历年英语四级阅读理解逐句翻译(有重难点词语)

历年英语四级阅读理解逐句翻译(有重难点词语) 2006年6月 一、 Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. 通讯技术在传递真相的时候并不是简单地和真相本身一致。 The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. 从第一项对使用不同通讯媒介时的诚实程度的比较重可以看出，人们在使用电话时的说谎几率是使用电子 邮件时的两倍。 The fact that emails are automatically recorded-and can come back to haunt (困扰) you-appears to be the key to the finding. 因为电子邮件内容会被自动 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 下来----并可能对你造成困扰----这就是这项研究的关键所在。 Jeff Hancock of Cor'nell University in Ithaca ['iθ?k?] , New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. Jeff Hancock在位于纽约州伊萨卡的康奈尔大学执教，他曾要求30个学生记录一周中每天的通讯情况。 In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. 参与其中的人需要记录超过10分钟的对话或者电子邮件通讯的数量，并且要坦诚自己说了多少谎话。 Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls. Hancock据此推算出使用各种通讯媒介在每次交流过程中说谎的次数。他得出结论:谎言在电子邮件通讯 中占了14%，在当面沟通中占了27%，而在电话交流中占了37% His results, to be presented at the conference on human computer interaction in Vienna[vi?en?], Austria['?:stri?], in April, have surprised psychologists. 这项研究结果于4月份再奥地利维也纳的“人与电脑互动国际会议”上被宣读，并且令心理学家们感到惊讶。 Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of e-mailing would make it easier to lie. 有人认为电子邮件是最主要的谎言媒介，因为欺骗会让人不适，而电子邮件非直接接触的特性使其更容易 成为谎言发生的渠道。 Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication. 还有人认为在当面交流的过程中更容易说谎，因为当面交流史最常见的沟通方式。(因为人们更擅长当面交 流，所以撒谎技术更娴熟)。 But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether occurs in real time. 但是Hancock认为同样重要的是对话过程是否会被记录下来并能够被重新阅读，以及对话是否是即时发生 的。 People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone. 当人们觉得时候要对交流过程负责时，就会对说谎存有恐惧感。这就是为什么电子邮件中的谎言要少于电 话中的。 People are also more likely to lie in real time-in an instant message to phone call, say-than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. Hancock说，与有时间思考如何回应的情况相比，人们也更倾向于在即时交流过程中说谎---例如在即时信 息或者电话中。 He found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: "Do you like my dress?" 他发现很多谎言都是对一些偶然问题脱口而出的回应，例如:"你觉得我的裙子怎么样," Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. Hancock希望他的研究结果能帮助公司找出员工之间沟通的最佳途径。 For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email. 但是根据该项研究结果，在做以诚实为重的工作时，最好还是发电子邮件。 二、 In a country that defines itself by ideals,not by shared blood,who should be allowed to come,work and live here? 在一个以理念，而不是血缘定义自身的国家里，什么样的人才可以来到这里工作和生活呢, In the wake of the Sept.11 attacks these questions have never seemed more pressing. 在"9-11"袭击事件之后，这些问题的紧迫性达到了前所未有的程度。 On December .11,2001,as part of the effort to increase homeland securty ,federal and local authorities in 14 states staged "Operation Safe Travel" -raids on airports to arrest employees with false identification(身份证明). 2001年12月11日，作为增强国土安全工作的一部分，联邦和14个州的机关发动了“安全旅行操作”行动---- 搜查了机场并逮捕了使用假身份证的雇员。 In Salt Lake City there were 69 arrests.But those captured were anything but terrorists,most of them illegal immigrants from Central or Sounth American . 在盐湖城有69人被捕。这些被捕的人形形色色，但是就是没有恐怖分子，他们中大多数人是来自中南美洲 的非法移民。 Authorities said the undocumented worker's illegal status made them open to blankmall(讹诈)by terrorists. 当地政府说，非法劳工的不合法身份使他们容易受恐怖分子讹诈。 Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods. 许多在盐湖城的移民对于被捕感到非常气愤，并 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示感觉自己就像被丢弃的东西一样。 Mayor Anderson said those feelings were justified to a certain extent. Anderson市长称这些人的感受就某种程度而言是有根据的 "We're saying we want you to work in these places,we're going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are,and then when it's convenient for us,or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security,especially after Sept.11,then you'er disposable There are whole families being uprooted for all of the wrong reasons,"Anderson said. “我们声称想让你们在这些地方工作，但我们的法律却让我们用另外一种方式来看待你们，因而在适当的时 候，或在我们以国家安全为由的时候，特别是在"9-11"之后，你们就被丢弃了。有些人全家都因为这些不 合理的理由而被扫地出门。” If Sept.11 had never happened the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America,probably indefinitely . 如果"9-11"没有发生，机场工作人员就不会被捕，可以在美国一直过着安宁的日子，可能永 远这样生活着。 Ana Castro,a ,amanager at a Ben & Jerry'sice cream shop at the airport.had been working 10 years with the same false Social Aecurity card when she was arrested in the December airport raid.一位 名叫Ana Castro的机场Ben Jerry's雪糕店经历，使用伪造的社会保障卡工作已经有10年了，直到她在 12月机场搜查中被捕。 Now she and her family are living under the threat of deporation(驱逐出境). Castro's case is currently waiting to be settled.While she awaits the outcome ,the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben&Jerry's. 现在她和家人生活在可能被驱逐出境的威胁下。Castro的案件目前正等候处理。在她等待处理结果时，政 府允许她在美工作，所以她又回到"Ben Jerry's"继续她的工作。 2006年12月 一、 Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water， which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland， Canada. 从加拿大纽芬兰海岸附近的冰山采集而来的Iceberg瓶装水，在北美到达了流行的新巅峰。 Arthur von Wiesenberger， who carries the title Water Master， is one of the few water critics in North America. 拥有“水之大师”头衔的Arthur von Wiesenberger，是北美为数不多的“水评家”之一。 As a boy， he spent time in the larger cities of Italy， France and Switzerland， where bottled water is consumed daily. 孩童时代的她，在一些意大利、法国和瑞士的大城市里待了很长一段时间，那些地方每天会消费大量的瓶 装水。 Even then， he kept a water journal， noting the brands he liked best. “My dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water，” He says. 从那之后，他写了一本水日记，记录他最喜好的品牌。“连我的狗都可以分辨瓶装水和自来水”他戏称。 But is plain tap water all that bad, Not at all. In fact， New York’s municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity. 但平淡无味的普通自来水就那么糟糕吗,不尽然。事实上，过去的一个多世纪以来，纽约的水被称为自来 水中的香槟酒，最近更被人称为在未到和纯净方面属于全球最好之一。 Similarly， a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive. 同样，一本英国杂志发现院子泰晤士河的自来水尝起来远比一些贵上400倍的大牌瓶装水要好。 Nevertheless， soft,drink companies view bottled water as the next battleground for market share—this despite the fact that over 25 percent of bottled water comes from tap water: PepsiCo’s Aquafina and Coca,Cola’s Dasani are both purified tap water rather than spring water. 然而，软饮料公司认为瓶装水是下一个市场份额的战场---尽管事实上超过百分二十五的瓶装水来自自来 水。Pepsico公司的Aquafina和Coca-Cola的Dasani两者都是净化过的自来水，而非矿泉水。 As diners thirst for leading brands， bottlers and restaurateurs salivate (垂涎) over the profits. 用餐者都渴望喝大牌的瓶装水，瓶装水供应商和参观则垂涎背后的利润。 A restaurant’s typical mark,up on wine is 100 to 150 percent， whereas on bottled water it’s often 300 to 500 percent. 餐厅通常会在将酒价标高至100%到150%，然后在瓶装水上，通常是300%到500% But since water is much cheaper than wine， and many of the fancier brands aren’t available in stores， most diners don’t notice or care. 但由于水比酒廉价多了，况且许多稀奇古怪的品牌在商店里买不到，大多数用餐的人也就不注意，不关心 了。 As a result， some restaurants are turning up the pressure to sell bottled water. 结果，好些餐厅都在想方设法卖瓶装水。 According to an article in The Street Journal， some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell， listing brands on the menu without prices， and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it. 根据《华尔街日报》的一篇文章，一些比较无耻的手法包括:在餐厅桌上放置有人的瓶子用以视觉销售; 菜单只罗列瓶装品牌却无价格;还有叶不问用餐者是否想要，直接给你倒瓶装水。 Regardless of how it’s sold， the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better health， our wish to appear cultivated， and even a longing for lost purity. 且不论销售手段，瓶装水的流行利用了我们那一份对健康的渴求，那一份看起来有教养的心愿，以及那一 份对于久违了的纯净的渴望。 二、 As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease - especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. 如今我们发现，社会医疗保健的重心正从治疗疾病转移到放置疾病---尤其在改变我们诸多不良习惯方面， 如:暴饮暴食，抽烟和缺乏锻炼。 The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. 与该改革息息相关的一类观点都需要进一步摸索。 Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious(有营养的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. 想象这样一个人，体重恰好，偏不吃有营养的失误;感觉良好，但鲜有机会锻炼;每天上班，但业绩一般; 晚上大多在家里喝些啤酒，但不会酒后驾车;而且胸部不痛，血压正常，可惜睡的很多且时常觉得累。 This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier. 这个人不算生病，他甚至没有什么风险换上疑难杂症。不过我们能想象，这个人可以更健康。 The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely " not ill" and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs. 在医药领域中，传统上我们并不区分那些仅是“没病”的人和那些健康且注意身体特别需求的人。这两类人 都被称作“健康的人”。 Both types have simply been called "well". In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. 然而，近年来，一些健康专家开始使用“身体好”和“健康”这两个术语，仅用于那些正在积极努力维持并改善 自身健康的人。 People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise and they make a point of monitoring their body's condition. 身体好的人总会关注营养和锻炼，并且懂得监察自身的状况。 Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. 也许最重要的是，身体好的人会对一切和健康相关的问题主动负责。 Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be "well," in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. 在这种新定义下，只要面对个人身体极限之时仍能尽其所能维持健康，就算身患顽疾或者身有残缺的人也 算是身体好的人。 "Wellness" may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. “健康”或许不应该被看做是一种人们可以达成的境界，而是一种人们为之努力的理想状态。 People who are well are likely to be better able resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. 当疾病侵袭的时候，身体好的人更能够抵御对抗。 And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living,the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life. 另外，多注意健康生活之道。健康的概念对于人们面对日常生活的挑战也大有益处。 2007年6月 一、 I've been writing for most of my life. 我一辈子大部分时间都在从事写作。 The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. 《写作无师自通》这本书想我介绍了一种区别和一种练习。帮助我大大提高了写作水平。 The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. 区别是关于创造性思维和评判性思维之间的区别。 While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. 你需要做的是运用两者帮助你得到一个结果，但是他们不能同时起作用，无论我们多么想要这样做。 Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. 试图匆忙地批判写作内容可能是我们大多数人在写作时遇到的最大障碍。 If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. 如果你按照五年级英语老师教你的，在努力抓紧稍纵即逝的想法的同时纠正你的语法，这个想法肯定会消 失。 If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. 如果你抓住了稍纵即逝的想法，但仅以其原始的形式和世界分享，或许没有人能够理解。 You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is. 如果你想要把写作作为思考的工具，必须学会首先创造，然后批判。 The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” 练习是指ELbow所说的“自由写作”，它可以帮助你改正边写边改的话习惯。 In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. 在自由写作中，我们的目标是在15-20分钟的时间内不间断写作。 No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. 不停顿，不回头，不作批判。 The goal is to get the words flowing. 这样做的目的是使文字流畅起来。 As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. 当语言开始流畅，想法就会从阴暗处涌现出来，呈现在你的笔记本或者电脑屏幕上。 Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you've persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. 现在，你有进行评判性思维的原材料了，建议你坐下静静地查看文稿。 Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near. 通常，你会认为这个环节所需的时间比你实际需要的时间要长，并且直到最后一刻，你还盯着文稿，头脑 一片空白。 Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. 不要盯着空白的屏幕，无论多么糟糕，都开始写下去。 Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. 写作时间进行到一半时，停下来整理你的初稿，让它更接近终稿。 Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices. 不断前后重复，直到时间用尽。这样，你所得到的终稿会比你用现在在练习中写的文稿要好得多。 二、 I don’t ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. 我不想再谈关于作为一位女性科学家的问题了。 There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men. 有一段时间，人们不断地问我在男性主导的领域中工作的故事。 I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting. 我不擅长将这些故事，因为实际上我并不觉得它们有趣。 What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes. 我真正感兴趣的是宇宙的起源，时空的形状和黑洞的本质。 At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. 在19岁的时候，我开始学习天体物理学，作为班上唯一的女性，我一点也不觉得苦恼。 But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. 但是当我在麻省理工学院攻读博士学位和之后作为博士后进行太空研究时，这一点开始让我觉得苦恼。 My every achievement—jobs, research papers, awards—was viewed through the lens of gender (性 别) politics.So were my failures. 我的每一项成就----工作，研究 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 ，奖项---都被人们从性别政治的角度进行审视。我的失败也一样。 Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind. 有时候，当我陷入左脑和右脑，天赋与培育的争论中时，我会立刻为我自己和所有的妇女进行激烈的抗辩。 Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore. 然后再很多年以后的一天，我口中冒出一句最终成为我对所有挑衅的回答:“我不再讨论这个问题了” It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues. 我花了十年的时间重获19岁时的自信，让自己认识到我不再想要处理性别的问题。 Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? 为何性别歧视要成为每位女性科学家的另一个可怕的负担, After all, I don’t study sociology or political theory. 毕竟，我不是社会学或政治理论的研究者。 Today I research and teach at Barnard, a women’s college in New York City. 现在，我在Barnard---纽约的一所女子学院进行研究和授课。 Recently, someone asked me how may of the 45 students in my class were women. 最近，有人问我班上的45个学生中有多少是女性。 You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. 你很难想象我在回答时的满足感:45。 I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children.And I don’t dismiss those concerns. 我知道有些学生会担心如何处理科学俺就和生儿育女之间的矛盾，我不会不理会这些担心。 Still, I don’t tell them “war” stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. 但是，我也不会跟她们讲述“战争”的故事，相反，我会告诉他们:他们的物理教授身怀六甲仍然坚持做物 理实验的景象。 And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And that’s a sight worth talking about. 作为回报，他们给我我45个热爱科学的女性的形象。这才是值得谈论的景象。 2007年12月 一、 By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. 无论如何，网络教学已经十分流行。 In just a few years, 34 percent of American universities have begun offering some form of distance learning (DL), and among the larger schools, it’s closer to 90 percent. 近几年来，有34%的美国大学开始提供不同形式的远程教学，而在较大的大学里，这个数字已经接近90%。 If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably haven’t heard of the University of Phoenix. 如果你对这与潮流表示质疑，那么或许你还没有听过凤凰城大学。 It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction. It enrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country. 这所大学的学位都是通过网络教学授予的，目前学生总数为9万人，该数字使之号称是美国最大的私立学校。 While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail. 尽管这些课程的具体教学内容不尽相同，但远程教学通常意味着老师会在网站上公布教程大纲，阅读作业 和进度安排，而学生通过电子邮件交作业。 Generally speaking, face-to-face communication with an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether. 一般而言，师生间面对面交流会很少，甚至没有。 The attraction for students might at first seem obvious. 起初，这种教学形式对学生的吸引是显而易见的。 Primarily, there’s the convenience promised by courses on the Net: you can do the work, as they say, in your pajamas [p?'d?ɑ:m?z] (睡衣). 主要是网络课堂很便利，正如其 宣传 免费孕前优生健康检查孕期保健知识宣传1冬季预防流感知识宣传手足口病防知识宣传森林防火宣传内容 的一般，学生可以穿着睡衣来上学。 But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course. 然而数据表明，课堂参与的减少导致学生学习不是很努力。 While dropout rates for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent, the rate for online students is 35 percent. 美国大学本科新生的退学率约为20%，而对于参加网络教学的学生而言，这个数字达到了35%。 Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup. 学生本身也明白这个机制的不足之处。对 In a survey conducted for eCornell, the DL division of Cornell University, less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as good as the classroom course. 康奈尔大学远程教学部的调查结果显示，只有不到三分之一的受访者热认为网络课程的质量和传统课堂一 样。 Clearly, from the schools’ perspective, there’s a lot of money to be saved. 无疑，从学校的角度，网络教学能节约大量金钱。 Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in severs and networks to support collaborative [k?'læb?reitiv] software, most DL courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded(升级) systems. 尽管部分更艰巨的项目需要新资金的注入来构建服务器的网络以支持协作软件。其余大多数的网络课程都 可在现有或略微提升的系统上得以实现。 The more students who enroll [in'r?ul] in a course but don’t come to campus, the more the schools saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms, paying doorkeepers, and maintaining parking lots. 网络教学招生越多，学校节约的成本就越多:因为学院不来学校，学校的灯无需开着，不必雇佣门卫，停 车场也不用维修。 And, while there’s evidence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course for a variety of reasons, they won’t be paid any more, and might well be paid less. 同时，有证据显示对于远程教育的导师来说，诸多原因使得他们必须更加努力地授课;也许他们的薪酬不 会增加，还有可能减少。 二、 In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. 在这个充斥着网聊，电子游戏与真人秀的时代，并不缺乏让小孩子沉迷的玩物。 Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. 尽管有着这些诱惑seduce，我8岁的女儿Rebecca，却希望花时间写写小故事。 She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year. 她打算将其中一个作品拿去比赛-------一个去年她获胜的比赛。 As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. 作为一名作家，我十分了解写作比赛中赢和输意味着什么。 I know what it is like to work hard on a story to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. 我知道，当辛辛苦苦写完一个故事却遭到出版社的拒绝是一种什么样的心情; I also know the pressures of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. 我也知道，要维护从前的成功所带来的声望需要承受多么大的压力。 What if she doesn’t win the contest again? 加入女儿这次赢不了比赛会怎么样呢, That’s the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface. 作为父母，这是无比奇怪的事情。我们以往的很多伤痕和破碎的梦想会慢慢浮现出来。 A revelation (启示) came last week when I asked her, “Don’t you want to win again?” “No,” she replied, “I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade.” 知道上星期，我得到了启示。我问她:“你想再赢一次吗,”“不”女儿回答，“我只想告诉大家一个天使上一 年级的故事” I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously (自发地) told them. 我其实已经花了好几个星期在女儿不自觉地讲述时修正她的故事。 Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall. 我告诉自己，这无非是一个有经验的作家在引导一个新作家而已。 I offered suggestions first grade was quickly “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. 我给了她不少建议，关于角色，冲突以及故事的结局，在我的“指引”下，这个原本讲小天使担惊受怕地开 始念一年级的故事，很快变成了一个充满丰富想象力的女孩开始第一节音乐课的历程。 I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it. 在我不经意时，我已经把她的比当成了自己的比赛。 Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. 放手给孩子空间成长不想看起来那么简单。 Because I know little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade. 因为我对能 用工具的农场动物，或者一年级的小天使一无所知。 I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting (借用) my daughter’s experience. 我不得不承认我借用了女儿的经历。 While steeping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked. 尽管对于我来说放手不容易，但可喜的是，这回是一个好的开端，我很快可以学会更多，给自己一段合适 的距离，既可以让女儿有发展的空间，同时在她需要时施以援手。 All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment , grow and find their own voices. 在这个过程中，我会一直提醒自己，孩子需要空间去尝试，去找到属于自己的路。 2008年6月 一、 Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but- regardless of whether it is or isn't - we won't do much about it. 全球变暖或许是21世纪最大的环境危机，但无论是或不是，我们都不会对全球变暖做什么。 We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. 我们会不断地为此争吵，甚至可能以国家形式作出一些貌似严重的承诺，以避免全球变暖发生。 But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed. 但是这些承诺看上去越是戏剧化，越是有意义，就越不可能成为现实。 A1 Gore calls global warming an "inconvenient truth," as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. 戈尔称全球变暖为“不可忽视的真相”，好像仅仅认识到其存在，我们就可以找到解决办法。 But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, and - without major technological breakthroughs - we can't do much about it. 但是真正的真相是，我们并不具备足够的知识来缓解全球变暖，如果没有重大的科技突破，我们根本无法 做出什么成绩。 From 2003 to 2050,the world 's population is eximate to grow from 6.4 billon to 9.1 billion ,a 42% increase. 2003年到2050年，世界人口预计将从64亿增加到91亿，上升42%。 If energy use per person and technology remain te same,total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions(mainly,CO2)will be 42% higher in 2050. 如果人均能源消耗和技术水平维持现状，总能量消耗和温室气体排放(主要是二氧化碳)到2050年将会增 加42%。 But that's too low,because societies that grow richer use more energy.We need econmic growth unless we condemn the world's poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else's living standards. 但是这还不算多，因为随着社会越来越富裕，能源的使用也会相应增加。我们需要经济增长，除非我们迫 使穷人们处于现在的贫困状态，并且让其他人的生活水平停留在原地不动。 With modest growth,energy use and greenhouse emissions more then double by 2050. 就算在增长较少的情况下，到2050年，能源的使用和温室气体的排放也将至少翻一倍。 No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freeom (limits on electricity usage,driving and travel)that might cut back global warming. 没有政府会使用严格的限制经济增长和人身自由的措施(限制用电，驾驶和旅游)，虽然这些可能有助于环 节全球变暖。 Still,politicians want to show they're "doing something"Consider the Kyoto Protocol(京都议定书).It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn't.But it hasn't reduced CO2 emissions(up about 25% since 1990),and many signatories['sign?t?ri] (签 字国) didn't adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets. 然而，政治家们想表现出他们正在“做些事情”。想想《京都协议》，它允许参与国家惩罚那些没有加入的国 家，但这并没有降低二氧化碳排放量(自1990年以来上升了25%)，很多签字国并没有采用足够严格的政 策以达到2008年--2012年的目标。 The practical codusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster,the only solution is new technology. 比较现实的结论是，如果全球变暖是场潜在的灾难，那么唯一的解决方法就是新技术。 Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it. 只有通过这一项积极的研究和发展项目，才可能找到方法打破现有的对矿物燃料的依赖或者解决这一问题。 The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it's really an engineering one. 全球变暖这场辩论的麻烦在于，当它应该还是个工程问题的时候，已经成为了道德问题。 The inconvenient truth is that if we don't solve the engineering problem, we're helpless. 不可忽视的真相是，如果没有办法解决工程问题，我们就真的无能为力了。 二、 Someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Website you've visited. 某天，有陌生人在未经许可的情况下阅读了你的电子邮件，或者浏览你访问过的网页。 Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases['p?:t??s] or cell phonebills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits. 或者某人偶然看了你的信用卡购买记录或者手机账单，发现了你的购物喜好和打电话习惯。 In fact, it's likely some of these things have already happened to you. 实际上，类似的事情很可能已经在你身上发生过了。 Who would watch you without your permisson? 谁会在未经许可的前提下监视你, It might be a spouse[spaus], a girlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. 很可能是配偶，女朋友，市场公司，老板，警察或者罪犯。 Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen - the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked. 无论是谁，他们都会以一种你绝对不希望的方式来观察你，在21世纪，这无异于裸体相向。 Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it's important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. 心理学家们告诉我们有界限是健康的，在适当的时间，分阶段地向朋友，家庭和爱人展现自己十分重要。 But few boundaries remain. 但现在几乎没有什么界限了。 The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. 你留下的数据面包屑无处不在，这使得陌生人能够轻而易举地重构你的身份、你的所在地和你的喜好。 In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. 在某些情况下，简单的谷歌搜索就可以揭示你所想的。 Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret. 不管你喜欢不喜欢，我们生活在一个越来越无法保守秘密的世界。 The key question is: Does that matter? 问题的关键是:这是否重要, For many Americans, the answer apparently is "no." 对于很多美国人而言，回答显而易见:不重要。 When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losting it. 当民意调查问美国人对隐私的看法时，大部分美国人都会担心失去隐私. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is "slipping away, and that bothers me." 一个调查发现了关于隐私的势不可挡的悲观情绪，有60%的受访者说他们觉得自己的隐私“正在悄悄地溜 走，这让我很困扰” But people say one thing and do another. 但人们总是言行不一。 Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. 仅有很少一部分美国人改变他们的行为，去保护他们的隐私。 Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths(收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. 很少有人会为了便面使用可以追踪汽车形成的过路系统，而拒绝收费站的折扣。 And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. 很少有人会决绝超市的会员卡。 Privacy economist A lessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Socail Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷)。 隐私经济学家亚历山德罗-阿奎斯迪曾进行过一系列的研究，其结果显示，人们会为了得到可怜的50美分的 优惠券而献出他们的个人信息，如社会保障号。 But privacy does matter - at least sometimes. 但是隐私真的很重要---至少某些时候很重要。 It's like health: When you have it, you don't notice it. Only when it's gone do you wish you'd done more to protect it. 正如健康一样，当你拥有的时候，并不会注意到。只有当失去了，才会后悔当初没有为保护它而做些什么。 2008年12月 一、 If you are a male and you are reading this ,congratulations: you are a survivor . 如果正在阅读本文的你是男性，恭喜你，你是幸存者。 According to statistics[st?'tistiks] you are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman ,and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. 根据统计，你死于皮肤癌的可能性要比女性高两倍，而死于艾滋病的可能性更是要比女性高九倍。 Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you will die on average five years before a woman. 假设你可以活到自然死亡，澳大利亚男性的寿命是78岁左右，平均而言，你要比女性早死五年。 There are many reasons for this-typically, men take more risks than woman and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly, men don’t go to the doctor. 解释这一现象的原因有很多---典型的是，男人比女人冒的风险多，喝酒更多，吸烟更多---但或许更重要的 是，男人不看医生。 “Men aren’t seeing doctors as often as they should, ” says Dr. Gullotta, “This is particularly so for the over-40s,when diseases tend to strike.” “男人看医生的次数远远不及他们应该达到的次数”古罗塔医生说，“40岁以上的男人尤其如此，这个年龄更 容易生病” Gullotta says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two. For those over 45,it should be at least once a year. 古罗塔认为一名健康的男性应该每一到两年就看一次医生。45岁以上者，应该至少每年看一次。 Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker’s cough for a year. 两个月前，古罗塔见到一名50岁的男性，他患有吸烟过多而引起的咳嗽，但拖了一年才来就医。 “When I finally saw him it had already spread and he has since died from lung cancer” he says, “Earlier detection and treatment may not have cured him, but it would have prolonged this life” “当我最后一次见到他时，病情已经蔓延了，后来他死于肺癌”，他说，“早一些发现或许不能治愈他，但至少能够延长他的寿命” According to a recent survey, 95%of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70% of men in the same age group. 根据最近的一项调查，年龄在15--40岁之间的女性有95%每年看一次医生，而同一年龄段的男性只有70%会这样做。 “A lot of men think they are invincible (不可战胜的)”Gullotta says “They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think” Geez, if it could happen to him. “很多男性认为他们是不可战胜的”古罗塔说“只有看到朋友在高尔夫球场上猝死后，他们才会想到“天啊，如果发生在他身上....”，才会来看医生” Then there is the ostrich approach,” some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know, ” says Dr. Ross Cartmill. 此外还有鸵鸟心态，“有些男人害怕自己有问题，宁愿不知道”罗斯-卡特米尔医生说。 “Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,” Cartmill says . “大部分男人检修车辆的频率要高于自己检查身体的频率”，卡特米尔说。 He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups 他认为大多数经常侵袭男性的疾病都可以通过预防性的体检发现。 Regular check-ups for men would inevitably place strain on the public purse, Cartmill says.” 男性定期体检不可避免地会增加公众钱包的压力，卡特米尔说。 But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases. Besides, the ultimate cost is far greater: it is called premature death.” “但是从长远角度来看，预防的费用要低于治疗的费用。此外，最终的代价更大，成为早亡” 二、 High-quality customer service is preached(宣扬) by many ,but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done 很多人宣扬高质量的客户服务，但实际上，要让客户满意说起来容易做起来难。 Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen. 顾客很少会向商店的经理或者老板投诉，然而，他们会提醒自己的朋友，亲戚，同事，甚至任何愿意听信他们的陌生人不要去光顾这家店。 Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school. 维德咨询公司和沃顿商学院的联合调查表明，商店经理往往是最后听到抱怨的人，而且往往到了他们的老顾客频繁光顾竞争对手的店面时才发觉。 “Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,” said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde group.” the store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.” “传言损害了零售商的利益，娱乐了消费者”维德公司的总经理葆拉-考特尼说，“商店失去了顾客，顾客也必须去寻找相应的替代” On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four other, and will no longer visit the specific store for every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews. 平均来说，每位不快的顾客至少会向四个人抱怨，并不再光顾那家店。而商店会因每位不悦的顾客的负面评论损失三位以上的顾客。 The resulting “snowball effect” can be disastrous to retailers. 这种滚雪球效应会对零售商造成灾难性的影响。 According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems. ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers. 该调查显示，买服装的顾客遇到的问题最多。排在第二和第三位的分别是购买杂货和电子商品的顾客。 The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered (塞满了的) shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople. 最常见的抱怨包括爆满的停车场，塞满的货架，超载的货架，脱销的产品，付账的长队和粗鲁的销售人员。 During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting local police to work as parking attendants. 在购物的高峰时间，有的零售商雇佣当地经常兼职协助泊车的工作。 Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. 有的则雇佣摇旗者把顾客引到空车位。 This guidance climinated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space. 这样的引导使顾客不必再没完没了地绕着停车场找寻空位，并且避免了不同顾客盯上了同意停车位而产生 的冲突。 Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions. 通过重新设计店面布局，预先储存在售的货物，雇佣高校且经验丰富的收银员，以及让销售代表在现场回 答问题，零售商可以摆脱那些投诉带来的难题。 Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic[,dipl?'mætik] and polite with angry customers. 更重要的是，对待那些恼羞成怒的顾客，销售人员应该表现得老练和有礼貌。 “Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly.” said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help.” “那些能够及时做出反应并且态度友好的零售商比那些不那么友好的零售商更容易顺利解决矛盾。”斯蒂芬- 霍克教授说，”也许一些诸如在商店门口安排一个招待员的简单方式会有所帮助。 Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. 客户也可以通过直接向零售商提出投诉而不是向其他人抱怨的方式来改善未来的购物经历。 Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong. 因为当零售商根本不知道他们做错了什么的时候，是很难去进行改善的。 2009年6月 一、 The January fashion show, called Future Fashion, exemplified how far green design has come. Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time. 一月份的时装发布会题为“未来的时尚”，展示了绿色设计的到来指日可待。发布会是纽约的一家非营利性 机构“地球誓言”组织的，它鼓励很多顶级设计师首次使用可持续发展的面料。 Several have since made pledges to include organic fabrics in their lines. 有几位设计师从此发誓在其发产品中使用有机面料。 The designers who undertake green fashion still face many challenges. 承诺绿色设计的设计师仍然要面对很多挑战。 Scott Hahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and Loom state, which uses all-organic cotton, says high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to find. 斯科特-哈恩和格雷戈里合伙创建了罗根和路穆斯特公司，该公司使用全有机棉进行生产。哈恩认为高品质 的可持续性材料仍然很难找到。 “Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that can just replace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to,” he says. “大部分现有品牌的设计师发现，可以取代你正在使用和消费者已经习惯的面料的等同产品还不存在”他说。 For example, organic cotton and non-organic cotton are virtually indistinguishable once woven into a dress. 例如，有机棉和无机棉一旦编织成服装，实际上就很难区分了。 But some popular synthetics [sin'θetik], like stretch nylon, still have few eco-friendly equivalents. 但是某些流行的合成材料，例如弹力尼龙，几乎没有环保的替代品。 Those who do make the switch are finding they have more support. 正在尝试改变的人们发现他们获得了更多的支持。 Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs (企业家) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable. 去年，一个具有影响力的展销会“设计师与代理人”，不再向准备参加其将在洛杉矶和纽约举办的两次春季 发布会的年轻绿色企业家收取参展费用，同时对那些至少有25%的作品采用可持续性材料的设计师给予了 特别的重视。 It now counts more than 50 green designers, up from fewer than a dozen two years ago. 现在，绿色设计师的数量已从两年前的不足12人增至超过50人。 This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. “Mainstream is about to occur,” says Hahn. 本周，沃尔玛公司宣布了一项重大提议，目标是帮助种植棉花的农民进行有机种植:沃尔玛打算以更高的 价位收购过度型的棉花，这将有助于旷达关键的可持续性材料的供应。”主流将发生变化。哈恩认为。 Some analysts ( 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 师) are less sure. 部分分析师并不如此肯定。 Among consumers, only 18% are even aware that eco-fashion exists, up from 6% four years ago. 在消费者中，仅有18%的人意识到了环保时尚的存在，而4年前仅有6%. Natalie Hormel, a fashion writer, is an example of the unconverted [k?n'v?:t]consumer. 从事时尚写作的娜塔莉-赫尔米娜就是一个还没转变观念的消费者的例子。 When asked if she owned any sustainable clothes, she replied: “Not that I’m aware of.” 当被问起她有没有可耻性衣物时，她回答:“我不知道”. Like most consumers, she finds little time to shop, and when she does, she’s on the hunt for “cute stuff that isn’t too expensive.” 就像大部分的消费者一样，她没有时间去购物，当他购物的时候，她寻找的是“不是太贵的可爱物件” By her own admission, green just isn’t yet on her mind. 她承认自己还没有考虑到“绿色”。 But—thanks to the combined efforts of designers, retailers and suppliers—one day it will be. 但在设计师，零售商和供应商的共同努力下，总有一天她会开始考虑的。 二、 Scientists have devised[di'vaiz] a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand(缕) of hair , a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims . 科学家们已经设计出了一种利用人的一缕头发头发估计其住处的方法，这种技术有助于追踪犯罪嫌疑人或 者身份不明的谋杀受害者的动向。 The method relies on measuring how chemical variations in drinking water show up in people’s hair. 该方法利用的是测量人们的头发中所显示的饮用水的化学成分差异。 “You’re what you eat and drink, and that’s recorded in you hair,” said Thure Cerling, a geologist at the University of Utah. “你就是你吃的喝的东西，在你的毛发中都有记录”犹他州地质学家托尔-瑟林说。 While U.S diet is relatively identical, water supplies vary. 美国人的饮食比较类似，但是水源的供应差异较大。 The differences result from weather patterns. 这种差异是气候模式导致的。 The chemical composition of rainfall changes slightly as raid clouds move. 随着雨云的移动，雨水的化学成分也有稍许的变化。 Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable , but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes (同位素) . 水中的大部分氢原子和氧原子处于稳定的状态，但是两种元素的轨迹都以质量更重的同位素形式存在，较 重的雨先落下。 The heaviest raid falls first .As a result, storms that form over the Pacific deliver heavier water to California than to Utah. 结果，来自于太平洋的暴风雨会给加州带来比犹他州质量更重的水。 Similar patterns exist throughout the U.S. By measuring the proportion of heavier hydrogen and oxygen isotopes along a strand of hair, scientists can construct a geographic timeline. 相似的模式在全美都存在。通过测量一缕头发中较重的氢氧同位素的比例，科学家们可以构建一个地理学 的时间轴。 Each inch of hair corresponds to about two months. 每一英寸的头发对应大概两个月的时间。 Cerling’s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences. 瑟林的团队手机了来自600个城市的自来水样本，构建了区域间差异的地图。 They checked the accuracy of the map by testing 200 hair samples collected from 65 barber shops. 他妈呢从65家理发店中收集了200份头发样品，用以测试该地图的准确性。 They were able to accurately place the hair samples in broad regions roughly corresponding to the movement of raid systems. 他们能够准确地把头发的样本定位到降雨体系的移动粗略相对应的大区 “It’s not good for pinpointing (精确定位),” Cerling said . “It’s good for eliminating many possibilities.” “这种方法对于精确定位不一定有效”瑟林说“但可以排除很多可能性” Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. 地方探员托德帕克说，这种方法帮他获得了一名身份不明的妇女的信息，该妇女的骸骨在大盐湖附近被发 现。 The woman was 5 feet tall. Police recovered 26 bones, a T-shirt and several strands of hair. 这名妇女有五英寸高。警察发现了26块骨头，一件衬衫和几缕头发。 When Park heard about the research, he gave the hair samples to the researchers. 当帕听说了该项研究之后，他把头发的样本交给了研究者。 Chemical testing showed that over the two years before her death, she moved about every two months. 化学测试表明，在她死前的两年，她每两个月就会搬一次家。 She stayed in the Northwest, although the test could not be more specific than somewhere between eastern Oregon and western Wyoming. 她曾经在西北待过，测试指出具体的地点是在俄勒冈州和怀俄明州西部之间的某地，但无法更精确了。 “It’s still a substantial area,” Park said “But it narrows it way down for me.” “这仍然是片很大的区域”，帕克说，“但这种方法已经为我缩小了范围。2009年12月 一、 Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they’ll change America. 在这一漫长而又紧张的选举期间，每个让你都把注意力集中在总统候选人以及他们将怎样改变美国的问题 上。 Rightly so, but selfishly, I’m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. 这样并没有错。但是从个人的角度来看，我更着迷于米歇尔奥巴马以及她可能会做些什么---不但是为这个 国家，更是为作为一个非裔美国人的我。 As the potential First Lady, she would have the world’s attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see. 可能成为第一夫人的她，将会受到全世界的关注。这意味着历史上第一次，人们有机会近距离并以个人的 眼光去仔细观察他们甚少注视的非裔美国女性。 Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. 通常，黑人妇女的生活大部分都是不受关注的。 The prevailing theory seems to be that we’re all hot-tempered single mothers who can’t keep a man. 流行的看法似乎是，我们都是性格暴躁的单身母亲，没有办法留住男人。 Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can’t escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒的) mothers. 甚至在想象的世界里，黑人妇女仍不能摆脱由从不结婚且酗酒的母亲抚养大的一群爱翻白眼，性欲过剩的 女性这一陈词滥调。 These images have helped define the way all women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. 这些形象决定了黑人妇女被看待的方式，包括米歇尔-奥巴马。 Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simple to be herself. 在她还未获得机会，以第一夫人的身份投身于一项事业，慈善或者基金会之前，她最迫切，最错综复杂的 责任可能仅仅是做好她自己。 It won’t be easy. 这并不简单。 Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. 因为几乎没有主流媒体会对普通的非裔美国女性进行深入的专题报道，我们是什么人，我们怎么思考，以 及我们日常面的事情这些问题知之甚少。 For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all. 无论怎样，米歇尔将会代表我们所有人。 Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. 就像有批评她的人一样，她也会有数百万通常对第一夫人一点儿都不敢兴趣的“粉丝”。 Many African-American blogs have written about what they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. 很多非裔美国人的博客上写满了他们希望米歇尔给白宫带去的改变---主要是向世界展示一名黑人妇女可 以支持她的丈夫，支撑一个强大的黑人家庭。 Michelle will have to work to please everyone—an impossible task. 米歇尔需要努力工作，让每个人满意-----一项不可能的任务 But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that’s been around for far too long. 但是对于很多像我一样的非裔美国女性而言，她的哪怕是一点儿沉着，自信和智慧都会改变一个存在已久 的形象有长远影响。 二 When next year’s crop of high-school graduates arrives at Oxford University in the fall of 2009, they’ll be joined by a new face; 生在2009年春季踏入牛津大学的时候，他们将会见到一张新面孔; Andrew Hamilton, the 55-year-old provost (教务长) of Yale, who’ll become Oxford’s vice-chancellor—a position equivalent to university president in America.当下一年的高中毕业安德鲁- 汉密尔顿，55岁的耶鲁大学教务长，他将成为牛津大学的副校长----这个职位相当于美国大学的校长。 Hamilton isn’t the only educator crossing the Atlantic. 汉密尔顿并不是位移的跨越大西洋的教育学家。 Schools in France, Egypt, Singapore, etc, have also recently made top-level hires from abroad. 法国，埃及，新加坡等地的学校最近也从国外引进了高层管理人员。 Higher education has become a big and competitive business nowadays, and like so many businesses, it’s gone global. 高等教育已经变成当今社会的一项大型且竞争激烈的商业，而且与很多商业类似的是，它正在走向全球化。 Yet the talent flow isn’t universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America. 但是人才的流动却并非全球化。高级管理层的人员流动只有一个方向:离开美国。 The chief reason is that American schools don’t tend to seriously consider looking abroad. 主要原因在于每个大学并没有认真考虑过放眼海外。 For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the university’s budget. 例如，当科罗拉多州大学的董事会寻找下一任校长的时候，他们想要找的是一名熟知联邦政府的领导者， 而联邦政府正式大学经费预算的主要来源。 “We didn’t do any global consideration,” says Patricia Hayes, the board’s chair. “我们没有任何关于全球化的考虑”董事会主席帕特里夏-海斯说。 The board ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist (活动家) who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund-raising. Fund-raising is a distinctively American thing, since U.S. schools rely heavily on donations. The fund-raising ability is largely a product of experience and necessity.、 董事会最终选择了布鲁斯-本森，一名69岁的科罗拉多商人和政治活动家，他可能能够胜任现代大学校长的 最主要任务:筹集经费。筹集经费是典型的美国特色，因为美国的大学非常依赖捐款。筹集经费的能力在 很大程度上是经验和需求的产物。 Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly dependent on government funding. 于此同时，很多欧洲的大学仍然主要依靠政府的拨款。 But government support has failed to keep pace with rising student number. 但是政府的支持却无法跟上学生人数的增长。 The decline in government support has made funding-raising an increasing necessary ability among administrators and has hiring committees hungry for Americans. 政府支持的减少使筹集经费的能力成为管理者的一项日渐必要的能力，使得负责招聘的委员会嫉妒渴望聘 请美国人。 In the past few years, prominent schools around the world have joined the trend. 在过去的数年间，世界各地的名校都已经加入到这一潮流中。 In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen “a major strengthening of Yale’s financial position.” 2003年，当剑桥大学雇佣埃里森理查德---另一位耶鲁大学的前任教务长当校长时，剑桥大学公开强调， 在她的上一份工作中，在她的监督之下，“耶鲁大学的财务状况获得了极大的巩固” Of course, fund-raising isn’t the only skill outsiders offer. The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some kind of promote international programs and attract a global student body. Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practice 当然，筹集经费不是外来者所具备的唯一一项能力。教育的全球化意味着更多大学会寻找具有某种国际经 验的领导人，以推广国际项目，吸引全球化的学生群体。外国人可以为现有的运作方式提供全新的视角。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.