2021专八真题及答案

TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS()GRADEEIGHTTIMELIMIT：195MINPARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(35MIN)SECTIONAMINI-LECTUREInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture．YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening，takenotesontheimportantpoints．Yournoteswillnotbemarked，butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture．Whenthelectureisover，youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes，andanothertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONE，usingnomorethanthreewordsineachgap．Makesuretheword(s)youfillinis(are)bothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable．Youmayrefertoyournoteswhilecompletingthetask．Usetheblanksheetfornote-taking．Now，listentothemini-lecture．UnderstandingAcademicLecturesListeningtoacademiclecturesisanimportanttaskforuniversitystudents.Then，howcanwecomprehendalectureefficiently?I.Understandall(1)A.wordsB.(2)—stress—intonation—(3)II.AddinginformationA.lectures:SharinginformationwithaudienceB.listeners：(4)C.sourcesofinformation—knowledgeof(5)—(6)oftheworldD.listeninginvolvingthreesteps:—hearing—(7)—addingIII.(8)A.reasons—overcomenoise—savetimeB.(9)—content—organizationIV.EvaluatingwhilelisteningA.helptpdecidethe(10)ofnotesB.helptorememberinformationSECTIONBINTERVIEWInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow．MarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO．Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview．Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions．Nowlistentotheinterview．1.Theresathinksthatthepresentgovernmentis________.[A]doingwhattheyhavepromisedtoschools[B]creatingopportunitiesforleadinguniversities[C]consideringremovingbarriersforstateschoolpupils[D]reducingopportunitiesforstateschoolpupils2.WhatdoesTheresaseeasaprobleminsecondaryschoolsnow?[A]Universitiesarenotworkinghardtoacceptstateschoolpupils.[B]ThenumberofstatepupilsapplyingtoOxfordfailstoincrease.[C]Thegovernmenthasloweredstatepupils’expectations.[D]Leadinguniversitiesarerejectingstateschoolpupils.3.InTheresa’sview，schoolfreedommeansthatschoolsshould____.[A]begivenmorefundingfromeducationauthorities[B]begivenallthemoneyanddecidehowtospendit[C]begrantedgreaterpowertorunthemselves[D]begivenmoreopportunitiesandchoices4.AccordingtoTheresa，whodecidesordecidemoneyforschoolsatthepresent?[A]Localeducationauthoritiesandthecentralgovernment.[B]Localeducationauthoritiesandsecondaryschoolstogether.[C]Localeducationauthoritiesonly.[D]Thecentralgovernmentonly.5.Throughoutthetalk，theinterviewerdoesallthefollowingEXCEPT____.[A]askingforclarification[B]challengingtheinterviewee[C]supportingtheinterviewee[D]initiatingtopicsSECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY．Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow．MarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO．Questions6and7arebasedonthefollowingnews，Attheendofthenewsitem，youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions．Nowlistentothenews．NewsItem16.Whatisthemainideaofthenewsitem?[A]FewerpeoplewatchTVonceaweek.[B]SmartphonesandtabletshavereplacedTV.[C]Newtechnologyhasledtomorefamilytime.[D]BiggerTVsetshaveattractedmorepeople.NewsItem27.Howmanylawmakersvotedforthemarijuanalegalizationbill?[A]50.[B]12.[C]46.[D]18.8.Thepassingofthebillmeansthatmarijuanacanbe________.[A]boughtbypeopleunder18[B]madeavailabletodrugaddicts[C]providedbythegovernment[D]boughtindrugstoresNewsItem39.Whatdidthereviewofglobaldatareveal?[A]Diarrheaisacommondisease.[B]Goodsanitationledtoincreaseinheight.[C]Thereweremanyproblemsofpoorsanitation.[D]Africanchildrenliveinworsesanitaryconditions.10.ThepurposeofDr.AlanDangour’sstudywasmostlikelyto________.[A]examinelinksbetweensanitationanddeathfromillness[B]lookintofactorsaffectingthegrowthofchildren[C]investigatehowtotacklesymptomslikediarrhea[D]reviewandcompareconditionsindifferentcountriesPARTIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30MIN)Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotalof20multiple-choicequestions.ReadthepassagesandthenmarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO．TEXTAIn，manyshopperschosetoavoidthefranticcrowdsanddotheirholidayshoppingfromthecomfortoftheircomputer.Salesatonlineretailersgainedbymorethan15%，makingitthebiggestseasonever.Butpeoplearealsoreturningthosepurchasesatrecordrates，up8%fromlastyear.Whatwentwrong?Isthelingeringshadowoftheglobalfinancialcrisismakingithardertoacceptextravagantindulgences?Orthatpeopleshopmoreimpulsively-andthereforemakebaddecisions-whenonline?Bothargumentsareplausible.However，thereisathirdfactor：aquestionoftouch.Wecanlovethelookbut，inanonlineenvironment，wecannotfeelthequalityofatexture，theshapeofthefit，thefallofafoldor，forthatmatter，theweightofanearring.Andphysicallyinteractingwithanobjectmakesyoumorecommitted.WhenmymostrecentbookBrandwashedwasreleased，Iteamedupwithalocalbookstoretoconductanexperimentaboutthedifferencesbetweentheonlineandofflineshoppingexperience.Icarefullyinstructedagroupofvolunteerstopromotemybookintwodifferentways.Thefirstwasafairlyhands-offapproach.Wheneveracustomerwouldinquireaboutmybook，thevolunteerwouldtakethemovertotheshelfandpointtoit.Outof20suchrequests，sixcustomersproceededwiththepurchase.Thesecondoptionalsoinvolvedgoingovertotheshelfbut，thistime，removingthebookandthensubtlyholdingontoitforjustanextramomentbeforeplacingitinthecustomer'shands.Ofthe20peoplewhowerehandedthebook.13endedupbuyingit.Justphysicallypassingthebookshowedabigdifferenceinsales.Why?Wefeelsomethingsimilartoasenseofownershipwhenweholdthingsinourhand.That'swhyweestablishorreestablishconnectionbygreetingstrangersandfriendswithahandshake.Inthiscase，havingtothenletgoofthebookafterholdingitmightgenerateasubtlesenseofloss，andmotivateustomakethepurchaseevenmore.Arecentstudyalsorevealedthepoweroftouch，inthiscasewhenitcametoconventionalmail.Adeeperandlonger-lastingimpressionofamessagewasformedwhendeliveredinaletter，asopposedtoreceivingthesamemessageonline.Brainimagingshowedthat，ontouchingthepaper，theemotionalcenterofthebrainwasactivated，thusformingastrongerbond.Thestudyalsoindicatedthatoncetouchbecomespartoftheprocess，itcouldtranslateintoasenseofpossession.Thissenseofownershipissimplynotpartoftheequationintheonlineshoppingexperience.Astheritualsofpurchaseinthelead-uptoChristmaschange，notonlydowegivelessthoughttothetypeofgiftswebuyforourlovedonesbut，throughourowndigitalwishlists，weincreasinglycontrolwhattheybuyforus.Thereality，however，isthatnomatterhowconvincedweallarethatdigitalisthewaytogo，findingrealsatisfactionwillprobablytakemorethanafewsimpleclicks.11.Accordingtotheauthor，shoppersarereturningtheirpurchasesforallthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat____.[A]theyareunsatisfiedwiththequalityofthepurchase[B]theyeventuallyfindthepurchasetooexpensive[C]theychangetheirmindoutofuncertainty[D]theyregretmakingthepurchasewithoutforethought12.Whatisthepurposeoftheexperimentinthebookstore?[A]Toseewhichpromotionmethodispreferredbycustomers.[B]Tofindoutthestrengthsandweaknessesofbothmethods.[C]Totrytosetupanewretailer-customerrelationship.[D]Toseetheeffectofanapproachoncustomers'decisions.13.WhydoestheauthorcitethestudybyBangorUniversityandtheRoyalMailService?[A]Tocomparesimilarresponsesindifferentsettings.[B]Toprovidefurtherevidenceforhisownobservation.[C]Toofferascientificaccountofthebrain'sfunctions.[D]Todescribeemotionalresponsesinonlineshopping.14.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Realsatisfactiondependsonfactorsotherthanthecomputer.[B]Despiteonlineshoppingwestillattachimportancetogiftbuying.[C]Somepeoplearestilluncertainaboutthedigitalage.[D]Onlineshoppingoffersrealsatisfactiontoshoppers.TextBMyprofessorbrotherandIhaveanargumentaboutheadandheartaboutwhetherheovervaluesIQwhileIlearnmoretowardEQ.Wetypicallyhavethisdebateaboutpeople—canwebefriendswithareallysmartjerk（怪物）?—butthere’scorollarytoanimalsaswell.I’dloveitifourdogcouldfetchthemorningpaperandthenreadittomeovercoffee，butIactuallycaremuchmoreaboutherloyalandinnocentheart.There’salreadyenoughthinkinggoingonisourhouse，andweprobablyspendtoomuchtimeinourheads，whereweneedsomerolemodelingisininstinct，andthat’swhereadogisarovingrevelation.Ididnotgrowupwithdogs，whichmeantthatmyolderdaughter’srespectfulbutunyieldingdeterminationtogetonerequiredsomeadjustmentonmypart.Ioftenfeltshewastrainingme：fromagesof6to9，shegentlyschooledmeinvariousbreedsandtheirpersonalities，whisperedtothedogsweencounteredsotheywouldcharmandpersuademe，demonstratedbyherself-displinethatshewasreadyfortheresponsibility.AndthuscameourdogTwist，whomIsometimesmistakeforathirddaughter.AtfirstIthoughtthechallengewouldbetotrainhertosit，toheel，towalkcalmlybesideusandnotgowildlychasingtheneighbourhoodrabbits.ButIsoondiscoveredhowmuchmorewehadtolearnfromherthanshefromus.Ifitistrue，forexample，thatthesecrettoachild’ssuccessislessraregeniusthanrawpersistence，Twist’sabilitytostayontaskisamodelforusall，especiallyifthetaskistryingtocapturethesunbeamthatflicksaroundthelivingroomasthewindblowsthroughthebranchesoutside.Sheneversucceeds，andshenevergivesup.Thisincludeswhensherunssquareintowalls.Thenthereisherunfailingpatience，whichbreaksdownonlywhenshesensesthatdinnertimewas15minutesagoandwehavesomehowfailedtonotice.Eventhensheismoreeagerthanindignant，andherrefusaltowhineshowsarestraintofwhichI’mnotalwayscapablewhenhungry.ButthelessonIvaluemostistheoneinforgiveness，andTwistfirstofferedthiswhenshewasstillveryyoung.Whenshewasabout7monthsold，wetookhertothevettobesprayed(切除卵巢).Weturnedherovertoastranger，whoprocceededtoperformaprocedurethatwasprobablynotpleasant，Butwhenthevetreturnedhertous，limpandtender，therewasnorecrimination(反责)，nohowcouldyoudothattome?Itwasasthoughshereallyknewthatwecouldnotintentionallycauseherpain，andwhileshedidnotunderstand，sheforgaveandcurledupwithherheadonmydaughter’slap.Isupposewecouldhaveconcludedthatshewasjustblindlyloyalanddocile.Buteventuallyweknewbetter.Sheisentirelycapableofdisobedience，asshehasprovedmanytimes.Shewillignoreuswhentherearemoreinterestingthingstolookat，rebukeuswhenwearecareless，barkintothetwilightwhenshehasurgentmessagestosend.Butherpatiencewithourfailingsandfricklenessandherwillingnesstogiveusascondchanceareadailylessoningratitude.Myfriendswhogrewupwithdogstellmehowwhentheywereteenagersandtrustednooneintheworld，theycouldtelltheirdogalltheirsecrets.Itwastheonefriendwhowouldnotgossiporbetray，couldprovideinthemiddleofthenightthesoft，unbegrudgingcomfortandpeacethatadolescenceconspirestodisrupt.Anagethatisallaboutgrowthandriskneedssomeanchorsandweigths，amodelofsteadfastnesswhenallelseisinflux.SometimesIthinkTwist’sdevotionkeepsmygirlsonabenevolentlash，onethathangsquietlyattheirsideastheytrotalongbutoccasionallyyanksthembacktosafetyandsolidground.We’veweighedsomanydecisionssocarefullyinraisingourdaughters—whatschooltosendthemtoandwhatchurchtoattend，whentogivethemcellphonesandwithwhatprecautions.Butwhenitcomestowhatreallyshapestheircharacterandbindsourfamily，Ineverwouldhavethoughtwewouldowesomuchtoitssmallestmember.15.Inthefirstparagraph，theauthorsuggeststhat____.[A]apersoncaneitherhaveahighIQoralowEQ[B]herprofessorbrothercarestoomuchaboutIQ[C]weneedexamplesofhowtofollowone'sheart[D]sheprefersdogsthatarecleverandloyal16.Accordingtothepassage，allthefollowingareTwist'scharacteristicsEXCEPT____.[A]resignation[B]patience[C]forgiveness[D]tenacity17.Accordingtothecontext，themeaningoftheword"square"isclosestto____.[A]fast[B]blindly[C]straight[D]stubbornly18.ThatTwist'sdevotionkeepsmygirlsonabenevolentleashmeansthat____.[A]Twistiscapableoflookingafterthegirls[B]Twistandthegirlshavebecomefriends[C]Twistknowshowtofollowthegirls[D]Twist'sloyaltyhelpsthegirlsgrowup19.Whatdoestheauthortrytoexpressinthelastparagraph?[A]Difficultiesinraisingherchildren.[B]Worriesaboutwhattobuyforkids.[C]GratitudetoTwistforherrole.[D]Concernsaboutschoolingandreligion.TextCMostWestAfricanlorriesatenotinwhatonewouldcallthefirstflushofyouth，andIhadlearntbybitterexperiencenottoexpectanythingverymuchofthem.ButthelorrythatarrivedtotakemeuptothemountainswasworsethananythingIhadseenbefore：ittotteredonthebordersofseniledecay.Itstoodthereonbuckledwheels，wheezingandgaspingwithexhaustionfromhavingtoclimbupthegentleslopetothecamp，andIconsignedmyselfandmyloadstoitwithsometrepidation.Thedriver，whowasacheerfulfellow，pointedoutthathewouldrequiremyassistanceintwoverynecessaryoperations：first，Ihadtokeepthehandbrakepresseddownwhentravellingdownhill，forunlessitwasheldthusalmostlevelwiththeflooritsullenlyrefusedtofunction.Secondly，Ihadtokeepasterneyeontheclutch，awilfulpieceofmechanism，thatseizedeverychancetoleapoutofitssocketwithanoiselikeastranglingleopard.AsitwasobviousthatnotevenaWestAfricanlorrydrivercouldbesuccessfulindrivingwhilecrouchedunderthedashboardinapre-natalposition，IhadtotakeovercontroloftheseinstrumentsifIvaluedmylife.So，whileIduckedatintervalstoputonthebrake，amidtherichsmellofburningrubber，ournoblelorryjerkeditswaytowardsthemountainsatasteadytwentymilesperhour；sometimes，whenadownwardslopefavouredit，itthrewcautiontothewindsandcareeredalonginamadcapfashionattwenty-five.Forthefirstthirtymilestheredearthroadwounditswaythroughthelowlandforest，thegianttreesstandinginsolidranksalongsideandtheirbranchesentwinedinanarchwayofleavesaboveus.Flocksofhornbillsflappedacrosstheroad，honkingliketheghostsofancienttaxis，andonthebanks，drapeddecorativelyinthepatchesofsunlight，theagamalizardslay，blushingintosunsetcolouringwithexcitementandnoddingtheirheadsfuriously.Slowlyandalmostimperceptiblytheroadstartedtoclimbupwards，loopingitswayinlanguidcurvesroundtheforestedhills.Inthebackofthelorrytheboyslifteduptheirvoicesinsong:Homeagain，homeagain，WhenshallIseemahome?WhenshallIseemamammy?I'llneverforgetmahome...Thedriverhummedtherefrainsoftlytohimself，glancingatmetoseeifIwouldobject.TohissurpriseIjoinedin，andsowhilethelorryrolledonwardstrailingaswirlingtailofreddustbehindit，theboysinthebackmaintainedthechoruswhilethedriverandIharmonizedandsangcomplicatedtwiddlybits，andthedriverplayedastaccatoaccompanimentonthehorn.Breaksintheforestbecamemorefrequentthehigherweclimbed，andpresentlyanewtypeofundergrowthbegantoappear：massivetree-fernsstandinginconspiratorialgroupsattheroadsideontheirthick，squat，andhairytrunks，thefrondsofleavessproutingfromthetopslikedelicategreenfountains.Thesefernsweretheguardiansofanewworld，forsuddenly，asthoughthehillshadshruggedthemselvesfreeofcloak，theforestdisappeared.Itlaybehindusinthevalley，athickpeltofgreenundulatingawayintotheheat-shimmereddistance，whileaboveusthehillsiderosemajestically，coveredinacoatofrippling，waist-highgrass，bleachedgoldenbythesun.Thelorrycrepthigherandhigher，theenginegaspingandshudderingwiththisunaccustomedactivity.Ibegantothinkthatweshouldhavetopushthewretchedthingupthelasttwoorthreehundredfeet，buttoeveryone'ssurprisewemadeit，andthelorrycreptontothebrowofthehill，tremblingwithfatigue，spoutingsteamfromitsradiatorlikeadyingwhale.Wecrawledtoastandstillandthedriverswitchedofftheengine.“Wemustwaitsmall-time，enginegethot，heexplained，pointingtotheforequartersofthelorry，whichwerebynowcompletelyinvisibleunderacloudofsteam.ThankfullyIdescendedfromthered-hotinsideofthecabandstrolleddowntowheretheroaddippedintothenextvalley.FromthisvantagepointIcouldseethecountrywehadtravelledthroughandthecountrywewereabouttoenter.20.Thatittotteredonthebordersofseniledecaymeansthatthelorrywas_________.abouttobreakdownaveryoldvehicleunabletotravelthedistance[D]adangerousvehicleWhichofthefollowingwordsinthefirstparagraphisusedliterally?Flush.Borders.Operations.Gasping.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthattheauthorregardstheinadequaciesofthelorryas_________.[A]inevitableandamusing[B].dangerousandfrightening[C]novelandunexpected[D]welcomeandinteresting23.AllthefollowingwordsinthelastbutoneparagraphdescribethelorryasahumanEXCEPT.tremblingspoutingshudderingcrept24.Wecaninferfromthepassagethattheauthorwas________.boredbytheappearanceofthegrasslandsaheadreluctanttodoanywalkinginsohotaclimateunfriendlytowardsthelocaldriverandboysalittlesurprisedtohavetohelpdrivethelorry25.Asuitabletitleforthepassagewouldbe_______.AjourneythatscaredmeAjourneytorememberThewildWestAfricanlorryAcomicjourneyinWestAfricaTextDHaveyouevernoticedacertainsimilarityinpublicparksandbackgardensinthecitiesoftheWest?AubiquitouswoodlandmixoflawngrassesandtreeshasfounditswaythroughoutEuropeandtheUnitedStates，andit’snowspreadtoothercitiesaroundtheworld.AsecologistPeterGroffmanhasnoted，it'sincreasinglydifficulttotellonesuburbapartfromanother，evenwhenthey'relocatedinvastlydifferentclimatessuchasPhoenix，Arizona，orBostoninthemuchchilliernorth-eastoftheUS.AndwhydoparksinNewZealandoftenfeaturethesamespeciesoftreesthatgrowontheothersideoftheworldintheUK?InspiredbytheEnglishandNewEnglandcountrysides，earlylandscapearchitectsofthe19thCenturysuchasAndrewJacksonDowningandFrederickLawOlmsteadcreatedanaestheticforurbanpublicandprivateopenspacethatpersiststothisday.Butinthe21stCentury，urbangreenspaceistaskedwithdoingfarmorethansimplyprovidingaestheticappeal.Fromnaturalsystemstodealwithsurfacewaterrun-offandpollutiontogreencorridorstoincreasinginterestinurbanfoodproduction，theurbanparksofthefuturewillbedesignedandengineeredforfunctionalityaswellasforbeauty.Imaginetravellingamongthecitiesofthemid-21stCenturyandfindingauniquesetofurbanlandscapesthatcapturelocalbeauty，naturalandculturalhistory，andtheenvironmentalcontext.Theyaretunedtotheirlocality，anddiversewithinaswellasacrosscities.Therearepatchesthatprovideshadeandcooling，placesoflocalfoodproduction，andcorridorsthatconnectbothresidentsandwildlifetothesurroundingnativeenvironment.Theirfunctionsaremeasuredandmonitoredtomeettheuniqueneedsofeachcityforfoodproduction，wateruse，nutrientrecycling，andhabitat.Notwogreenspacesarequitethesame.Plannersarealreadystartingtoworktowardsthisvision.Andifthismovementhasabuzzworditis“hyperfunctionality”–designswhichprovidemultipleusesinaconfinedspace，andatermcoinedbyRichardPouyatoftheUSForestService.Atthemoment，urbanlandscapesarehighlymanagedandlimitedintheirspatialextent.Eventhe"green"citiesofthefuturewillcontainextensiveareasofbuildings，roads，railways，andotherbuiltstructures.Thesefuturecitiesarelikelytocontainahigherproportionofgreencoverthanthecitiesoftoday，withanincreasingfocusonplantingonroofs，verticalwalls，andformerlyimpervioussurfaceslikecarparks.Butbuiltenvironmentswillstillbeever-presentindensemegacities.Wecangreatlyenhancetheutilityofgreenspacethroughdesignsthatprovidearangeofdifferentusesinaconfinedspace.Ahyperfunctionalplanting，forexample，mightbedesignedtoprovidefood，shade，wildlifehabitat，andpollutionremovalallinthesamegardenwiththerightchoiceofplants，configurations，andmanagementpractices.Whatthismeansisthatwehavetomaximisethebenefitsandusesofurbanparks，whileminimisingthecostsofbuildingandmaintainingthem.Currently，greenspaceandstreetplantingsarerelativelysimilarthroughouttheWesternworld，regardlessofdifferencesinlocalclimate，geography，andnaturalhistory.Evendesertcitiesfeaturethesamesizablestreettreesandwell-wateredandwell-fertilizedlawnsthatyoumightseeinmoretemperateclimes.Themovementtoreducetheresourcesandwaterrequirementsofsuchurbanlandscapesinthesearidareasiscalled"xeriscaping"–aconceptthathasso-farreceivedmixedresponsesintermsofpublicacceptance.ScottYabikuandcolleaguesattheCentralArizonaPhoenixprojectshowedthatnewcomerstothedesertembracexeriscapingmorethanlong-timeresidents，whoaremorelikelytopreferthewell-wateredaesthetic.Inpart，thismaybebecausexeriscapingisjustifiedmorebyreducinglandscapingcosts–inthiscasewatercosts–thanbyprovidingdesiredbenefitslikerecreation，pollutionmitigation，andculturalvalue.Fromthisperspective，xeriscapingcanseemmorelikeacompromisethananasset.Butthereareotherwaystomakeourparksandnaturalspacesdomore.NanEllin，oftheEcologicalPlanningCenterintheUS，advocatesanasset-basedapproachtourbanism.Insteadofenvisioningcitiesintermswhattheycan'thave，ecologicalplannersarebeginningtoframethediscussionoffuturecitiesintermsofwhattheydohave-theirnaturalandculturalassets.InUtah’sSaltLakeCity，insteadofcouchingenvironmentalplanningasanissueofresourcescarcity，thefutureparkisdescribedas"mountainurbanism"andthestrongassociationoflocalresidentswiththenaturalenvironmentofthemountainrangesneartheirhome.Fromthisstartingpoint，thelocalclimate，vegetat