汽车英语论文

汽车 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 专业英语翻译摘要：本文阐述了发展压缩天然气汽车(CNG)的环保低污染性、安全性、经济性及CNG汽车和加气站的发展前景及对策。关键词：压缩天然气汽车；加气站；发展前景；对策目前，我国一些大城市的汽车尾气排放是城市大气污染的主要源头，因此，发展清洁能源汽车已成为刻不容缓的的选择。压缩天然气汽车(CNG)以其能耗低、污染物排放量小而受到各国的欢迎，是国际公认的最理想的车用替代能源。发展天然气汽车对于解决环境问题和能源问题都具有重要意义。一、天然气汽车的发展情况l、国外天然气汽车发展概况为保护环境减少污染，许多国家政府颁布了一系列法规及出台一些鼓励性政策，促进燃气汽车发展，如制定更严格的汽车尾气排放标准，在天然气供应、汽车购置税费，设备供给、加气站建设等方面给予资金、税收优惠政策。美国联邦政府1992年颁布的《能源政策法》，对于购买或改装代用燃料汽车及加气站的建设减免税作出详细规定，同时还颁布了使用天然气的减税政策，并免征天然气公司的汽车燃料销售税。有40多个州根据联邦政府的政策、法律，制定了本州有关强制和鼓励使用CNG等清洁燃料汽车的政策和 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 ，推动了CNG汽车发展和加气站建设。目前，全世界已有40多个国家拥有燃气汽车，主要分布在天然气资源丰富的意大利、新西兰、阿根廷、巴西等国家和环保法规严格的美国、日本等国。2、我国天然气汽车发展概况20世纪80年代中期，我国引进了部分CNG加气站设备，在四川建立了我国第一个CNG加气站；1993年中国石油天然气总公司系统引进国外有关技术并于1996年将加气站装置和汽车改装部件引进技术国产化、技术标准规范化。1999年全国清洁汽车行动协调领导小组成立，启动了北京、天津、上海、西安、深圳等12个试点城市地区的清洁能源推广应用工作，在CNG汽车的推广应用和加气站建设方面取得了前所未有的成效。根据有关部门统计数字，截止到2004年我国一些地区共有天然气汽车20多万辆，加气站700多座。二、天然气汽车(CNG)与其它燃料的环境、经济效益比较压缩天然气汽车：天然气压缩至20MPa于汽车用压缩天然气钢瓶中，经减压器后供给内燃机。以CNG作汽车燃料与汽油相比具有以下优点：l、降低污染，改善大气环境：天然气是一种清洁能源，具有热值高、效率高、污染小等特点，燃烧比较完全，不易积碳，CO、NOx和微粒的排放量均低于汽油，排气污染明显降低。机动车尾气是城市大气污染主要来源之一，其中主要有害成分是一氧化碳(C0)、碳氢化合物(HC)、一氧化氮(N0)和二氧化氮(NO2)等。据有关资料显示，使用天然气作为汽车燃料与汽油作燃料相比可以减少排放90％CO、90％S02、72％HC、39％NOx、24％CO2、无粉尘排放，对改善城市环境有显著作用。典型的柴油机与汽油机及天然气机排放情况比较见 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf l。2、CNG汽车有较高的安全性与汽油相比，压缩天然气是相对安全的燃料。(1)天然气爆炸下限为5％，比汽油(爆炸下限为l％)高，甲烷燃点为645℃，比汽油燃点高218℃，相比不易点燃。甲烷密度低，相对密度为0．55左右，泄漏的气体很快会在空气中散发，在自然环境中难以形成遇火爆燃的条件，一旦压缩天然气从储罐或管路中泄漏，泄漏点周围会立即形成低温区，使天然气燃烧困难。因此CNG是一种相当安全的汽车燃料。天然气与汽油的燃料特性比较见表2(2)天然气汽车的钢瓶系高压容器(20MPa)，其材质及制造、检验试验在各国均有严格的规程控制，在我国有《汽车用压缩天然气钢瓶标准))(GBl7258—1998)。钢瓶安装有防爆设施，减压器、阀门等设备，严密度标准高，供气系统安全可靠，不会因汽车碰撞或翻覆造成失火或爆炸，而汽油汽车的油箱系非压力容器，着火后容易爆炸。3、有利于缓解能源紧张的供需矛盾。我国经济正处于高速发展阶段，汽车数量以100万辆／年以上的速度递增，对汽油资源需求大量增加，我国每年需要进口大量原油、成品油和LPG。使用燃气汽车可优化汽车燃料供应结构，改变了汽车燃料只有汽油、柴油的格局，既缓解了汽油供应紧张的问题又满足交通事业发展的需要。4、可延长发动机寿命。天然气容易扩散，以气态进入发动机，在发动机中容易和空气均匀混合，燃烧比较完全、干净；可以提高热循环效率，加快燃烧速度，充分利用燃烧热能；同时CNG辛烷值高，抗暴性能好，使用时不需要添加抗暴剂，不会稀释润滑油，因而使发动机气缸内的零件磨损大大减少，使发动机的寿命和润滑油的使用期限大幅度增长。所有这些都会降低汽车的保养和运行费用，从而提高汽车使用的经济性。5、有较高的经济效益。目前，国内汽油价格持续上升，价格体系已和世界接轨，使用CNG汽车将能节省近40％燃料费用，见表3。三、CNG汽车的发展前景CNG汽车和加气站具有广阔的发展前景，主要表现在以下几方面：l、汽车保有量的飞速增长、石油资源和环保的严峻形势，决定了发展天然气汽车成为解决能源问题和环境问题的重要途径。2、“十一五”期间，新型清洁能源汽车已被列入《国家科技发展中长期规划》，国家将继续组织实施涉及各种清洁能源汽车的重大科技项目，重点支持包括天然气汽车在内的整车、零部件等关键技术，将进一步促进天然气汽车的发展。3、我国天然气资源大规模开发及管道建设步伐加快使发展CNG和加气站成为可能。根据我国天然气利用规划，近十年“西气东输”、“陕京二线”等一大批输气管道及沿线城市燃气管道相继建成，我国大规模利用天然气的基础设施逐步完善，天然气加气站也将逐步形成网络。4、发展CNG汽车具有稳定的气源保证，以天津为例，目前天津市已建立了完善的天然气输配系统，由陕北、大港、华北等油田向天津供气，2005年年供气量近6亿m3，2006年预计达8亿m3，管网长度6894km，其中，高压管线591km，为“十一五”期间天津市大力发展CNG汽车大规模建设加气站提供了保证。四、CNG汽车和加气站发展对策探讨为加快以天然气为燃料的清洁汽车的发展，提出以下建议：1、政府出台鼓励和扶持政策：世界各国发展经验表明，政府的支持是加快发展的必要条件，其经济政策是影响其发展的重要因素，应在法律方面予以保障，在燃气汽车生产、改装、零部件生产，加气站建设，燃气汽车购买和使用、维修等环节制定价格、税收、投资、补贴等方面配套的优惠政策。燃气价格是影响燃气汽车发展的重要因素，只有燃气价格与汽油价格形成足够大差价时，燃气汽车的发展才具有经济基础和推动力。2、加强领导，实行统一管理。发展CNG汽车必须建设优质、便利的加气站，需要规划、公安、消防、劳动、技监等部门的支持。3、在市政规划中，加气站与加油站应统筹考虑，合理布局，协调发展。尽量利用现有土地资源，在确保环境安全的前提下建设油气合一站。4、遵循CNG汽车与加气站同步发展的原则，只有在加气站成网的条件下，CNG汽车才能真正发展。同时也只有CNG汽车规模到了一定数量，加气站才能正常运转，实现盈利。5、严格法律制度：制定严格的汽车尾气排放法规，切实做到不达标车辆坚决不予以上路，对CNG汽车改装厂的资格进行严格审查，认证。首先应将城市城市公交车、出租汽车作为CNG汽车发展的重点，杜绝部分公交车冒黑烟污染环境的现象。6、加大宣传力度。目前，天然气汽车尚处于起步阶段，社会公众对它的环保性，安全性，经济性，可靠性还不充分了解，所以，要进行广泛的社会宣传，努力提高人们对汽车尾气危害性的认识，使人们了解CNG是清洁、安全、经济的车用燃料，使发展天然气汽车得到社会各方面的认可和支持。压缩天然气汽车由于其显著的经济效益和社会效益将成为天然气市场开发应用的一个新领域。在环境保护越来越受到重视的形势下，随着天然气资源的开发和应用领域的拓宽，此举将是减轻环境污染压力、缓解石油紧缺，实现可持续发展的可靠保证。Abstract:Thispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofcompressednaturalgasvehicles(CNG)onenvironmentalprotectionoflow-pollution,security,economicandCNGcarsandfillingstationsandprospectsforthedevelopmentofcountermeasures.Keywords:compressednaturalgasvehicles;stations;developmentprospects;CountermeasuresAtpresent,China'smajorcitiesisaurbanvehicleemissionsamajorsourceofairpollution,therefore,thedevelopmentofcleanenergyvehicleshavebecomethechoiceofthedelay.Compressednaturalgasvehicles(CNG)intheirlowenergyconsumptionandemissionsbyallcountriessmallandwelcoming,isrecognizedinternationallyasthebestalternativeenergyvehicle.Thedevelopmentofnaturalgasvehicletoaddresstheenvironmentalissuesandenergyissuesareofgreatsignificance.First,thedevelopmentofnaturalgasvehiclel,developmentofforeignnaturalgasvehicleReducepollutiontoprotecttheenvironment,manycountrieshaveissuedaseriesofgovernmentregulationsandtheintroductionofanumberofincentivepoliciestopromotethedevelopmentofgasvehicle,suchasthedevelopmentofmorestringentvehicleemissionstandards,inthenaturalgassupply,carpurchasetaxesandfees,equipmentsupply,gasstationconstructiongrantfunds,taxincentives.In1992theU.S.federalgovernmentenactedthe"EnergyPolicyAct,"ormodifiedforthepurchaseofalternativefuelvehiclesandtheconstructionofstationsindetailtheprovisionsofthetaxrelief,butalsoenactedataxcutthattheuseofnaturalgasandnaturalgascompaniesexemptfrommotorvehiclefuelsalestax.Therearemorethan40statesinaccordancewiththepolicyofthefederalgovernment,law,drawnuponthemandatorystateandencouragetheuseofcleanfuelCNGvehicles,suchaspoliciesandmeasurestopromotetheCNGfillingstationdevelopmentandconstructionofmotorvehicles.Atpresent,morethan40countriesaroundtheworldhaveagascar,mainlyintherichnaturalgasresourcesinItaly,NewZealand,Argentina,BrazilandothercountriesandstricterenvironmentalregulationstheUnitedStates,Japanandothercountries.2,China'sNaturalGasVehicleDevelopment80Inthemid-20thcentury,theintroductionofsomeofourCNGfillingstationequipment,setupinSichuan'sfirstCNGfillingstationsinChina;in1993theChinaNationalPetroleumCorporationontheintroductionofforeigntechnologysystemsin1996installationsandwillbefillingstationsmodifiedcarpartsmadeoftheintroductionoftechnology,standardizationoftechnicalstandards.1999NationalCleanAutomobileActionCoordinationLeadingGroupwasestablishedtostarttheBeijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Xi'an,Shenzhenandothercitiesin12pilotareastopromotetheapplicationofcleanenergyinthepopularizationandapplicationofCNGvehiclesandfillingstationshasmadeanunprecedentedbuildingresults.Accordingtorelevantstatistics,asof2004thereweresomeareasofChina'snaturalgasvehiclemorethan20millionvehicles,morethan700fillingstationsBlock.Second,naturalgasvehicle(CNG)fuelandotherenvironmentalandeconomicbenefitscomparedCompressednaturalgasvehicles:20MPacompressednaturalgasinthecartocompressednaturalgascylindersinusebythesupplyofinternalcombustionengineafterthepressurereducer.ToCNGfuelforvehiclescomparedwithgasolinehasthefollowingadvantages:l,reducepollutionandimprovetheatmosphericenvironment:naturalgasisacleanenergy,withahighcalorificvalue,highefficiency,pollution,etc.,thecomparisonistotallyburned,notcarbondeposition,CO,NOxandparticulateemissionsthangasoline,significantlyreducedexhaustpollution.Motorvehicleexhaustisthemajorsourceofurbanairpollution,oneofwhichiscarbonmonoxideharmfulingredients(C0),hydrocarbons(HC),nitricoxide(N0)andnitrogendioxide(NO2)andsoon.Accordingtothedata,theuseofgasasamotorfuelandgasolineasfuelcanreduceemissionscomparedto90%CO,90%S02,72%HC,39%NOx,24%CO2,non-dustemissions,toimprovetheurbanenvironmenthasasignificantrolein.Atypicaldieselengineandgasolineengineemissionsandgasmachineisshownintablel.2,CNGvehicleforahighersecurityComparedwithgasoline,compressednaturalgasisarelativelysafefuel.(1)naturalgasexplosionlimitis5%higherthangasoline(lowerexplosionlimitforthel%)high,methaneignitionfor645℃,ignitionthangasolinehigh218℃,comparedtonotignite.Lowdensityofmethane,therelativedensityofabout0.55,resultinginleakageofgaswillsoonbedistributedintheair,inthecaseofthenaturalenvironmentitisdifficulttoformahotcombustionconditions,oncethecompressednaturalgasfromthetankorpipeleaks,leakimmediatelysurroundingtheformationoflow-temperaturezone,sothatthedifficultiesofnaturalgascombustion.ThereforeisafairlysafeCNGmotorfuel.Naturalgasandfuelpropertiesofgasolineisshownintable2(2)Departmentofnaturalgasvehiclecylinderpressurevessel(20MPa),itsmaterialsandmanufactureandtestinginorderthatallStateshavestrictcontrol,inChinathereare"compressednaturalgascylindervehiclestandards))(GBl7258-1998).Cylindersfittedwithexplosion-prooffacilities,pressurereducer,valvesandotherequipment,strictstandardshigh,andgassupplysystemissafeandreliableandwillnottipoverduetovehiclecollisionorcausefireorexplosion,andthepetroltankofmotorvehiclesdepartmentofnon-pressurevessels,fireeasilyaftertheexplosion.3,willhelpeasethecontradictionbetweenenergysupplyanddemandtension.China'seconomyisinastageofrapiddevelopment,thenumberofvehiclesto1million/yearabovetherateofincreaseofasubstantialincreaseingasolinedemandofresources,ourneedtoimportlargequantitiesofcrudeoilperyear,refinedoilandLPG.OptimizetheuseofgascarsMotorfuelsupplystructurehaschangedonlymotorfuelgasoline,dieselpatterns,notonlyeasedtheproblemofshortageofpetrolandtransportservicestomeettheneedsofthedevelopment.4,extendenginelife.Thespreadofnaturalgastothegasenteringtheengine,theengineeasilyanduniformlymixedair,burningthecomparisonistotallyclean;canimprovethethermalcycleefficiency,speeduptheburningspeed,fulluseofcombustionheat;CNGoctanenumberatthesametimehighperformanceuprising,whenagentsdonotneedtoaddtheuprisingwillnotdilutethelubricatingoil,makingthepartsinsidetheenginecylindergreatlyreducewearandtear,sothattheengineoillifeandincreasetheuseoftheperiod.Allofthesevehicleswillreducemaintenanceandoperatingcosts,therebyenhancingtheeconomyoftheuseofvehicles.5,haveahighereconomicefficiency.Atpresent,domesticgasolinepricescontinuedtorise,thepricesystemandtheworldhasbeentheuseofCNGvehiclewillbeabletosavenearly40%offuelcosts,asshownintable3.Third,CNGvehicledevelopmentprospectsCNGcarsandfillingstationswillhavebroadprospectsfordevelopment,mainlyinthefollowingaspects:l,carsoftherapidgrowthofoilresourcesandenvironmentalprotection,thegrimsituation,thedecisionofthedevelopmentofnaturalgasvehiclesasasolutiontoenergyissuesandenvironmentalissuesanimportantway.2,"EleventhFive-Year"period,anewtypeofcleanenergyvehicleshavebeenincludedin"long-termnationalscienceandtechnologydevelopmentplanning",thestatewillcontinuetoorganizeandimplementavarietyofcleanenergyvehiclesofmajorscientificandtechnologicalprojects,thefocusofsupport,includingnaturalgasvehicles,includingvehicles,parts,etc.,willfurtherpromotethedevelopmentofnaturalgasvehicle.3,large-scaledevelopmentofChina'snaturalgasresourcesandpipelineconstructiontoacceleratethepaceofdevelopmentofCNGandLPGfillingstationsmakeitpossible.AccordingtoChina'snaturalgasuseplanning,fornearlyadecade,"West-EastGasTransmission","secondShaanxi-Beijing",suchasalargenumberofgaspipelineandgaspipelinealongthecitieshavebuiltlarge-scaleuseofnaturalgasinChina'sgradualimprovementofinfrastructure,naturalgasfillingstationswillgraduallyformanetwork.4,thedevelopmentofCNGautogassourcewiththestabilityofassurancetoTianjinasanexample,atpresent,Tianjinhasestablishedaperfectsystemofnaturalgastransmissionanddistribution,fromnorthernShaanxi,Dagang,Tianjin,NorthChinaOilFieldtosupply,gassupplyisnearlymid-2005600millionm3,2006wasprojectedtoreach800millionm3,thelengthofpipenetwork6894km,ofwhichhigh-pressurepipeline591km,forthe"EleventhFive-Year"periodofTianjintodeveloplarge-scaleconstructionofCNGfillingstationscarprovidesaguarantee.Fourth,CNGcarsandfillingstationstoexplorethedevelopmentofcountermeasuresInordertospeeduptheuseofnaturalgasasacleanfuelvehicledevelopment,makesthefollowingrecommendations:1,theGovernmenthasintroducedpoliciestoencourageandsupport:thedevelopmentofallcountriesintheworldexperienceshowsthatgovernmentsupportisanecessaryconditionforaccelerateddevelopment,theimpactofitseconomicpolicyisanimportantfactorintheirdevelopmentshouldbeguaranteedinlaw,inthegasautomobileproduction,modification,partsandcomponentsproduction,stationconstruction,vehiclepurchaseanduseofgas,maintenanceandotheraspectsofpricing,taxation,investment,subsidiesandotheraspectsofthepreferentialpoliciessupporting.Gaspricesaffectgasvehicledevelopmentisanimportantfactor,onlythegaspricesandgasolinepriceswhenthedifferenceislargeenoughtoform,gascarbeforethedevelopmentofaneconomicfoundationanddrivingforce.2,strengthenleadership,theimplementationofunifiedmanagement.ThedevelopmentofCNGvehiclestotheconstructionofhigh-quality,convenientfillingstations,theneedforplanning,publicsecurity,firesafety,labor,technicalsupportsupervisorandotherdepartments.3,inthemunicipalplan,fillingstationsandgasstationsshouldbeconsideredco-ordination,rationaldistributionandcoordinateddevelopment.Tomakefulluseofexistinglandresourcesandinensuringtheenvironmentalsafetyofoilandgasunderthepremiseofbuildingonestation.4,followedbymotorcarsandCNGfillingstationsinthesimultaneousdevelopmentoftheprinciples,onlyinthestationsintoanetworkundertheconditions,CNGvehiclecanreallydevelop.AtthesametimescaleofonlyCNGcartoacertainnumber,thenormaloperationoffillingstationsinordertoachieveprofitability.5,thestrictlegalsystem:thedevelopmentofstringentvehicleemissionsregulations,andmakesurethatstandardsarenotroadvehiclesaredeterminednottobeonthequalificationsofCNGvehicleModify-Factroycriticalexamination,certification.Firstofall,thecityshouldthecitybus,taxi,asthefocusofthedevelopmentofCNGvehicle,busstopsomeofthephenomenonofblacksmokepollutionoftheenvironment.6,stepuppublicity.Atpresent,naturalgascarisstillattheinitialstage,thepublicnatureofitsenvironmentalprotection,safety,economy,reliability,donotfullyunderstand,so,itisnecessarytocarryoutawiderangeofsocialadvocacy,effortstoincreaseawarenessofthedangersofautomobileexhaust,tomakepeopleawareofCNGisaclean,safeandeconomicalfuel,sothatthedevelopmentofnaturalgasvehicleshavebeenrecognizedbyallsectorsofsocietyandsupport.Compressednaturalgasvehiclesbecauseofitsremarkableeconomicandsocialbenefitsthedevelopmentofthenaturalgasmarketwillbecomeanewfieldofapplications.Moreandmoreimportanceintheenvironmentalprotectionsituation,alongwithnaturalgasresourcesintheareaofthedevelopmentandapplicationofthewidening,whichwillreducetheenvironmentalpressureistoeasetheoilshortageandachievesustainabledevelopmentofareliableguarantee.