2019年翻译资格考试一级笔译实务试题及答案

2019年翻译资格考试一级笔译实务试题及答案OrphanagesStuntMentalGrowth1ByBENEDICTCAREYPsychologistshavelongbelievedthatgrowingupinaninstitutionlikeanorphanagestuntschildren'smentaldevelopmentbuthaveneverhaddirectevidencetobackitup.Nowtheydo,fromanextraordinaryyears-longexperimentinRomaniathatcomparedtheeffectsoffostercarewiththoseofinstitutionalchild-rearing.ThestudyfoundthattoddlersplacedinfosterfamiliesdevelopedsignificantlyhigherI.Q.'sbyage4,onaverage,thanpeerswhospentthoseyearsinanorphanage.Thedifferencewaslarge-eightpoints2-andthestudyfoundthattheearlierchildrenjoinedafosterfamily,thebettertheydid.Childrenwhomovedfrominstitutionalcaretofamiliesafterage2madefewgainsonaverage,thoughtheexperiencevariedfromchildtochild.3Bothgroups,however,hadsignificantlylowerI.Q.'sthanacomparisongroupofchildrenraisedbytheirbiologicalfamilies.Somedevelopmentalpsychologistshadsharplycriticizedthestudyanditssponsorforresearchingaquestionwhoseanswerseemedobvious.Butpreviousattemptstocompareinstitutionalandfostercaresufferedfromseriousflaws,mainlybecausenooneknewwhetherchildrenwholandedinorphanagesweredifferentinunknownwaysfromthoseinfostercare.ExpertssaidthenewstudyshouldputtorestanydoubtsabouttheharmfuleffectsofInstitutionalization4_andmighthelpspeedupadoptionsfromcountriesthatstillallowthem.5"Mostofustakeitasalmostintuitivethatbeinginafamilyisbetterforhumansthanbeinginanorphanage,"saidapsychologistattheUniversityofWisconsin,whowasnotinvolvedintheresearch."Butothergovernmentsdon'tliketobetoldhowtohandlepolicyissuesbasedonintuition.""Whatmakesthisstudyimportant,"hewenton,"isthatitgivesobjectivedatatosaythatifyou'regoingtoallowinternationaladoptions,thenit'sagoodideatospeedthingsupandgetkidsintofamiliesquickly.6Inrecentyearsmanycountries,includingRomania,havebannedorsharplyrestrictedAmericanfamiliesfromadoptinglocalchildren.Inothercountries,adoptionprocedurescandragonformanymonths.In2006,Americansadopted20,679childrenfromabroad,morethanhalfofthemfromChina,GuatemalaandRussia.TheresearchersapproachedRomanianofficialsinthelate1990saboutconductingthestudy.Thecountryhadbeenworkingtoimproveconditionsatitsorphanages,whichbecameinfamousintheearly1990sasDickensianwarehousesforabandonedchildren.Aftergainingclearancefromthegovernment,theresearchersbegantotrack136childrenwhohadbeenabandonedatbirth.Theyadministereddevelopmentalteststothechildren,andthenrandomlyassignedthemtocontinueatoneofBucharest'ssixlargeorphanages,orjoinanadoptivefamily.Thefosterfamilieswerecarefullyscreenedandprovided"veryhigh-qualitycare".OnI.Q.teststakenat54,months,thefosterchildrenscoredanaverageof81,comparedto73amongthechildrenwhocontinuedinaninstitution8.Thechildrenwhomovedintofostercareattheyoungestagestendedtoshowthemostimprovement,theresearchersfound.ThecomparisongroupofyoungsterswhogrewupintheirbiologicalfamilieshadanaverageI.Q.of109atthesameage."Institutionsandenvironmentsvaryenormouslyacrosstheworldandwithincountries,""butIthinkthesefindingsgeneralizetomanysituations,fromkidsininstitutionstothoseinabusivehouseholdsandevenbadfostercarearrangements."Insettingupthestudy,theresearchersdirectlyaddressedtheethicalissueofassign/ngchildrentoinstitutionalcare,whichwassuspectedtobeharmful."Ifagovernmentistoconsideralternativestoinstitutionalcareforabandonedchildren,itmustknowhowthealternativecomparestothestandardcareitprovides."theywrote.Anynumberoffactorscommontoinstitutionscouldworktodelayorbluntintellectualdevelopment,expertssay:theregimentation,theindifferencetoindividualdifferencesinchildren'shabitsandneeds;and