资格英语-雅思阅读十大领域之医学篇

资格英语-雅思阅读十大领域之医学篇 雅思阅读十大领域之医学篇 Part ? Matching a. fatal b. maintain c. supposition d. eradicate e. handle 1、 assumption 2、 lethal 3、 eliminate 4、 tackle 5、 sustain a. famously b. controlled c. doubtful d. element e. core 6、 captive 7、 pith 8、 notoriously 9、 dubious 10、 ingredient a. persuade b. insufficient c. spontaneous urge d. ignore e. compassionate f. collect g. cause 11、 sympathetic 12、 convince 13、 neglect 14、 scant 15、 impulse 16、 induce 17、 accumulate Part ? true or false questions 18、 A large amount of money has been invested in dealing with malaria in the world. 19、 Almost all of the people died of malaria are infants. 20、 The mortality rate of children caused by malaria in Africa is higher than people thought. Part ? essay question 21、 What did Dr. Engel say at the Edinburgh Science Festival? 22、 Why do animals have the behaviour named geophagy? 23、 What have people learned from animals about self-medication? 24、 According to Paragraph A, what do doctors do when they want to use placebo effect? 25、 How do people's state of mind influence their physiology? 26、 What did the London rheumatologist find about how to trigger the placebo effect? Part ? Actual Test You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Malaria Kills Twice as Many People as Previously Thought Malaria kills twice as many people every year as formerly believed, taking 1.2 million lives and causing the deaths not only of babies but also older children and adults, according to the research that overturns decades of assumptions about one of the world's most lethal diseases. The research comes from the highly respected Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME., and is published in the Lancet medical journal. It has reanalysed 30 years of data on the disease using new techniques and will force a rethink of the huge global effort that has been under way to eliminate malaria. That ambition now looks highly unlikely by the UN target date of 2015. It also raises urgent questions about the future of the troubled global fund to fight Aids, TB and Malaria, which has provided the money for most of the tools to combat the disease in Africa, such as insecticide-impregnated bed nets and new drugs. The fund is in financial crisis and has had to cancel its next grant-making round. Dr. Christopher Murray and colleagues have systematically collected data on deaths from all over the world over a 30-year period, from 1980 to 2010, using new methodologies and inventive ways of measuring mortality in countries where deaths are not conventionally recorded. The work on malaria is part of a much bigger project which has already led to new estimates of the death rates of women in childbirth and pregnancy and from breast and cervical cancer. Their figure of 1.2 million deaths for 2010 is nearly double the 655,000 estimated in last year's World Malaria Report. The good news is that they have confirmed the downward trend that the World Health Organisation's report showed, as a result of efforts by donors, aid organisations and governments to tackle the disease. The bad news is that the decline comes from a much higher peak—deaths hit 1.8 million in 2004, they say. That means the interventions such as better treatment and bed nets are working, but there is much further to go than everybody had assumed. 'You learn in medical school that people exposed to malaria as children develop immunity and rarely die from malaria as adults,' said Murray, IHME director and the study's lead author. 'What we have found in hospital records, death records, surveys and other sources shows that just is not the case.' Most deaths are still in children, but a fifth are among those aged 15 to 49, 9% are among 50- to 69-year-olds and 6% are in people over 70, so a third of all deaths are in adults. In countries outside sub-Saharan Africa, more than 40% of deaths were in adults. In Africa, though, the contribution of malaria to children's deaths is higher than had been thought, causing 24% of their deaths in 2008 and not 16% as found by a report by Black and colleagues, whose methodology was used in the World Malaria Report. That means that malaria needs a higher priority if the millennium development goal of cutting child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 is to be achieved, say the authors. They add: 'That malaria is a previously unrecognised driver of adult mortality also means that the benefits and cost-effectiveness of malaria control, elimination and eradication are likely to have been underestimated.' There is a need, they say, to pay attention to the risks malaria poses to adults and they support the recent strategy to hand out insecticide-impregnated bed nets to protect all members of the household against mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites, instead of insisting they are only for babies and pregnant women, as was originally the case. Malaria deaths have come down by 32% from 1.8 million in 2004 to 1.2 million in 2010 because of the sustained effort to get bed nets into homes, indoor spraying and new artemisinin combination drugs—older anti-malarials do not work in many areas because the parasite has developed resistance to them. More than two-thirds of this has been paid for by the Geneva-based global fund, which has suffered from donors' unwillingness to invest more money. Professor Rifat Atun, director of strategy, performance and evaluation at the fund, said more than $2.5bn (,1.6bn) had been disbursed for malaria control between 2009 and 2011. By the end of 2011, 235m bed nets had been distributed. Money that had been pledged was still coming in, he said, which meant it would be able to invest substantially this year and next. 'What we are not able to achieve is the rate of increase in investment of the last few years. The trajectory we have been able to establish will not be realised,' he said. 'Given the new burden that Christopher Murray has been able to show, we really need to ramp up investments in malaria and that really needs more funding. The mortality figures are much, much larger. We need to double our efforts to address the burden that we have.' The Department for International Development said: 'We are committed to helping halve malaria deaths in at least 10 of the worst affected countries. We will do this by increasing the number of bed nets used by women and children; improving the diagnosis and treatment of malarial; and strengthening health information systems to better monitor progress and target interventions.' —Guardian 27、Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet. Malaria, as the one of the (1) diseases tends to kill both (2) and (3) besides little babies. In order to eliminate malaria, the research of IHME use (4) and now it seems that its target is almost impossible to achieve. IHME also reminds people of the problems of (5) to fight Aids, TB and Malaria. In fact, a considerable amount of money has been provided for the technology used to deal with these diseases, such as (6) and (7) . Nevertheless, more money is needed. 34、Look at the following statements and the list of people (organisation) below. Match each statement with the correct people (organisation), A-D. Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. List of People (Organisation) A Dr. Christopher Murray B Black and colleagues C Professor Rifat Atun D The Department for International Development The knowledge students learn from medical schools is far from reality. 35、 Despite substantial funding provided these years, more money is needed to control malaria. 36、 The scheme that can estimate the death rates of pregnant women has already been carried out. 37、 The death rates of children caused by malaria in Africa is much higher than had been thought. 38、 Many actions will be taken to reduce malaria deaths in at least 10 countries. 39、 The effective practice is not to hand out bed nets only to babies and women but to all households. Health in the Wild: Animal Doctors Many animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a thing or two to learn from them. For the past decade Dr. Engel, a lecturer in environmental sciences at Britain's Open University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behaviour in wild animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh Science Festival earlier this month, she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some skepticism by her colleagues in the past. But a growing number of animal behaviourists now think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs. William Karesh, of the Wildlife Conservation Society, in New York, for example, has studied the health of a wide range of wild animals, including anaconda snakes, macaws, penguins, guanacos (South American beasts related to camels), impala and buffalo. The animals were mostly in good physical condition, which is not surprising, since the weak quickly go to the wall in the wild. But blood tests showed that many had encountered nasty viral and bacterial diseases in the past—including diseases that are often fatal in captive animals, even when treated by vets. Moreover, if healthy wild animals are brought into captivity, their health often deteriorates unless great care is taken over their living conditions. Such observations suggest that wild animals can do something to keep themselves healthy that captive animals cannot. Hearty animals One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania, noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with the pith of a plant called Veronia. This plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps (nor people, for that matter; locals use the pith for the same purpose). Given that the plant is known locally as 'goat-killer', however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some consume it indiscriminately, and succumb. Since the Veronia—eating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many species, for example, consume dirt—a behaviour known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be getting something else out of eating earth. The current belief is that soil—and particularly the clay in it—helps to detoxify the defensive poisons that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten. Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the University of California, Davis. Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members, such as strychnine. In the wild, the birds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr. Gilardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of a harmless alkaloid and clay, and a second group just the alkaloid. Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60% less alkaloid in their bloodstreams than those that had not, suggesting that the hypothesis is correct. Rough and ready A third instance of animal self-medication is the use of mechanical scours to get rid of gut parasites. In 1972 Richard Wrangham, a researcher at the Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania, noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a tree called Aspilia. The chimps chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their mouths. Having chosen a leaf, a chimp would fold it into a fan and swallow it. Some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their noses as they swallowed these leaves, suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later, undigested leaves were found on the forest floor. Dr. Wrangham rightly guessed that the leaves had a medicinal purpose—this was, indeed, one of the earliest interpretations of a behaviour pattern as self-medication. However, he guessed wrong about what the mechanism was. His (and everybody else's) assumption was that Aspilia contained a drug, and this sparked more than two decades of phytochemical research to try to find out what chemical the chimps were after. But by the 1990s, chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common. The drug hypothesis was looking more and more dubious. It was Dr. Huffman who got to the bottom of the problem in 1999. He did so by watching what came out of the chimps, rather than concentrating on what went in. He found that the egested leaves were full of intestinal worms. The factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by the chimps was that they were covered with microscopic hooks. These caught the worms and dragged them from their lodgings. Following that observation, Dr. Engel is now particularly excited about how knowledge of the way that animals look after themselves could be used to improve the health of livestock. People might also be able to learn a thing or two—and may, indeed, already have done so. Geophagy, for example, is a common behaviour in many parts of the world. The medical stalls in African markets frequently sell tablets made of different sorts of clays, appropriate to different medical conditions. Africans brought to the Americas as slaves continued this tradition, which gave their owners one more excuse to affect to despise them. Yet, as Dr. Engel points out, Rwandan mountain gorillas eat a type of clay rather similar to kaolinite—the main ingredient of many patent medicines sold over the counter in the West for digestive complaints. Dirt can sometimes be good for you, and to be 'as sick as a parrot' may, after all, be a state to be desired. —Economist 40、Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each answer. Write your answer in boxes on your answer sheet. Three Researches of Animal Self-Medication Time Researcher Location Description They found that local chimpanzees always took a pith of (15) , Michael which is also Huffman and (14) 1987 called Mohamedi Seifu (16) in local areas due to the poisonous chemicals— (17) in it. They carried out some experiments on macaws and found that James Gilardi macaws use (19) and his (18) 1999 colleagues in soil to detoxify the toxic chemical— (20) in the seeds. Wrangham was curious about the reason why chimpanzees ate the leaves of (21) so carefully. After his drug From hypothesis failed, Dr. 1972 Richard Tanzania Huffman noticed to Wrangham that chimps 1999 always chose leaves with (22) because these kind of leaves can help drag (23) out. 50、Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this No one now criticises the idea that animals can deal with their own medical problems. 51、 Captive animals know how to take care of themselves as wild ones. 52、 Human beings have already known how to use clay in medicines as animals do. The Power of Nothing Want to devise a new form of alternative medicine? No problem. Here is the recipe. A Be warm, sympathetic, reassuring and enthusiastic. Your treatment should involve physical contact, and each session with your patients should last at least half an hour. Encourage your patients to take an active part in their treatment and understand how their disorders relate to the rest of their lives. Tell them that their own bodies possess the true power to heal. Make them pay you out of their own pockets. Describe your treatment in familiar words, but embroidered with a hint of mysticism: energy fields, energy flows, energy blocks, meridians, forces, auras, rhythms and the like. Refer to the knowledge of an earlier age: wisdom carelessly swept aside by the rise and rise of blind, mechanistic science. B Oh, come off it, you are saying. Something invented off the top of your head could not possibly work, could it? Well yes, it could—and often well enough to earn you a living. A good living if you are sufficiently convincing, or, better still, really believe in your therapy. Many illnesses get better on their own, so if you are lucky and administer your treatment at just the right time you will get the credit. But that's only part of it. Some of the improvement really would be down to you. Your healing power would be the outcome of a paradoxical force that conventional medicine recognises but remains oddly ambivalent about: the placebo effect. C Placebos are treatments that have no direct effect on the body, yet still work because the patient has faith in their power to heal. Most often the term refers to a dummy pill, but it applies just as much to any device or procedure, from a sticking plaster to a crystal to an operation. The existence of the placebo effect implies that even quackery may confer real benefits, which is why any mention of placebo is a touchy subject for many practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), who are likely to regard it as tantamount to a charge of charlatanism. In fact, the placebo effect is a powerful part of all medical care, orthodox or otherwise, though its role is often neglected or misunderstood. D One of the great strengths of CAM may be its practitioners' skill in deploying the placebo effect to accomplish real healing. 'Complementary practitioners are miles better at producing non-specific effects and good therapeutic relationships,' says Edzard Ernst, professor of CAM at Exeter University. The question is whether CAM could be integrated into conventional medicine, as some would like, without losing much of this power. E At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our physiology: anger opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the tear glands. But exactly how placebos work their medical magic is still largely unknown. Most of the scant research done so far has focused on the control of pain, because it's one of the commonest complaints and lends itself to experimental study. Here, attention has turned to the endorphins, morphine-like neurochemicals known to help control pain. 'Any of the neurochemicals involved in transmitting pain impulses or modulating them might also be involved in generating the placebo response,' says Don Price, an oral surgeon at the University of Florida who studies the placebo effect in dental pain. F 'But endorphins are still out in front.' That case has been strengthened by the recent work of Fabroizio Benedettil of the University of Turin, who showed that the placebo effect can be abolished by a drug, naloxone, which blocks the effects of endorphins. Benedetti induced pain in human volunteers by inflating a blood-pressure cuff on the forearm. He did this several times a day for several days, without saying anything, he replaced the morphine with a saline solution. This still relieved the subjects' pain: a placebo effect. But when he added naloxone to the saline the pain relief disappeared. Here was direct proof that placebo analgesia is mediated, at least in part, by these natural opiates. Still, no one knows how belief triggers endorphin release, or why most people cannot achieve placebo pain relief simply by willing it. G Though scientists do not know how exactly how placebos work, they have accumulated a fair bit of knowledge about how to trigger the effect. A London rheumatologist found, for example, that red dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones. Research on American students revealed that blue pills make better sedatives than pink, a colour more suitable for stimulants. Even branding can make a difference: if Aspro or Tylenol are what you like to take for a headache, their chemically identical generic equivalents may be less effective. H It matters, too, how the treatment is delivered. 'Physicians who adopt a warm, friendly and reassuring bedside manner', reports Edzard Ernst, professor of Complementary and Alternative Medicine at Exeler University, 'are more effective than those whose consultations are formal and do not offer reassurance.' Warm, friendly and reassuring are also alternative medicine's strong suits, of course. Many of the ingredients of that opening recipe—the physical contact, the generous swathes of time, the strong hints of supernormal healing power are just the kind of thing likely to impress patients. It is hardly surprising, then, that aroma therapists, acupuncturists, herbalists, etc. seem to be good at mobilising the placebo effect. —New Scientist 53、Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, ?-?, in boxes on your answer sheet. List of Headings ? The positive and negative aspects of CAM ? The warmer doctors are, the more effective treatments are ? The limited understanding of the principle of the placebo effect ? The detailed description of using placebos ? The use of the placebo effect to heal real illnesses ? How to generate the placebo effect ? Different reasons for illnesses to get better ? People's misunderstanding of the placebo effect ? The meaning of placebo and its role in medicine ? The mechanism of placebos ? A placebo effect ? The effect of mood on illnesses Paragraph A 54、 Paragraph B 55、 Paragraph C 56、 Paragraph D 57、 Paragraph E 58、 Paragraph F 59、 Paragraph G 60、 Paragraph H 61、Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 3 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet. Some illnesses can be alleviated (35) , while others may be the result of a (36) as traditional therapists think, which is called the placebo effect. Placebo is referred to as a (37) that can be applied to any (38) And in many CAM practitioners' mind, it is considered as equal to a (39) Although placebo has no direct effect on the body and its role is always misunderstood, it is an influential part of all (40) . 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 : Part ? Matching 1、 2、 3、 4、 5、 6、 7、 8、 9、 10、 11、 12、 13、 14、 15、 16、 17、 Part ? true or false questions 18、A 19、B 20、A Part ? essay question 21、 Although some people are skeptical of self-medicating behaviour in wild animals, more and more animal behaviourists think that is true. 22、 Because the soil supplies minerals for animals, and the clay in soil can help to detoxify the poisons of some plants. 23、 People use the animals' way to improve They treat their patients with warmth, their health, such as geophagy. 24、 sympathy, reassurance and enthusiasm, and keep physical contact with their patients. 25、 Anger opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the tear glands. 26、 Red dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones. Part ? Actual Test 27、most lethal/world's most lethal 第一段Malaria kills twice...world's most lethal diseases. 均为原词。 题目考查内容为malaria是什么疾病之一。原文首段描述信息的结尾给出的diseases前刚好 有one of的表达，与题目相符，所以文中描述malaria的(world's)most lethal便为答案。 28、older children(或adult) 第一段Malaria kills twice...world's most lethal diseases. cause the deaths of=kill; not only...but also...and=both...and...besides 题目考查信息为malaria伤害的对象。题目给出了对象之一，即little babies，所以需要 回原文寻找和babies并列的词语，原文中older children和adults都和babies并列，所以它 们便是题目的答案。 29、adults(或older children) 第一段Malaria kills twice...world's most lethal diseases. cause the deaths of=kill; not only...but also...and=both...and...besides 题目考查信息为malaria伤害的对象。题目给出了对象之一，即little babies，所以需要 回原文寻找和babies并列的词语，原文中older children和adults都和babies并列，所以它 们便是题目的答案。 30、new techniques 第二段第一、二句The research comes from...eliminate malaria. to=in order to 题目考查信息为IHME为消灭疟疾所使用的方法。根据题干中的专有名词IHME和eliminate malaria定位至第二段，在原文中可以看到use原词，它的宾语new techniques便是答案。 31、global fund/fund 第三段第一句It also raises urgent questions...new drugs. raise=remind; questions about=problems of 题目考查内容为对抗Aids、TB和Malaria几种疾病时所遇到的问题。根据这几种疾病名称定位至第三段，发现原文在提及这几种疾病的对抗时提到一个问题，即troubled global fund，由此也可以看出global fund。 32、insecticide-impregnated bed nets(或new drugs) 第三段第一句It also raises urgent questions...new drugs. tool=technology; combat=deal with 此题目考查内容为已经注入大量资金并投入使用的技术或方法。根据上题所对应的原文可知，方法有两种:insecticide-impregnated bed nets和new drugs，它们是题目的答案。 33、new drugs(或insecticide-impregnated bed nets) 第三段第一句It also raises urgent questions...new drugs. tool=technology; combat=deal with 此题目考查内容为已经注入大量资金并投入使用的技术或方法。根据上题所对应的原文可知，方法有两种:insecticide-impregnated bed nets和new drugs，它们是题目的答案。 34、 第六段第一、二句'You learn in medical school...not the case.' not the case=far from reality 此题目信息为学生在医学院学到的知识与实际相差甚远。根据medical school定位至第六段，发现medical school周围所述内容和题干一致，而说这话的人是Murray。所以A。 35、 第十一段第四、五句'...The trajectory we...needs more funding... ramp up=more; investment/funding=money 此题目信息为尽管已投入大量的资金，但为了控制疟疾还需要投入更多资金。根据题干信息定位至第十一段第五句，这些内容的 发言 中层任职表态发言幼儿园年会园长发言稿在政协会议上的发言在区委务虚会上的发言内部审计座谈会发言稿 人是第四句中的he，而he代表的是段首出现的Professor Rifat Atun。所以C。 36、 第四段第二句The work on malaria...cervical cancer. project=scheme; pregnancy=pregnant 此题目信息为针对怀孕妇女的死亡率的分析项目已经展开。根据定位词定位至第四段第二句，可以发现是Murray提到了相关信息。所以A。 37、 第七段In Africa, though...World Malaria Report. contribution=cause 此题目信息为在非洲疟疾导致的儿童死亡率超出人们的想象。根据题干信息定位至第七段，可知题干信息是一份报告中提到的内容，而报告的作者是by之后Black and colleagues。所以B。 38、 第十一段倒数第一句The Department for...worst affected countries...' halve=reduce 此题目信息为针对减少疟疾死亡率所采取的措施将会在至少10个国家实施。根据题干信息，尤其是数学10 countries可定位至最后一段倒数第一句，说这话的是The Department for International Development。所以D。 39、 第九段There is a need...originally the case. practice=strategy 此题目信息为有效措施不是将蚊帐只发给儿童和妇女而应该发给所有人。原文第九段提到相关信息，由原文可知提出这一建议的是they，答案就是they指代的名词，顺藤摸瓜，往前推两段，可 知they指代Black and colleagues。所以B。 40、Tanzania 第三段第一、二句One example of...called Veronia. 均为原词。 此题目考查内容为1987年Michael Huffman等进行研究的地点，根据时间和人名很容易定位至第三段，该段第二句提到地点，为Tanzania。注意:由于第三项研究的题干中给出的是大地点，所以本题也要填写大地点而不是小地点。 Veronia 41、 第三段第一、二句One example of...called Veronia. dose=take 此题目考查信息为大猩猩服用的植物名。进行原文定位后，called的宾语就是该种植物的名称。所以Veronia。 42、goat-killer 第三段第五句Given that the plant...chimps and humans. locally=in local areas; be called=be known as 此题目考查信息为上题答案的别称。虽然与下题目出现了乱序现象，但是由于目标明确，所以答案也很容易得出。 43、terpenes 第三段第三句This plant produces...called terpenes. 均为原词。 题干中的it代表题目上两道题的答案所指的植物，即Veronia。此题目考查信息为这种植物中含有的有毒物质的名称。根据题干信息定位后可知，这种植物产生一种叫terpenes的有毒物质。所以名词terpenes。 44、Davis 第五段第二句Evidence for the...California, Davis. 均为原词。 此题目考查信息为1999年James Gilardi and his colleagues进行研究的地点。根据题干中的时间和人名定位至第五段，由原文信息可知地点为Davis。注意，本题也填大地点。 45、clay 第五段第一句The current belief...from being eaten. 均为原词。 此题目考查信息为土壤中含有的特殊物质，这种物质被macaws来排毒。根据题干信息定位后，可知这种物质的是土壤中的clay。 46、alkaloids 第六段第一句Macaws eat seeds...such as strychnine. contain=in 根据题干中的破折号可知，此题目考查detoxify的对象的名称，并且这种物质存在于种子中。阅读定位句周围的信息，可以看到Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids..., alkaloids 存在于种子中，而且是一种有毒性的化学物质，符合题目 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 。 47、Aspilia 第七段第二句In 1972 Richard...called Aspilia. 均为原词。 此题目考查信息为1972年的研究中大猩猩所食用的是何种植物的叶子。根据题目中的时间和人名定位至第七段，根据题干中的chimpanzees和leaves找到对应植物名为Aspilia，即最终答案。 48、microscopic hooks/hooks 第九段第四句The factor common...microscopic hooks. be covered with=with 此题目考查信息为Dr. Huffman的发现，具体来说，考查点是大猩猩食用的叶子的特点。根据定位词回到原文，可知这些叶子都被微小的钩子所覆盖。所以答案microscopic hooks。 49、intestinal worms/worms 第九段第三句至第五句He found that...from their lodgings. 均为原词。 题目考查信息为这种叶子的作用，即能够把什么拽出来。回到原文，虽然动词drag保持原形，但drag的宾语them需要找到对应内容。向前阅读可以发现them的指代对象为intestinal worms，即这道题目的答案。 50、NOT GIVEN 第一段第三、四句In a talk...own medical needs. medical needs=medical problems 此题目考查信息为任何人都不会对动物进行自我治疗的看法持批评意见。回到原文，在首段可以看到动物自我治疗的信息，也可以看到表示批判的词汇skepticism，同时之后有转折信息，强调越来越多的人支持动物自我治疗这一观点。但是并没有提到是否完全无人反对。所以NOT GIVEN。 51、FALSE 第二段最后一句Such observations suggest...animals cannot. keep healthy=take care of 此题目考查信息为圈养动物和野生动物两种动物之间的比较关系。用两种动物名称来进行定位，可以发现文章第二段为对应段落，而段尾提到的两者关系与题目关系相矛盾。所以FALSE。 52、TRUE 第十段第二句至第四句People might...medical conditions. People=Human beings 此题目考查信息为人类对于黏土在医学中的应用的认知度。由于文中提到人类的地方比较少，所以定位相对容易，在文章倒数第二段提到相关信息。首先提到人们已经从动物自我治疗中学到了一些方法，之后就以黏土作为例子来证明这一点，说明人们了解黏土在医学中的用法。所以TRUE。 53、 A段Be warm...mechanistic science. 具体细节的描写=detailed description 此题目答案的得出需要阅读整个段落。A段中的warm、sympathetic等形容词和encourage、tell等动词都是在描述使用安慰疗法的医生应该如何对待他们的病人。所以?。 54、 B段第五句至第八句Many illnesses...the placebo effect. 均为原词。 此题目答案来自段中以及段尾。由于该段前两句没有实质性内容出现，所以按照真题答案规律，考生需要阅读段尾句。在阅读段尾句时可以发现主语your healing power是承接上一句中的内容，所以继续向前阅读可以发现段中有转折词汇but，并且其前后描述的是疾病痊愈的两种可能的原因。这一点刚好与?选项内容一致。所以?。 55、 C段第一句Placebos are treatments...their power to heal. C段最后一句In fact...neglected or misunderstood. 均为原词。 此题目答案来自段首、尾句。段首句以及之后的句子主要是就placebo的概念进行了介绍;而段尾句则提到placebo在医学中的作用。所以答案?。 56、 D段第一句One of the great...real healing. D段最后一句The question is...much of this power. strength=positive; question=negative 此题目答案来自段首、尾句。段首句介绍了CAM的优势，而段尾句提到了CAM的问题，而且此段落是唯一详述CAM的段落。所以答案非常容易得出。 57、 E段第二、三句But exactly how placebos...experimental study. scant=limited 由于第二句句首为转折关系词but，所以按答案寻找规律，把重点放在第二句。但是阅读第二句可以发现，句中提到placebo到底如何发挥其治疗魔力还不得而知，之后谈到的是目前的研究主要集中于疼痛的控制问题上，换句话说，对placebo在医疗中的确切应用情况还不是特别清楚。所以?。 58、 F段第五句This still relieved...a placebo effect. 均为原词。 此题目答案来自段中。本段主要做了一个实验，这一实验的主要发现是:安慰疗法对于缓解疼痛有效，这刚好与?选项内容吻合。所以?。 59、 G段第一句Though scientists do...trigger the effect. trigger=generate 此题目答案来自段首句。本句是个转折句，重点在后面。虽然科学家不了解安慰疗法是如何起作用的，但是他们对如何激发安慰疗法效应还是有所了解的。这一内容刚好同?选项的内容吻合。所以?。 60、 H段第二句'Physicians who adopt...offer reassurance.' physicians=doctors 此题目答案来自于该段第二句。由于段首句没有实质内容出现，所以按照真题答案规律，继续阅读第二句。在阅读时可以发现其中谈到了医生的言谈举止会影响到医疗效果，以后的句子都是围绕这一内容展开的。这一内容只有在?选项中有对应。所以?。 61、on their own B段第五句Many illnesses...will get the credit. many=some; get better=can be alleviated 此题目考查的是一些病痛好转的原因。根据定位词定位至B段第五句。由原文可知，疾病好转是on their own的结果，所以这三个单词便是这道题目的答案。 62、paradoxical force B段第七、八句Some of the...the placebo effect. outcome=result; conventional=traditional 此题目考查的是另外一些病痛好转的原因。空格前给出冠词a，说明空格处应该填写单数名词;而空格后给出的as traditional therapists think提示内容使得题目定位很容易，定位至B段尾句。回到原文可以看到题干中traditional therapists的对应信息为conventional medicine。所以其前的paradoxical force。 63、dummy pill C段第一、二句Placebos are treatments...to an operation. refer to=be referred to as 此题目考查内容是placebo的定义。由于空格前有冠词a，说明空格处应填写单数名词。回到原文，可以看到原文中给出了下定义常用的refer to。所以之后的dummy pill便是答案。 64、device or procedure C段第二句Most often the term...an operation. 均为原词。 此题目考查内容为placebo的应用领域。由于空格前有绝对性词汇限定，所以答案非常容易得出:device or procedure。 65、charge of charlatanism C段第三句The existence of...charge of charlatanism. regard=consider; tantamount=equal 此题目考查内容为placebo在practitioner心中的定义。根据practitioner定位至C段第三句，阅读时可以发现CAM practitioner将其认为是charge of charlatanism。 66、medical care C段最后一句In fact...neglected or misunderstood. powerful=influential 此题目考查内容placebo在什么方面有影响力。由于空格前有绝对词all限定，所以可定位至C段最后一句，回到原文，阅读时可以发现medical care。