恒等式Thefingerprintsofnotwopersonsareidentical. Yourvoiceis identicalto hersinvolume.build-up:增加烷(-ane)methane ethanepropanebutane ﻫ烷基(-yl)methylethylpropylbutyl亚烷基(-ylene)methyleneethylene 环烷(cyclo-)cyclopropanecyclohexane 烯(-ene) ethenepropenebuteneﻫ 炔(-yne)ethynepropynebutyne ﻫ醇(-ol) methanolethanolpropanolbutanol醛(-al)   formaldehyde ethanal酮(-one)acetone酸(-ic acid)acetic acid酸酐(anhydride) formic anhd. acetic anhd. ﻫ酰胺 (amide)acetamide胺(amine)methylamineethylaminestoichiometric balance,化学计量平衡//conversion,转化率//yield,产率Theaveragedegree ofpolymerization, 平均聚合度Molecularweight:分子量Impurity:杂质。Purity:纯度。Im-:不。 impossiblePolycondensation:缩聚Sidereaction:副反应UNIT 4Ionic PolymerizationIonicpolymerization,similar toradicalpolymerization,alsohasthemechanismof achainreaction.The kineticsofionic polymerizationare,however,considerably different fromthatofradicalpolymerization.离子聚合反应,与自由基聚合反应相似,也是链反应机理。但离子聚合的动力学明显地不同于自由基聚合反应。(1)Theinitiationreactionofionic polymerizationneeds onlya smallactivationenergy.Therefore, therateofpolymerization dependsonlyslightlyonthetemperature. (1)离子聚合的引发反应仅需要很小的活化能。因此,聚合反应的速率与温度关系不大。Ionic polymerizationsoccurinmanycaseswith explosiveviolenceevenattemperature.below50℃(forexample,theanionicpolymerization of styreneat–70℃intetrahydrofuran,orthecationicpolymerizationofisobutyleneat–100℃inliquid ethylene).在许多情况甚至低于50℃下离子聚合反应剧烈(例如,苯乙烯的阴离子聚合在-70℃在四氢呋喃中反应,异丁烯的阳离子聚合在-100℃在液态乙烯中反应)。Withionic polymerizationthereisno compulsorychainterminationthrough recombination,becausethegrowingchainscan notreact witheachother.对于离子聚合来说,因为生长链之间不能发生反应,不存在通过再结合反应而进行的强迫链终止。Chainterminationtakesplaceonlythroughimpurities, or throughtheadditionofcertaincompounds suchaswater, alcohols,acids, amines,oroxygen,andingeneralthroughcompounds whichcanreactwithpolymerization ions undertheformationof neutral compoundsorinactiveionicspecies.链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生,或者说通过和某些像水、醇、酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生,且一般来说(链终止反应)可通过这样的化合物来进行,这种化合物可以和活性聚合物离子进行反应生成中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物。Ifthe initiatorsare only partlydissociated,theinitiationreactionisanequilibrium reaction,wherereactioninone direction gives risetochain initiationandinthe other directiontochaintermination.如果引发剂仅仅部分地离解,引发反应即为一个平衡反应,在出现平衡反应的场合,在一个方向上进行链引发反应,而在另一个方向上则发生链终止反应。Ingeneralionicpolymerizationcan beinitiatedthroughacidic orbasiccompounds.通常离子聚合反应能通过酸性或碱性化合物被引发。Forcationicpolymerization, complexes of BF3,AlCl3,TiCl4, and SnCl4with water,oralcohols, ortertiaryoxoniumsaltshaveshownthemselvestobe particularlyactive.Thepositiveionsaretheonesthatcause chaininitiation. For example:对于阳离子聚合反应来说,BF3,AlCl3,TiCl4和SnCl4与水、或乙醇,或叔烊盐的络合物活性特别高。正离子产生链引发。例如:However,alsowithHCl,H2SO4,andKHSO4,onecan initiatecationicpolymerization.Initiatorsforanionicpolymerizationarealkali metalsand theirorganiccompounds, suchasphenyllithium,butyllithium,phenylsodium,andtriphenylmethylpotassium,which aremoreorless stronglydissociatedindifferentsolvents.但BF3与HCl、H2SO4和KHSO4也可以引发
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