英汉互译课后复习资料 L1

1DefinitionofTranslation(P1)Inabroadsense:interlingualtranslation语际翻译theprocessoftransferringinformationfromonelanguageintoanotherlanguage.（不同种语言之间的转换）intralingualtranslation语内翻译theprocessoftransferringinformationbetweendifferentvarietieswithinalanguage（同种语言的不同变体之间的转换）varieties指语言的不同变体：比如历史变体（historicalvariety）、社会变体（socialvariety）、地域变体（regionalvariety）等intersemiotictranslation符际翻译theprocessoftransferringinformationbetweenlinguisticsymbolsandnon-linguisticsymbols（语言和非语言符号之间的转换）Inanarrowsense：translationjustreferstointerlingualtranslation2HistoryofTranslation2.1HistoryofTranslationResearchinChina(P1-3)intheXiaDynasty，materialandspiritualexchangesbasedontranslationbegantoemergeanddeveloptheZhou&QinDynasty，borrowedwordsstartedtoshowup,whichdemonstratedthefurtherdevelopmentofactivitiesinvolvingtranslation.theEasternHanDynasty，translationbegantoserveasanindependentcourseorprofession2.1.1TheFirstClimax(theEasternHanDynasty–theNorthernSongorEarlierSongDynasty):TranslationoftheBuddhistScriptures2.2.2TheSecondClimax(thelateMingDynasty–theOpiumWar):TranslationofBible,Science&Technology,Philosophy,Literature,etc.2.2.3TheThirdClimax(theMay4thMovement–thefoundationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina):TranslationofWesternPolitics,Economy,trendsofthought,Culture,etc.thetranslationofdemocracy,science,humanrights,patriotism,Marxism,etc2.2.4TheFourthClimax(thefoundationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina–thepresent):TranslationofOverallDevelopmentandRapidProgress2.2HistoryofTranslationResearchintheWest(P3-6)2.2.1TranslationintheAncientTimesTheFirstClimax(Inthemiddleofthe3rdCenturyBC)TheSecondClimax(the4thCentury,AD-the6thCentury,AD)2.2.2TranslationintheMedievalTimesTheThirdClimax(the11thCentury,AD-the12thCentury,AD)2.2.3TranslationintheRenaissanceTheFourthClimax(the14thCentury,AD-the16thCentury,AD)TheFifthClimax(thelate17thCentury,AD-theearly20thCentury,AD)2.2.3TranslationintheModernTimesTheSixthClimax(theSecondWorldWar–thepresent):3CriteriaofTranslation3.1CriteriaofTranslationinChina(6-7)3.1.1Controversybetween“Form”and“Content”3.1.2FocusonAccuracyaswellasEasiness3.1.3Faithfulness,fluencyandElegance3.1.4PursuitofEasinessandConsistencyinStyle3.2CriteriaofTranslationintheWest(7-9)3.2.1BriefIntroductionoftheWesternTheoriesP7:MarcusTulliusCicero(马库斯·图留斯·西塞罗)(106BC–43BC),afamouspolitician,speechmaker(演说家),rhetorician(雄辩家),legist(雄辩家)andphilosopher(哲学家)duringtheperiodofancientRome,proposedthetheoryof“LiteralTranslation(直译)VSFreeTranslation(意译)”.P8:IrishscholarAlexanderF.Tytler(泰特勒)proposedthreeelementsinEssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation:Thetranslationshouldbeacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.(译文应与原文的思想完全相符)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.(译文应与原文的风格及体裁相同)Thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.(译文应与原作完全一样通顺自然)P8:EugeneNida(尤金·奈达),amajorfounderofthemoderntranslationtheoriesaswellasanexcellentrepresentativeoftranslationpractice,proposed“functionalequivalence”(功能对等)basedon“dynamicequivalence”(灵活对等).OnewayofdefiningaD-Etranslationistodescribeitas“theclosestnaturalequivalenttothesource-languagemessage.Thistypeofdefinitioncontainsthreeessentialterms1)equivalent,whichpointstowardthesource-language,2)natural,whichpointstowardthereceptorlanguage,and3)closest,whichbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation.”Heanimadvertedonthetraditionaltranslationcriteriafocusingontheobjectivepassage,andboldlyraisedacriterionthatemphasizesonreaders’mentalreaction----ifthetranslatedversioncanleadtothesamementalreactionamongitsreadersasthatoftheoriginalreaders’,thensuchtranslationisasuccess.3.2.2MainThemesoftheWesternTranslation(P9)ThemeOne:TranslationbasedonLiteratureandArtThemeTwo:TranslationbasedonLinguisticTheories(StructuralLinguistics结构语言学)3.3TranslationCriteriaforEnglishTeaching(P9-10)AccuracyFluencyStyleConsistency4ApproachesofTranslation(P10)LiteralTranslationVSFreeTranslationFormVSContentFunctionalEquivalenceVSFormalCorrespondenceSourceLanguageOrientedVSTargetLanguageOrientedAuthorCenteredVSReaderCenteredThePurposeoftheWriterVSThePurposeoftheTranslatorExercise1(P30)1.Therearemanydifferentunderstandingsabouttranslation.Inabroadsense,translationincludes,and.2.referstotheprocessoftransferringinformationfromonelanguageintoanotherlanguage.3.referstotheprocessoftransferringinformationbetweendifferentvarietieswithinalanguage.4.referstotheprocessoftransferringinformationbetweenlinguisticsymbolsandnon-linguisticsymbols.5.Inanarrowsense,translationjustrefersto.6.Intermsoftranslation,thewesternsocietyhasundergonethefollowingfourstages:,,and.1.interlingualtranslation,intralingualtranslation,intersemiotictranslation2.interlingualtranslation3.intralingualtranslation4.intersemiotictranslation5.interlingualtranslation6.theAncientTimes,theMedievalTimes,theRenaissance,theModernTimesExercise2(P30-31)Accordingtosomehistoricalliterature,materialandspiritualexchangesbasedontranslationbegantoemergeanddevelopin.During,borrowedwordsstartedtoshowup,whichdemonstratedthefurtherdevelopmentofactivitiesinvolvingtranslation.Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthattranslationdidn’tserveasanindependentcourseorprofessionuntil.A)theXiaDynastyB)theShangDynastyC)theZhou&QinDynastyD)theEasternHanDynastyACDGenerallyspeaking,therearefourclimaxesintheChinesehistoryoftranslation.ThefirstclimaxreferstofromtheEasternHanDynastytotheNorthernSongDynasty.ThesecondclimaxreferstofromthelateMingDynastytotheFirstandSecondOpiumWars.ThethirdclimaxreferstofromtheMay4thMovementtothefoundationofPeople’sRepublicofChina.ThefourthclimaxreferstofromtheestablishmentofChinatillnow.A)thetranslationofdemocracy,science,humanrights,patriotism,Marxism,etc.B)thetranslationoftheBuddhistScripturesC)theoveralldevelopmentandthrivingadvanceoftranslationD)thetranslationofBible,scienceandtechnology,philosophy,literature,etc.B,D,A,CTranslationcriterionisthefocusofalltranslationtheories.Thetranslationcriterionof,proposedbyYanFu(严复),thegreatesttranslatorinthemodernhistoryofChina,hascapturedauniqueandsignificantpositioninboththeorystudiesandpractices.Thistranslationcriterioncanbetranslatedinto“fidelity”,“expressiveness”and“elegance”inEnglish.A)忠、通、雅B)信、达、美C)信、达、雅D)忠、顺、美C