马克思是怎样学习外语的 How Marx Learned Foreign Languages

Lesson one. How Marx Learned Foreign Languages 一 .be born:出生,生于,后面通常由介词接表地点和时间的名词例:He was born on May21.1958. be from :出身于…某地人(=come from) 例:He is from Yiyang .  ／bore, borne:生育 bear ＼bore, born:出生  to be born = to come into the world by birth. She has borne two boys.她生了两个孩子. A son was born to him. 二.still 还,仍旧,一般用于肯定形式的句子里,但也可用于否定句,同yet yet 用在否定句中--尚,还;疑问句中—仍,仍然加强比较使用上通常用于否定句,疑问句中,表示一种期望. 例;1.He is still room. 2.He isn’t yet home. 3.He has left office yet.他已经离开办公室. 4.He still hasn’t left his office. 三. one’s native language = mother tongue 四.some time 名词词组,表示一段时间(come period of time).(at one time or another任何时候副词词组) come over some time.随时来玩(副词词组) It’ll be some time before he finishes reading the novel. sometime “总会”表示某人不确定的时间.“曾经”“或”将来总有一天 I’ll see you again sometime. = at uncertain time ; at some indefinite time some times 几次 sometimes 有时,at times , now and then ,from time to you I usually go to school on foot, but sometimes (I go) by bus. 五.be forced to do sth.被迫做某事. 其主动结构为force sb to do sth. 例.They were forced to work by the boss.---The boss forced them to work. 在使用force一词时,“强迫”的意味很浓,如果是一般的“要求”“使”则用make sb do sth或get sb to do sth更合适.oblige sb to do sth---feel it necessary to do sth强调“必要性” 六. by and by before long =in      一般用于过去时或将来时,前面还可加名词或从句 after a short (period of)time; soon 不久 a little later 不久以后; presently 立刻.马上> 其句型可转换为: it be not long before. 例.I hope to meet you～表将来.  It wasn’t long before, he came back with a basket. = Before long           of vegetable. long before = long time ago 一般用于过去时,过去完成时的句子中 例.He had left long before your arrived./He had left long before you came. 七.find 发觉,发现,发现的对象可以是人也可以是物,最常用的结构是:find +直接宾语+宾补<分词.形容词.介词词组.以及不定式to be> 例.We find them in the laboratory last night. 昨晚我们发现他们在实验室. find out phr. 发现,指经过探索和观察而发现,有查出来.搞清楚.弄明白的意思 例.Maybe somebody took it by mistaken.---But how can I find out who took it. 也许有人拿错了,但我如何能查出是谁拿了它. discover vt.发现,发现的对象是客观存在的东西或者物,以发现的人在未发现其是不知道的如就的科学真理.领域等. 例.A phone call to Baoding discovered that Bashi’s parents had already searched for the “body” in 50 wells. invent vt.发明,创造. 发明的对象是以其没有的东西.如科学技术.工具.手段.方法等. 例.People are inventing new sports or games all the time. 八.get to 到达.phr. 是补语动词,相当于一个及物动词,是口头用语.它的适用范围很广,不管是步行还是乘车<飞机.船等>到达目的地或中途暂停,都可以用. 注:如果到达地点是用副词表示的,那么get后面的介词to就不用.如:Let’s see who gets there first.  看谁先到那儿. arrive  vi.是个不及物动词,正式用语.它通常指使用某种交通工具到达某地. ／arrive in ----大地方           如果没有表示到达地方的名词,则无需用in或at. ＼arrive at ----小地方   reach  vt.正式用语.它的宾语除了表示地点的名词外,还可以是表示人或物的名词. 例.The letter had reached me through a third person ,an old friend of mine. 九.begin  vt.＆vi.和start vt.＆vi. 有时可以通用.两个词都表示“开始”做什么事,或某事情“开始”不过begin是最常用的词,它们可接名词,不定式和动名词. 例.Let’s begin our new lesson. The students usually start working as soon as they got there. 注:①有时begin后面接动名词与接不定式有差异. His father began drinking two years ago.习惯性 His father poured himself a glass of wine and began to drink.一次性 ②begin后面接不定式,有时表示这不定式的动作是这一动作的结果,相当于“才”. After the rectification campaign he began to realize his mistakes.整风运动后他才意识到错误. 在用法上有以下区别 ㈠begin 用于某一时间的开始. The work begins at two in the afternoon.(不能用start) start 着重突然开始的动作,常有“开动”“发动”的意思.Wait, you can’t start thecar. ㈡begin 一般表示从起点开始.All right, says the tortoise, and they begin to run. start 一般表示一整件事中断后再开始.Marx had learned some French and English. ㈢start可表示开办.创办.出发等意思;而begin没有.start a newspaper.创办报纸 If we start at six, we’ll be there in time. 如果指长期或习惯性的动作,就接动名词. 十.SO ①so+ adj.  It is so fine. ②so+ adj.+ a(n)+单数可数名词.<必须带不定冠词必须是单数名词> ③so+ + n <必须是这几个同时后面才接名词> 例.I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over. So much water. It was so long a story that he almost fell asleep. Such  ①后接单数可数名词,后面要加不定冠词,即such + a(n) + n . ②such + (adj.) + 复数n.      such (beautiful) places. ③such + (adj.) + 不可数名词   such water, such hot water . ④与one, no, many, some, several, all, only一起修饰名词时,such应放在它们之后. many such things.  It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home. 十一.                           in fact:事实上,更确切的讲. I was obliged to leave early to catch my train. The enemy was forced to .<撤退> The enemy was made to fall back. 十二. praise :(speak highly of) 称赞.表扬. He was praised because he worked well. praise … for:因…而表扬,for表原因.           十三. go on to do sth: next do sth, after finish doing sth 指某事已经做完,接着做另一件事. go on doing sth: continue doing sth 指同一件事尚未做完,而继续做下去. go on with sth: 指一个动作一度中止,后又继续做,后不能接doing sth. go on : 继续某种行为,on副词,表示继续下去的意思 (有时=last 有时=happen) After she had read lesson one, she went on to read lesson two. Go on, please! Go on reading the book. Let’s go on with the matter in hand .(让我们继续办手里的事) he sure about = he sure of He is sure to live to ninety .他一定可以活到九十岁. He is sure of living to ninety . 他们肯定生活到九十岁. 十四.keep (on) doing: continue or go on <继续进行> “on”可以省略,不接动词不定式. keep (on)+ 表示动作的现在分词,如:working, walking, talking, writing, smiling, losing. 不可接表静态的动词的现在分词,如:standing, sitting, lying, sleeping等 它特别强调动作的固执性,反复性,顽强性. 例:The boy kept (on) talking though the teacher had asked him to stop. 如果表连续的动作或状态,只用keep doing,不用keep ob doing. 如动作有间断,两者可互换动名词; keep doing现在分词> 十五.be sure 确信,有把握. be sure that<从句>--变简单句be sure of sth (doing sth )确信,有把握干… 例:I’m sure that we will win the game this time. ----I’m sure of our winning the game this time. I’m sure that he will succeed. ----I’m sure of his success. 类似的 “be+ adj.+介词+宾语”的结构还有: be mound of… 以…自豪,因…感到满意   be tired of …厌烦    be worthy of…值得 be fond of …喜欢,喜爱                be short of…缺乏 be sure to do sth.一定,务必干某事(will certainly do sth, surely do sth.)      I think he is sure to come here on time.             be sure where/what 从句 be sure about +(名,代,动名词),表自信,有把握,主语必须是人. 十六.greatly. 相当于much or very much 它用以表修饰过去分词.   I was ～ moved. much, very much修饰动词;very 修饰adj. adv. 十七.encourage :give hope or courage to sb. 这个字的结构属于:前缀en + n.—动词     又如: en + joy ---enjoy 十八.follow                              time ①接着,随着(指时间,顺序)---come next in order Monday follows Sunday. In the years that followed 在随后的几年里 in the days to come---in the coming days 即将到来的日子 ②跟随,意同于come after 十九.master: ①n. 主人,师傅 ②v. 精通,掌握 become expect in, have a command of . move on : move to another place . go further : 继续迁移,继续前进 grasp : understand with the mind 领会,掌握,了解<对知识等> 二十.enough (= as much as is necessary ) ①作为adj. 修饰n. 可放在n.之前或之后 ---We haven’t enough food for everybody. ---Have you got money enough to buy the dictionary. ②.作为adv.修饰adj. adv.时,应放在他们后面 ---He is strong enough to carry two bags of rice on his back. enough to do sth. 不定式表示肯定意义 The street is not wide enough for heavy trucks to pass through. The bed wasn’t big enough for him to sleep on. No bed was big enough for him to sleep on. 二十一.After ①after + 一段时间:通常用于一般过去时,指过去的某一段时间以后. He came back after two days. ②after +时间一定点:通常用于一般将来时,在…以后 in +一段时间:通常用于一般将来时,在…以后 He will come back after two o’clock.    He will come back in two hours. in +一段时间,在…一段时期之间    in the 1870’s in one’s fifties (基数词的复数形式)---over   ____fifty ,more than fifty ---between 50 and 60                   above in one’s teen .在十几岁的… 二十二.动词+ it + adj.(宾补)+ 真宾 n. 动词主要是:find, make, think, feel, consider等 例:  make it a rule to do sth. I think it is important to learn English well. I think to learn English well is important. I think it important to learn English well. 如果不定式作宾语,且带有自己的补语时,必须用it充当形式宾语. I found it hard to work with him. He said that it wasn’t right for you to do so. a book on radio 一本关于无线电的书 a book about radio 一本涉及无线电的书 二十三.advice 不可数名词, 忠告.建议. a bit of advice. 一条意见<建议>      much advice 许多意见 give… advice 提出劝告,提出意见  follow advice 接受意见,听从劝告 ask for advice 征求意见 advise : v. 劝告,建议,接不定式作宾语补足语 advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人干某事 = suggest one’s doing sth He suggested my helping his young brother with his English = advised me to help… 二十四.must ①表示 “应该”,变否定句用 “mustn’t”意为 “不应该,不许可”. You must take the book out of the room. ②表示 “必须”,变否定句为 “needn’t”意思是 “不必”=don’t have to, don’t need to You must come here for yourself.-----You needn’t come… ③表示 “推测”,变否定句为 “can’t be ”不可能 He must be in the classroom.-----He can’t be in the classroom. It must have rained last night.---It couldn’t have… ④must be doing sth. “一定正在” “务必正在” be always doing sth. ⑴只指某人的某种情绪,带感情色彩,不强调动作. When I come, he is always working. He is always making a noise late and night. ⑵也可以强调不间断的进行着的动作. He world is always changing. 二十五. show----prove                use sth. freely=be free to do sth. It shows (proves) he hasn’t mastered it. ／seize firmly with the hands 抓住 grasp ___understand with the mind 领会 二十六.forget = no longer have in the memory; fail to remember (fail to do sth. 未能,没有) 把某物遗忘在某处-----用 leave + sth + 地点状语 I forget my wallet. I left my wallet in the office. I left my heart in the tree. 二十七.ask (allow, expect, warm, force, teach, tell, want) sb. to do sth.在这些动词后做宾补的不定式带to. feel (hear, have, let, make, observe, see, watch)等感觉或役使动词后,不定式不带to. It made her feel better. always +现在过去进行时连用,表感情色彩.  He is always talking in class. 二十八.   ／vi. live for the being time.逗留,暂住. stay ＼vt. remain 停留. He staying at the Beijing Hotel.        I insisted that he stay for supper. He stayed up last night standing. (表伴随)     I insisted on his staying for supper. stay up = sit up 不睡觉,熬夜 stay up late睡得很晚 二十九.no more than = only, not any more than 仅仅,只有,和…一样的不 not more than = at most 不超过,不及 no less than = just as many as 有…之多 not less than = as many as, more than 也许,不止,还少 almost = nearly 三十.       在…之后.不久 ①shortly after  ②immediately after ③soon after ④not long after 与…谈话 ①talk to sb (speak to sb ) 找某人谈话 ②talk with sb. 同…交谈.讨论  ③have a word with sb.与…谈一下 ④have a talk with sb ⑤have words with sb. 三十一. stop doing sth. (动名词作宾语)停止做某事 stop to do sth. (不定式充当目的状语)停下来去做另一件事 三十二. ／hear clearly 听懂,领会 follow ＼go along陪着…走去 as follows 如下 follow out 执行     follow up 进一步行动 三十三. go swimming <现在分词作目的状语> = go for a swim attend ---- take part in              have a lecture 听演讲 have a class 听课                     go to school 上学 三十四. be pleased with ①be happy with 对…感到高兴②be satisfied with 对…感到满意 be pleased at sth/doing sth (at表原因) I’m very pleased at using your coming.                pleasure愉快,高兴 pleased 高兴的,愉快的,令人感到高兴的   pleasant 令人高兴的,舒适的,合适的 三十五.  tell tell the truth讲真话  tell… from … 区分 tell a lie 说谎        tell wrong (truth) from right (false) He told me that I shouldn’t make a noise in class. 变简单句---He told me not to make a noise in class. 变被动句---I was told not to …………… tell sb. of (about) sth. = speak to sb. of (about) sth. 和某人谈论,谈论起某事. 三十六. 短暂性动词不能接一段时间状语: ⑴I have bought a TV set for a long time. (错误,bought 改成 had ) ⑵I have borrowed a TV set for a long time. (错误,borrowed改成 kept ) 三十七.catch up with sb. = keep up with stb. give up doing sth.                    stop doing sth. 三十八.go in for ①从句,参与:take part in ②喜好:be fond of, take much delight in ⑴Did you go in for the stamp collecting? ⑵He often goes in for the productive labour. ⑶go in for the exam 参加考试 三十九.go over ①review 检查,回顾,复习 ②inspect carefully 仔细检查 go over the whole of the text = look through the text. make oneself understand 表达某人自己的心思,使人理解. 四十. listen to + 还带to 的不定式:We often listen to them discuss the problem. + 现在分词:            … to listen to people speaking freely on… 四十一.dead: adj. 死的,无感觉的,失效的 adv. 全然 n. 死者,  be ～ to 无反应 deadly: adj. 致命的,非常的,极 die: vi. 死,渴望,减弱,消逝 die away (down) 渐死,渐息  die off先后死去 die out渐灭 die of由…(死因)而死,主观原因<病,饿…> die from由…(死因)而死,客观原因<车祸,事故…> 四十二.在stop<接to则为表目的>.suggest, practise, finish, enjoy, avoid<逃避.避难>后,只能用动名词. 四十三.because, as , since, for because: conj.在这组词中表示原因的语气最强,它回答why的理由,主句和从句表示的是必然的因果关系,它引导的原因状语从句一般放在主句后. as和since: 作从属连词时,表示原因或理由时,意为 “因为” “由于” “既然”,语气不如前者.当原因不为人知道或不如句子的其他部分重要时,就用as, or since. We stayed at home as it was raining hard. The fisherman said: “Since I must die, I must.” for: conj.并列连词.for表示原因的语气最弱,只是根据前一句的内容作些推理或解释,一般译为 “因为” “其理由是”等,有时甚至可不必译出,它引导的分句只能在主句之后. “Get down on your kness,” said the Genie, “for I am going to kill you.” 四十四.有关国家,民族,语言点滴. Country People Language Country People Language Australia Australian English Germany German <复数Germans> German Belgium Belgian Flemish Dutch French Greece Greek Greek Britain the British the English English Hungary Hungarian Hungarian Canada Canadian English French India India Hindi China Chinese Chinese Italy Italian Italian Egypt Egyptian Arabic Japan Japanese Japanese France the French French U.S.A American English U.S.S.R Russian Russian                   四十五. “used to + 动词原形”用来表示过去的习惯性的动作和状态,含有明显的与现在不同的意思,它只能用于过去式. 其否定式.疑问式: 否定式:used not ( usedn't ) to  or : didn’t use to 疑问式:used + 主语 + to… ?     or : Did + 主 + use to … ? 四十六. forget to do 忘了去做某事 forget doing 忘了已做某事 附课文 LESSON ONE HOW MARX LEARNED FOREIGN LANGUAGES Karl Marx was born in Germany, and German was his native language. When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. He stayed in Belgium for a few years; then he went to France. Before long he had to move on again. In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary works. Marx had learned some French and English at school. When he got to England, he found that his English was too limited. He started working hard to improve it. He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. In fact, his English in one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it. Marx wrote back to say that Engels’ praise had greatly encouraged him. However, he went on to explain that he was not too sure about two things – the grammar and some of the idioms. These letters were written in 1853. In the years that followed, Marx kept on studying English and using it. When he wrote one of his great works, The Civil War in France, he had mastered the language so well that he was able to write the book in English. In the 1870’s when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the  situation in Russia, so he began to learn Russian. At the end of six months he had learned enough to read articles and reports in Russian. In one of his books, Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language. He said when a person is learning a foreign language, he must not always be translating everything into his own language. If he does this, it shows he has not mastered it. He must be able to use the foreign language, forgetting all about his own. If he can not do this, he has not really grasped the spirit of the foreign language and can not use it freely. WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS Karl Marx卡尔.马克思（1818-1883） Germany n.德国； native adj.本国的，本土的； one’s native language本国语；本族语 force vt.强迫，迫使 homeland n.祖国 political adj.政治的 Belgium n.比利时 before long不久以后 base n.基础；基地，根据地 revolutionary adj.革命的；n.革命者 limit vt.限制，限定 limited adj.有限的 improve vt.改善；提高 vi.改善；增加 rapid adj.快的，迅速的 progress n.进展；进步 make progress取得进步 article n.文章，论文；冠词 Engels恩格斯（Friedrich，弗里德里希，1820-1895） praise vt.&n. 赞扬，表扬 greatly adv.大大地；非常 encourage vt.鼓励 however conj.然而，可是；仍然 grammar n.语法 idiom n.成语，习惯用语 follow vt.跟随；（表示时间，次序等）接着 keep on （doing something）断续（做某事）；反复（做某事） works n.著作，作品；工厂 civil adj.国内的 master vt.精通；掌握 situation n.位置；形势；情况 Russia n.俄国；俄罗斯 translate vt.翻译 translate …into…把……译成…… grasp vt.抓住；领会；（对知识等的）掌握，了解 freely adv.自由地；随意地 NOTES TO THE TEXT 1.       When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons.他早在青年时代，就由于政治原因被迫离开了祖国。 在这个句子中for是“因为，由于”的意思。 又如：He was praised for his hard work.他因为工作努力受到了表扬。 2.       He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper.他进步很快，不久就开始用英文给一家美国报纸撰稿。 such … that（如此……以致）用来引导结果状语从句。Such修饰的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。如果是单数可数名词，要在such之后用不定冠词。 又如：She is such a good teacher that all of us love and respect （尊敬）her. 3.       In the years that followed, Marx kept on studying English and using it.在这之后的几年中， 马克思继续学习和使用英语。 that followed是起定语作用的从句，修饰前面的名词the years。 keep on (doing something)继续（做某事）；反复（做某事）。 又如：Keep on trying. You’ll make even greater progress.继续努力，你会取得更大的进步的。 Why do you keep on making the same mistake?为什么你老是犯同样的错误？ 4.       The Civil War in France《法兰西内战》 这部著作是马克思受国际工人协会（第一国际）的领导机关“总委员会”的委托而起草的一篇关于巴黎公社的宣言。在巴黎公社失败后两天，即1871年5月30日，马克思向总委员会宣读了这篇用英文写的宣言，获得一致通过，随后立即印成单行本出版。 5.       In the 1870’s, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the situation in Russia, so he began to learn Russian.在十九世纪七十年代，马克思已经五十几岁了，他觉得研究俄国的形势很重要，便开始学习俄语。 1870’s也可以写成1870s, （读eighteen seventies）十九世纪七十年代。 in his fifties他五十几岁时 fifties是fifty的复数形式，在这里指年龄，从五十岁到五十九岁。依此类推，可以说twenties（二十几岁），thirties（三十几岁），forties（四十几岁），等等。 句中it是found的形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语to study the situation in Russia；important是宾语补足语。 6.       In one of his books, Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.马克思在他的一本书里对于如何学习外语提出了一些建议。 句中on是介词，作“关于”讲。不定式短语how to learn a foreign language作介词on的宾语。 7.       He said when a person is learning a foreign language, he must not always be translating everything into his own language.他说当一个人在学习外语时，不要老是把什么都译成本族语。 这个句子的谓语是由must not和不定式的进行时构成的，表示“不应该……”、“一定不要……”等意思。在must not和不定式之间加上always，加重了不赞成的语气。 又如：You must not always be talking so much.你不应该老是讲这么多话。 8.       He must be able to use the foreign language, forgetting all about his own.他一定要能做到在使用外语的时候，完全忘掉本族语。