论工业社会和未来展望

^.INTRODUCTION介绍1.TheIndustrialRevolutionanditsconsequenceshavebeenadisasterforthehumanrace.Theyhavegreatlyincreasedthelife-expectancyofthoseofuswholivein"advanced"countries,buttheyhavedestabilizedsociety,havemadelifeunfulfilling,havesubjectedhumanbeingstoindignities,haveledtowidespreadpsychologicalsuffering(intheThirdWorldtophysicalsufferingaswell)andhaveinflictedseveredamageonthenaturalworld.Thecontinueddevelopmentoftechnologywillworsenthesituation.Itwillcertainlysubjecthumanbeingstogreaterindignitiesandinflictgreaterdamageonthenaturalworld,itwillprobablyleadtogreatersocialdisruptionandpsychologicalsuffering,anditmayleadtoincreasedphysicalsufferingevenin"advanced"countries.1，工业革命及其后果为人类带来了极大的灾难。这两者极大地增加了我们这些生活在“发达”国家的人口的预期寿命，但也破坏了社会的稳定性，令生活空虚无谓，剥夺了人类的尊严，导致了心理疾病的扩散（以及第三世界里的生理疾病扩散），还严重地破坏了自然界。技术的继续发展将令上述情况进一步恶化。人类尊严必将遭到进一步剥夺，自然界也必将遭到进一步破坏。社会也很可能遭到进一步扰乱，心理困扰将会加剧，而生理疾病甚至将会在“发达”国家蔓延开来。2.Theindustrial-technologicalsystemmaysurviveoritmaybreakdown.Ifitsurvives,itMAYeventuallyachievealowlevelofphysicalandpsychologicalsuffering,butonlyafterpassingthroughalongandverypainfulperiodofadjustmentandonlyatthecostofpermanentlyreducinghumanbeingsandmanyotherlivingorganismstoengineeredproductsandmerecogsinthesocialmachine.Furthermore,ifthesystemsurvives,theconsequenceswillbeinevitable:Thereisnowayofreformingormodifyingthesystemsoastopreventitfromdeprivingpeopleofdignityandautonomy.2，工业-技术体系可能幸存也可能崩溃。假如该体系幸存下来，可能最终将会降低生理与心理的痛苦水平，但在此之前必须经历一段漫长而痛苦的调整期，而且人类与众多其他生命体也将付出惨重代价，永远沦为社会机器上的齿轮。更有甚者，假如这个体系幸存下来，将会导致不可避免的后果：没有任何方法能够改革或改进这一体系，使之不至于剥夺人的尊严与自主。3.Ifthesystembreaksdowntheconsequenceswillstillbeverypainful.Butthebiggerthesystemgrowsthemoredisastroustheresultsofitsbreakdownwillbe,soifitistobreakdownithadbestbreakdownsoonerratherthanlater.3，假如这一体系崩溃，结果依旧会十分痛苦。但是体系规模越大，崩溃造成的结果就越可怕。因此假如真要崩溃的话最好赶早不赶迟。4.Wethereforeadvocatearevolutionagainsttheindustrialsystem.Thisrevolutionmayormaynotmakeuseofviolence:itmaybesuddenoritmaybearelativelygradualprocessspanningafewdecades.Wecan'tpredictanyofthat.Butwedooutlineinaverygeneralwaythemeasuresthatthosewhohatetheindustrialsystemshouldtakeinordertopreparethewayforarevolutionagainstthatformofsociety.ThisisnottobeaPOLITICALrevolution.Itsobjectwillbetooverthrownotgovernmentsbuttheeconomicandtechnologicalbasisofthepresentsociety.,4，所以我们主张发动针对工业体系的革命。这场革命可能使用或不使用暴力，可能突然完成也可能在几十年时间里相对循序渐进地进行。我们无法预测这一点。但是我们的确为那些憎恨工业体系的人们勾勒了一套十分宽泛的方法，从而为反对这一特定社会形式的革命铺平道路。这不是一场政治革命。革命目标并非推翻政府，而是颠覆现存社会的经济与技术基础。5.Inthisarticlewegiveattentiontoonlysomeofthenegativedevelopmentsthathavegrownoutoftheindustrial-technologicalsystem.Othersuchdevelopmentswementiononlybrieflyorignorealtogether.Thisdoesnotmeanthatweregardtheseotherdevelopmentsasunimportant.Forpracticalreasonswehavetoconfineourdiscussiontoareasthathavereceivedinsufficientpublicattentionorinwhichwehavesomethingnewtosay.Forexample,sincetherearewell-developedenvironmentalandwildernessmovements,wehavewrittenverylittleaboutenvironmentaldegradationorthedestructionofwildnature,eventhoughweconsiderthesetobehighlyimportant.5，本文中我们仅仅关注了工业-技术体系所产生的所有负面发展中的一部分。其他此类发展我们则仅仅稍微提了一提或者干脆完全忽略了。这并不意味着我们认为此类负面发展不重要。出于实际考量我们必须将讨论范围局限于未曾获得足够公众注意或者我们有话要说的领域。例如，鉴于目前已经有了进展得力的环保与自然运动，我们对于环境恶化或自然破坏的话 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 并未多费笔墨，尽管我们认为这些问题极为重要。THEPSYCHOLOGYOFMODERNLEFTISM现代左派主义的心理6.Almosteveryonewillagreethatweliveinadeeplytroubledsociety.Oneofthemostwidespreadmanifestationsofthecrazinessofourworldisleftism,soadiscussionofthepsychologyofleftismcanserveasanintroductiontothediscussionoftheproblemsofmodernsocietyingeneral.6，几乎所有人都会同意我们生活在一个深度动荡的社会。我们这个社会的疯狂有许多广为传播的表现，左派主义就是其中之一。因此讨论左派主义心理有助于进一步开展针对现代社会一般性问题的讨论。7.Butwhatisleftism?Duringthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyleftismcouldhavebeenpracticallyidentifiedwithsocialism.Todaythemovementisfragmentedanditisnotclearwhocanproperlybecalledaleftist.Whenwespeakofleftistsinthisarticlewehaveinmindmainlysocialists,collectivists,"politicallycorrect"types,feminists,gayanddisabilityactivists,animalrightsactivistsandthelike.Butnoteveryonewhoisassociatedwithoneofthesemovementsisaleftist.Whatwearetryingtogetatindiscussingleftismisnotsomuchamovementoranideologyasapsychologicaltype,orratheracollectionofrelatedtypes.Thus,whatwemeanby"leftism"willemergemoreclearlyinthecourseofourdiscussionofleftistpsychology(Also,seeparagraphs227-230.)7，但是左派主义是什么呢？在二十世纪前半段左派主义就等同于社会主义。今天这一运动已经分崩离析了，也很难说怎样的人才算是左派主义者。本文中所谓的左派主义者包括社会主义者、集体主义者、“政治正确”人士、女权主义者、同性恋与残疾人活动者，动物权益保护者以及其他类似群体。但并非所有与此类活动有所牵扯的人都一定是左派主义者。我们这里打算讨论的并非左派主义运动或者意识形态，而是左派运动的心理类型或者相关心理类型的集合。我们笔下“左派主义”的含义将会随着我们对于左派主义心理的讨论而越发清晰。（见227-230段）8.Evenso,ourconceptionofleftismwillremainagooddeallessclearthanwewouldwish,buttheredoesn'tseemtobeanyremedyforthis.Allwearetryingtodoisindicateinaroughandapproximatewaythetwopsychologicaltendenciesthatwebelievearethemaindrivingforceofmodernleftism.WebynomeansclaimtobetellingtheWHOLEtruthaboutleftistpsychology.Also,ourdiscussionismeanttoapplytomodernleftismonly.Weleaveopenthequestionoftheextenttowhichourdiscussioncouldbeappliedtotheleftistsofthe19thandearly20thcentury.8，尽管如此，我们对于左派主义的概念依然赶不上我们的希望那样清晰，但是看来在这方面完全无计可施。我们在这里只想以粗略的方式指出我们眼中驱动现代左派主义的两大心理趋势。我们不敢声称已经穷尽了左派心理的所有事实。我们的讨论也仅局限于现代左派主义。至于我们的讨论究竟在多大程度上可以应用于十九世纪以及二十世纪初期的左派主义者，在此姑且存而不论。9.Thetwopsychologicaltendenciesthatunderliemodernleftismwecall"feelingsofinferiority"and"oversocialization."Feelingsofinferiorityarecharacteristicofmodernleftismasawhole,whileoversocializationischaracteristiconlyofacertainsegmentofmodernleftism;butthissegmentishighlyinfluential.9，我们将奠定现代左派主义基础的两股心理趋势称为“自卑感”与“过度社会化。自卑感是现代左派主义的整体特征，而过度社会化则仅仅是现代左派主义某些派别的特征，但是这一派别极有影响力。FEELINGSOFINFERIORITY自卑感10.By"feelingsofinferiority"wemeannotonlyinferiorityfeelingsinthestrictestsensebutawholespectrumofrelatedtraits:lowself-esteem,feelingsofpowerlessness,depressivetendencies,defeatism,guilt,self-hatred,etc.Wearguethatmodernleftiststendtohavesuchfeelings(possiblymoreorlessrepressed)andthatthesefeelingsaredecisiveindeterminingthedirectionofmodernleftism.10，我们口中的“自卑感”不仅意味着最严格意义上的自卑感，还包括一系列十分广泛的相关特征：自尊低下、无力感、抑郁、失败主义、负罪感以及自我憎恨等等。我们认为现代左派主义者倾向于有上述感受（可能受到了一定程度的压抑），这些感受对于决定现代左派主义的方向起着决定性的作用。11.Whensomeoneinterpretsasderogatoryalmostanythingthatissaidabouthim(oraboutgroupswithwhomheidentifies)weconcludethathehasinferiorityfeelingsorlowself-esteem.Thistendencyispronouncedamongminorityrightsadvocates,whetherornottheybelongtotheminoritygroupswhoserightstheydefend.Theyarehypersensitiveaboutthewordsusedtodesignateminorities.Theterms"negro,""oriental,""handicapped"or"chick"foranAfrican,anAsian,adisabledpersonorawomanoriginallyhadnoderogatoryconnotation."Broad"and"chick"weremerelythefeminineequivalentsof"guy,""dude"or"fellow."Thenegativeconnotationshavebeenattachedtothesetermsbytheactiviststhemselves.Someanimalrightsadvocateshavegonesofarastorejecttheword"pet"andinsistonitsreplacementby"animalcompanion."Leftistanthropologistsgotogreatlengthstoavoidsayinganythingaboutprimitivepeoplesthatcouldconceivablybeinterpretedasnegative.Theywanttoreplacetheword"primitive"by"nonliterate."Theyseemalmostparanoidaboutanythingthatmightsuggestthatanyprimitivecultureisinferiortoourown.(WedonotmeantoimplythatprimitiveculturesAREinferiortoours.Wemerelypointoutthehypersensitivityofleftishanthropologists.)11，当某人将几乎一切针对他（或者他所认同的群体）所说的话均理解为贬损时，我们就认为此人有自卑感或低自尊。少数群体权益拥护者就体现了这一趋向，无论他们自身是否从属于该群体。他们对于指代少数群体的名词极为敏感。指代黑人、亚洲人、残疾人与女性的“黑鬼（negro）”、“东方人（oriental）”、“残废（handicapped）”与“妞（chick）”就原意来说并不包含贬低意味。“娘们（broad）”与“妞”只是“爷们（guy）”“哥们（dude，fellow）”的女性对应称谓。正是活动家们自己为这些名词附加了负面含义。有些动物权益活动家们甚至拒绝使用“宠物”一词，而以“动物伴侣”取而代之。左派人类学家们十分费力地避免使用任何可能被理解为负面含义的言辞来形容原始民族，他们还想把“原始（primitive）”替换成“不文（nonliterate）”任何可能暗示原始文化比他们的文化更为低劣的言辞都令他们几乎要疑神疑鬼。（我们在此不打算暗示原始文化比我们的文化更为低劣。我们仅仅想要指出左派人类学家极为敏感的表现。）12.Thosewhoaremostsensitiveabout"politicallyincorrect"terminologyarenottheaverageblackghetto-dweller,Asianimmigrant,abusedwomanordisabledperson,butaminorityofactivists,manyofwhomdonotevenbelongtoany"oppressed"groupbutcomefromprivilegedstrataofsociety.Politicalcorrectnesshasitsstrongholdamonguniversityprofessors,whohavesecureemploymentwithcomfortablesalaries,andthemajorityofwhomareheterosexual,whitemalesfrommiddle-classfamilies.12，对于“政治正确”术语最为敏感的人并非一般的贫民区黑人居民、亚洲移民，遭受虐待的女性或者残疾人，而是一小部分活动家，他们当中有许多人甚至都不属于任何“受压迫”群体，而是出身于地位更高的社会阶层。政治正确的据点是大学教授，他们有稳定的工作与丰厚的薪金，以中产阶级出身异性恋白人男性为主。13.Manyleftistshaveanintenseidentificationwiththeproblemsofgroupsthathaveanimageofbeingweak(women),defeated(AmericanIndians),repellent(homosexuals),orotherwiseinferior.Theleftiststhemselvesfeelthatthesegroupsareinferior.Theywouldneveradmitittothemselvesthattheyhavesuchfeelings,butitispreciselybecausetheydoseethesegroupsasinferiorthattheyidentifywiththeirproblems.(Wedonotsuggestthatwomen,Indians,etc.,AREinferior;weareonlymakingapointaboutleftistpsychology).13，许多左派主义者对于那些在形象上软弱（女性）、失败（印第安原住民）、令人反感（同性恋）等等的群体所遭遇的问题有着十分强烈的认同感。他们绝不会自认拥有此类感情，但正是因为他们认为这些群体低人一等才会认同他们遭遇的问题。（我们并未暗示女性与印第安人等群体低人一等，我们仅仅在解释左派主义者的心理。）14.Feministsaredesperatelyanxioustoprovethatwomenareasstrongascapableasmen.ClearlytheyarenaggedbyafearthatwomenmayNOTbeasstrongandascapableasmen.14，女权主义者极为急切地想要证明女性与男性一样强壮有力。很明显女性可能不像男性一样强壮有力的恐惧令她们十分不安。15.Leftiststendtohateanythingthathasanimageofbeingstrong,goodandsuccessful.TheyhateAmerica,theyhateWesterncivilization,theyhatewhitemales,theyhaterationality.ThereasonsthatleftistsgiveforhatingtheWest,etc.clearlydonotcorrespondwiththeirrealmotives.TheySAYtheyhatetheWestbecauseitiswarlike,imperialistic,sexist,ethnocentricandsoforth,butwherethesesamefaultsappearinsocialistcountriesorinprimitivecultures,theleftistfindsexcusesforthem,oratbestheGRUDGINGLYadmitsthattheyexist;whereasheENTHUSIASTICALLYpointsout(andoftengreatlyexaggerates)thesefaultswheretheyappearinWesterncivilization.Thusitisclearthatthesefaultsarenottheleftist'srealmotiveforhatingAmericaandtheWest.HehatesAmericaandtheWestbecausetheyarestrongandsuccessful.15，左派主义者倾向于憎恨一切给人留下强大、优秀与成功印象的事物。他们憎恨美国，他们憎恨西方文明，他们憎恨白人男性，他们憎恨理性。左派主义者们之所以憎恨西方等事物的原因显然与他们的真正动机不符。他们说他们之所以憎恨西方是因为西方喜好战争、推行帝国主义、性别歧视以及种族中心论等等，但当这些问题出现在社会主义国家或者原始文化当中时，左派主义者们总会为其寻找借口，至多也仅仅是勉强承认其存在，同时则十分积极地（并经常夸大其词地）指出西方文明中出现的同样问题。因此很显然这些问题并非左派主义者憎恨美国与西方的真正原因。他们憎恨美国与西方是因为它们强大而成功。16.Wordslike"self-confidence,""self-reliance,""initiative","enterprise,""optimism,"etc.playlittleroleintheliberalandleftistvocabulary.Theleftistisanti-individualistic,pro-collectivist.Hewantssocietytosolveeveryone'sneedsforthem,takecareofthem.Heisnotthesortofpersonwhohasaninnersenseofconfidenceinhisownabilitytosolvehisownproblemsandsatisfyhisownneeds.Theleftistisantagonistictotheconceptofcompetitionbecause,deepinside,hefeelslikealoser.16，“自信”、“自立”、“自主”、“进取”以及“乐观”之类的词汇在自由派与左派主义者的用语当中起不到多少作用。左派主义者反对个人主义，支持集体主义。他们希望社会解决每个人的需求并照料他们。他内心深处对于依靠自己的能力解决自己的问题并满足自己的需求毫无信心。左派主义者是竞争这一概念的天敌，因为他在内心深处感觉像是个失败者。17.Artformsthatappealtomodernleftistintellectualstendtofocusonsordidness,defeatanddespair,orelsetheytakeanorgiastictone,throwingoffrationalcontrolasiftherewerenohopeofaccomplishinganythingthroughrationalcalculationandallthatwasleftwastoimmerseoneselfinthesensationsofthemoment.17，吸引现代左派主义知识分子的艺术形式倾向于关注污秽、失败与绝望，或者采取狂欢基调，放弃理性控制，似乎已经无望通过理性计算实现任何目的，只得将自己彻底沉浸于当下的感官刺激当中。18.Modernleftistphilosopherstendtodismissreason,science,objectiverealityandtoinsistthateverythingisculturallyrelative.Itistruethatonecanaskseriousquestionsaboutthefoundationsofscientificknowledgeandabouthow,ifatall,theconceptofobjectiverealitycanbedefined.Butitisobviousthatmodernleftistphilosophersarenotsimplycool-headedlogicianssystematicallyanalyzingthefoundationsofknowledge.Theyaredeeplyinvolvedemotionallyintheirattackontruthandreality.Theyattacktheseconceptsbecauseoftheirownpsychologicalneeds.Foronething,theirattackisanoutletforhostility,and,totheextentthatitissuccessful,itsatisfiesthedriveforpower.Moreimportantly,theleftisthatesscienceandrationalitybecausetheyclassifycertainbeliefsastrue(i.e.,successful,superior)andotherbeliefsasfalse(i.e.failed,inferior).Theleftist'sfeelingsofinferiorityrunsodeepthathecannottolerateanyclassificationofsomethingsassuccessfulorsuperiorandotherthingsasfailedorinferior.ThisalsounderliestherejectionbymanyleftistsoftheconceptofmentalillnessandoftheutilityofIQtests.Leftistsareantagonistictogeneticexplanationsofhumanabilitiesorbehaviorbecausesuchexplanationstendtomakesomepersonsappearsuperiororinferiortoothers.Leftistsprefertogivesocietythecreditorblameforanindividual'sabilityorlackofit.Thusifapersonis"inferior"itisnothisfault,butsociety's,becausehehasnotbeenbroughtupproperly.18，现代左派主义哲学家倾向于蔑视理性、科学与客观现实，并坚持一切都在文化上都是相对的。诚然，人们可以就科学知识的基础以及如何（假如可以的话）在概念上定义客观事实提出严肃的问题。但是显然现代左派主义哲学家们并不仅仅是头脑冷静的逻辑学家，他们的所作所为也不是对于知识基础进行系统性分析。他们在攻击真理与事实时投入了大量的感情。他们攻击这些概念是因为自己的心理需求。他们的攻击行为是对自身敌意的发泄，假如这种攻击取得成功，还能满足他们的权欲。更重要的是，左派主义者们憎恨科学与理性是因为它们将特定信仰归类为真（成功、高等）而将其他信仰归类为假（失败、低等）。左派主义者的自卑感如此深厚以至于他无法容忍对于事物进行任何成功/高等与失败/低等的分类。还有许多左派主义者以此为基础反对精神疾病的概念与智商测试的实用性。左派主义者尤为反对从基因角度解释人类能力或表现，因为此类解释会使一部分人显得比另一部分人更为高等或低等。左派主义者更喜欢将个人能力或能力缺乏归功或归罪于社会。因此假如某人较为“低等”，这并非本人的错误，而是社会的错误，因为他没有得到适当的培养。 19.Theleftistisnottypicallythekindofpersonwhosefeelingsofinferioritymakehimabraggart,anegotist,abully,aself-promoter,aruthlesscompetitor.Thiskindofpersonhasnotwhollylostfaithinhimself.Hehasadeficitinhissenseofpowerandself-worth,buthecanstillconceiveofhimselfashavingthecapacitytobestrong,andhiseffortstomakehimselfstrongproducehisunpleasantbehavior.[1]Buttheleftististoofargoneforthat.Hisfeelingsofinferiorityaresoingrainedthathecannotconceiveofhimselfasindividuallystrongandvaluable.Hencethecollectivismoftheleftist.Hecanfeelstrongonlyasamemberofalargeorganizationoramassmovementwithwhichheidentifieshimself.19，左派主义者并非那种会因为自卑感而夸夸其谈、自高自大、欺凌他人、自我吹捧以致无情竞争的典型人物。此类人物并未完全丧失对自己的信心。他在权力与自我价值的认知方面有缺陷，他依然可以想象自己强大有力的样子，正是他令自己强大的努力才导致了这种种令人不快的行为。【1】然而左派主义者已经远远超过了这一阶段。他的自卑感如此根深蒂固，以至于她无法想象自己可以成为一名强大且有价值的个人。因此左派主义者信奉集体主义。他仅仅在身为大型组织或大规模运动的一员时才能感到强大。[1].(Paragraph19)WeareassertingthatALL,orevenmost,bulliesandruthlesscompetitorssufferfromfeelingsofinferiority.【1】（第19段）我们断言，所有或者至少大多数欺辱他人或者无情竞争的人都有自卑感。20.Noticethemasochistictendencyofleftisttactics.Leftistsprotestbylyingdowninfrontofvehicles,theyintentionallyprovokepoliceorraciststoabusethem,etc.Thesetacticsmayoftenbeeffective,butmanyleftistsusethemnotasameanstoanendbutbecausetheyPREFERmasochistictactics.Self-hatredisaleftisttrait.20，注意左派主义者们行动策略中的自虐倾向。左派主义者经常躺在车轮前进行抗议，有意识挑逗警察或种族主义者对自身施暴。这些策略往往有效。但是许多左派主义者使用此类策略并非单纯当做手段，而是因为他们更偏好自虐性的策略。自我憎恨是左派主义者的特征。21.Leftistsmayclaimthattheiractivismismotivatedbycompassionorbymoralprinciple,andmoralprincipledoesplayarolefortheleftistoftheoversocializedtype.Butcompassionandmoralprinciplecannotbethemainmotivesforleftistactivism.Hostilityistooprominentacomponentofleftistbehavior;soisthedriveforpower.Moreover,muchleftistbehaviorisnotrationallycalculatedtobeofbenefittothepeoplewhomtheleftistsclaimtobetryingtohelp.Forexample,ifonebelievesthataffirmativeactionisgoodforblackpeople,doesitmakesensetodemandaffirmativeactioninhostileordogmaticterms?Obviouslyitwouldbemoreproductivetotakeadiplomaticandconciliatoryapproachthatwouldmakeatleastverbalandsymbolicconcessionstowhitepeoplewhothinkthataffirmativeactiondiscriminatesagainstthem.Butleftistactivistsdonottakesuchanapproachbecauseitwouldnotsatisfytheiremotionalneeds.Helpingblackpeopleisnottheirrealgoal.Instead,raceproblemsserveasanexcuseforthemtoexpresstheirownhostilityandfrustratedneedforpower.Indoingsotheyactuallyharmblackpeople,becausetheactivists'hostileattitudetowardthewhitemajoritytendstointensifyracehatred.21，左派主义者可能声称他们的活动动机是同情或者道德原则，道德原则对于过度社会化的左派主义者也的确有作用。但是同情或者道德原则不会是左派主义活动的主要动机。左派主义者的活动当中有着太过突出的敌意，因此其最要动机是权欲。更有甚者，许多左派主义者在进行活动时并没有为了维护他们声称想要帮助的群体的权益而进行理性计算。例如，如果一个人认为黑人平权行动对黑人有益，那么采取敌对化或教条化的平权行动有意义吗？很明显，与那些认为平权行动对他们造成歧视的白人们打交道时，采取灵活怀柔的手段并至少作出一些口头和象征性的让步将更富有成效。但左派主义活动家们不采取这种做法，因为它无法满足他们的情感需要。帮助黑人不是他们真正的目标。相反，他们将种族问题作为借口借以表达自己的敌意与追求权力而不可得的沮丧。他们的作法实际上伤害了黑人，因为这些活动家对待白人多数的敌对态度倾向于加强种族仇恨。22.Ifoursocietyhadnosocialproblemsatall,theleftistswouldhavetoINVENTproblemsinordertoprovidethemselveswithanexcuseformakingafuss.22，如果我们的社会并没有上述所有的问题，左派将不得不发明新的问题，从而为自己提供无病呻吟的借口。23.Weemphasizethattheforegoingdoesnotpretendtobeanaccuratedescriptionofeveryonewhomightbeconsideredaleftist.Itisonlyaroughindicationofageneraltendencyofleftism.23，我们强调，上述论述未必对于每一个可能被视为左派主义者的人都十分准确，这只是对于左派主义总趋势的粗略概括。OVERSOCIALIZATION过度社会化24.Psychologistsusetheterm"socialization"todesignatetheprocessbywhichchildrenaretrainedtothinkandactassocietydemands.Apersonissaidtobewellsocializedifhebelievesinandobeysthemoralcodeofhissocietyandfitsinwellasafunctioningpartofthatsociety.Itmayseemsenselesstosaythatmanyleftistsareover-socialized,sincetheleftistisperceivedasarebel.Nevertheless,thepositioncanbedefended.Manyleftistsarenotsuchrebelsastheyseem.24，心理学家使用“社会化”这个术语表示训练儿童使之按照社会的 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 去思考和行动的过程。一个得到良好社会化的人相信并服从他所属社会的道德准则，并且很适应作为社会正常运作一部分的身份。说许多左派主义者过度社会化可能看起来毫无意义，因为左派主义者一般被视为反叛者。然而这一主张可以得到辩护。许多左派都不像看上去那样反叛。25.Themoralcodeofoursocietyissodemandingthatnoonecanthink,feelandactinacompletelymoralway.Forexample,wearenotsupposedtohateanyone,yetalmosteveryonehatessomebodyatsometimeorother,whetherheadmitsittohimselfornot.Somepeoplearesohighlysocializedthattheattempttothink,feelandactmorallyimposesasevereburdenonthem.Inordertoavoidfeelingsofguilt,theycontinuallyhavetodeceivethemselvesabouttheirownmotivesandfindmoralexplanationsforfeelingsandactionsthatinrealityhaveanon-moralorigin.Weusetheterm"oversocialized"todescribesuchpeople.[2]25，我们社会的道德准则如此严苛，以至于没有人能以完全道德的方式进行思考、感受与行动。例如，我们不应该去恨任何人，但几乎每个人都曾经一度痛恨过其他什么人，不论他是否向自己承认。有些人的社会化程度如此之高，以至于完全道德地思考、感受与行动的企图为他们带来了严重的负担。为了避免罪恶感，他们不断地就自己的动机欺骗自己，为那些在现实当中有着非道德起源的感受和行动寻找道德解释。我们使用“过度社会化”这一术语来形容这样的人。【2】[2].(Paragraph25)DuringtheVictorianperiodmanyoversocializedpeoplesufferedfromseriouspsychologicalproblemsasaresultofrepressingortryingtorepresstheirsexualfeelings.Freudapparentlybasedhistheoriesonpeopleofthistype.Todaythefocusofsocializationhasshiftedfromsextoaggression.【2】（第25段）在维多利亚时期许多过度社会化的人们都因为试图压抑性欲而遭受了严重的心理问题。显然弗洛伊德以这些人为基础构建了自己的理论。今天社会化的重点已经从性欲转向了攻击性。26.Oversocializationcanleadtolowself-esteem,asenseofpowerlessness,defeatism,guilt,etc.Oneofthemostimportantmeansbywhichoursocietysocializeschildrenisbymakingthemfeelashamedofbehaviororspeechthatiscontrarytosociety'sexpectations.Ifthisisoverdone,orifaparticularchildisespeciallysusceptibletosuchfeelings,heendsbyfeelingashamedofHIMSELF.Moreoverthethoughtandthebehavioroftheoversocializedpersonaremorerestrictedbysociety'sexpectationsthanarethoseofthelightlysocializedperson.Themajorityofpeopleengageinasignificantamountofnaughtybehavior.Theylie,theycommitpettythefts,theybreaktrafficlaws,theygoofoffatwork,theyhatesomeone,theysayspitefulthingsortheyusesomeunderhandedtricktogetaheadoftheotherguy.Theoversocializedpersoncannotdothesethings,orifhedoesdothemhegeneratesinhimselfasenseofshameandself-hatred.Theoversocializedpersoncannotevenexperience,withoutguilt,thoughtsorfeelingsthatarecontrarytotheacceptedmorality;hecannotthink"unclean"thoughts.Andsocializationisnotjustamatterofmorality;wearesocializedtoconfirmtomanynormsofbehaviorthatdonotfallundertheheadingofmorality.Thustheoversocializedpersoniskeptonapsychologicalleashandspendshisliferunningonrailsthatsocietyhaslaiddownforhim.Inmanyoversocializedpeoplethisresultsinasenseofconstraintandpowerlessnessthatcanbeaseverehardship.Wesuggestthatoversocializationisamongthemoreseriouscrueltiesthathumanbeingsinflictononeanother.26，过度社会化可导致低自尊、无力感、失败主义以及内疚等，我们对儿童进行社会化的最重要手段之一是使他们对于与社会期望相反行为或言语感到羞愧。如果做过了头，或者如果某个孩子特别容易受到这种感情的影响，他就会为自己感到羞愧。此外过度社会化的人与轻度社会化的人相比更容易在思想与行为上受到社会期待的限制。大多数人都会做出不道德的行为。他们撒谎，他们小偷小摸，他们违反交通法规，他们在工作中偷懒，他们讨厌别人，他们说别人的坏话或者使用卑劣的花招来出人头地。过度社会化的人不能做这些事情，如果他做了就会为自己感到羞耻，还会自我仇恨。他不能想“不干净”的念头。而且社会化不只是一个道德问题，我们遭到社会化之后遵守的许多规范或表现都不属于道德的认定范围。因此，过度社会化的人在心理上被狗链拴着，一辈子都在社会铺设的轨道上运行。对于许多过度社会化的人来说这都会导致约束感和无力感，令其十分难熬。我们认为过度社会化是人类对彼此造成最严重的暴行。27.Wearguethataveryimportantandinfluentialsegmentofthemodernleftisoversocializedandthattheiroversocializationisofgreatimportanceindeterminingthedirectionofmodernleftism.Leftistsoftheoversocializedtypetendtobeintellectualsormembersoftheupper-middleclass.Noticethatuniversityintellectuals[3]constitutethemosthighlysocializedsegmentofoursocietyandalsothemostleft-wingsegment.27，我们认为，当代左派当中一个非常重要且有影响力的派系就是过度社会化份子，他们的过度社会化对于确定现代左派主义的前进方向十分重要。过度社会化类型的左派主义者往往是知识分子和上层中产阶层的成员。请注意，大学知识分子【3】构成了我们的社会中社会化程度最高的部分，也是最左派的部分。[3].(Paragraph27)Notnecessarilyincludingspecialistsinenginee