一般腹股沟斜疝手术步骤修复术

一般腹股沟斜疝手术步骤修复术 来源:医学全在线 更新:2007-10-22 医学论坛 [手术原则] 1.充分显露 切口上方需在腹壁下动脉处，使疝囊颈充分显露出来。 2.高位结扎疝囊 在内环处完全分离出疝囊，这样才消灭腹膜的袋形外突，防止疝的复发。 3.仔细止血 沿精索走行的大小出血点要一一结扎止血，防止术后形成血肿，继发感染。 4.加强腹壁 主要是利用缝合或修复的方法加强腹壁，特别是加强腹股沟管后壁的力量，减少薄弱环节，这是手术成败的关键。术前必须仔细选择修复方法;术中应认真操作。 图1 腹股沟斜疝的解剖改变 图2 修复腹膜及腹横筋膜的手术途径 根据腹股沟斜疝的解剖特点和临床 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现，证明加强腹股沟管后壁，防止疝复发的重要环节在于妥善缝牢内环处的腹横筋膜。腹横筋膜围绕精索形成内环口，并呈漏斗状向下进入腹股沟管，变成精索内筋膜。形成腹股沟斜疝后，腹横筋膜则同时围绕着疝囊和精索[图1]。所以，手术修复斜疝时，必须在此漏斗口部纵行切开精索内筋膜，显露疝囊和精索，并将二者分离，然后在内环平面横行切开疝囊，将疝 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 物返纳后，闭合腹膜。并要特别注意缝牢腹横筋膜。除婴幼儿外，还需将腹横肌和腹内斜肌的联合肌腱缝于腹股沟韧带上，进一application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 步加强腹股沟管的后壁。修复手术中显露内环的途径有三种:一是要腹股沟部，二是经腹腔，三是经腹膜前。临床上常使用两种方法[图2]。 [手术方法的选择] 修复腹股沟斜疝的手术方法很多，应根据病人的年龄、疝囊大小、病程长短、有无复发等具体情况来选择。常用的手术方法和操作特点如表26-1: 病人情况 手术方法和操作特点 婴幼儿先天性斜疝 经腹腔疝囊高位离断术 儿童、青少年小型斜疝，腹肌无明显缺损 经腹股沟疝囊高位结扎术 精索原位腹股沟斜疝修复术(Ferguson)精索不移位，成人斜疝，腹股沟管后壁无缺损 仅次联合肌腱缝于腹股沟韧带上，加强腹股沟管前壁 精索腱膜下移位腹股沟斜疝修复术(Bassini):精索 成人斜疝，腹壁轻度薄弱 移位至腹内斜肌和腹外斜肌之间，再将联合肌腱缝于 腹股沟韧带上，加强腹股沟管后壁 改良精索腱膜下移位腹股沟斜疝修复术(McVay):与老年人斜疝，复发性疝，腹壁重度薄弱 上法相同，但联合肌腱缝于耻骨韧带上 精索皮下移位腹股沟斜疝修复术(Halsted):精索移 巨大斜疝，腹壁重度薄弱 位至腹外斜肌外，联合肌腱缝于腹股沟韧带上，腹外 斜肌腱膜重叠缝合 表26-1 腹股沟斜疝各类手术方法和操作特点 除此以外，在选择和施行手术时还需注意以下几个具体问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 : 1.成人的腹外疝修复术，除有嵌顿或绞窄者应紧急手术外，均宜择期手术。 2.成人并发腹内压力增高的疾病(如腹水、尿潴留、严重的慢性咳嗽等)或其它全身性严重疾病(如肺原性心脏病、心力衰竭等)，以及妊娠早期和后期，均不宜手术治疗。 3.小儿的腹股沟斜疝很多可以随年龄增长而自愈。婴幼儿因先天性腹膜鞘突未闭而发生的斜疝，约有40%在生后6个月左右可以自愈，约有60%至2岁时自愈。因此，直径在2cm以内的较小疝囊，均适于在1,2岁以后施行手术。 4.未嵌顿的斜疝同时患有局部皮肤疾病时，应等皮肤病治愈后手术。 application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check [术后准备] 1.明确诊断是斜疝还是直疝，或是二者并存，是否滑疝，有无嵌顿或绞窄等。 2.详尽了解肠梗阻、脱水、休克等的严重程度以及全身并发哪种严重疾病，积极采取相应的防治措施。 3.术前排空膀胱。 [麻醉] 成人用硬膜外麻醉;小儿可用氯胺酮麻醉或骶管麻醉。 [手术步骤] (一)精索原位腹股沟斜疝修复术(Ferguson) 1.体位、切口 仰卧位。自腹股沟韧带中点上方3cm处至耻骨结节，作与腹股沟韧带平行的斜切口，长约6cm[图3-1]。 3-1 切口 3-2 切开浅筋膜浅层和深层 2.显露疝囊 切开皮肤后，最先遇到的是浅筋膜浅层(即皮下脂肪)。切开此层时，可在术野见到两条腹壁浅部动脉(即切口外段的腹壁浅动脉和切口内段的阴部外浅动脉)，应一一结扎、切断，防止不必要的出血，再顺切口方向切开浅筋膜深层[图3-2]。 application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 用缠纱布的手指向两侧钝性分离浅筋膜深层下面的结缔组织，显露腹外斜肌腱膜[图3-3]。在腹外斜肌腱膜上切一小口，先用剪刀在腱膜下潜行分离，再用剪刀挑起腱膜，顺纤维方向向上和向下剪开，以免损伤紧贴在腱膜下的髂腹下神经和髂腹股沟神经。当向下朝外环剪开时，可用镊子插入外环，将其撑开，以免损伤经外环通过的髂腹股沟神经[图3-4]。 3-3 分离浅筋膜深层下结缔组织 3-4 切开腹外斜肌腱膜 用小止血钳夹住并提起腹外斜肌腱膜的两缘，用缠以纱布的示指在腱膜切缘深面向两侧分离。下外侧缘需分离到腹股沟韧带，上内侧需分离出腹内斜肌、腹横肌游离缘和联合肌腱[图3-5]。分离过程中，注意不应损伤腹外斜肌腱膜深面的髂腹下神经和髂腹股沟神经。 3-5 向两侧分离 3-6 拉开腹内斜肌、腹横肌，切开提睾肌 将腹内斜肌、腹横肌用直角拉钩向上拉开，显露精索和覆于其上的提睾肌。在前方切开提睾肌，用小止血钳轻轻夹住切缘拉向两侧，就可看到精索[图3-6]。 仔细分离精索，注意其周围的组织，在精索的内上方寻找疝囊。有困难时，可嘱病人用力咳嗽或收缩腹肌，使疝囊外突。辨清疝囊后，即可提起、切开[图3-7]。 3-7 寻找并切开疝囊 3-8 分离疝囊至内环处，辨清周围重要组织 application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 3.高位结扎疝囊 欲求疝囊的高位结扎，首先必须将疝囊向上分离至内环处。分离疝囊时，可用止血钳提起疝囊切开缘，并用左手示指伸入疝囊作为支持，再用右手示指缠以纱布仔细钝性分离，逐渐将疝囊与精索等组织分开[图3-8]。如粘连较重，也可使用锐性分离。 向上分离疝囊见到腹膜外脂肪时，即已分至疝囊颈以上。在内环处应辨清附近的组织结构。在疝囊内侧，常可见弧形的腹横筋膜缺损缘。将手指经疝囊颈伸入腹腔内，可触及腹壁下动脉在内环的内下方搏动。精索在疝囊的外下方，其中的输精管常紧贴疝囊壁，分离时应避免损伤。然后用手指将疝内容物推入腹腔。 如果疝囊较小，可在颈部缝扎、切断[图3-9];如果疝囊较大，则可将疝囊游离缘提起，并将疝囊颈尽量拉出。在颈部高位用4号丝线作荷包缝合[图3-10]。扎紧荷包缝线后，再行缝扎加固，使局部腹膜不再存在袋形突出。然后在缝线远端1cm处切除疝囊。缝合时必须注意避免损伤精索和腹壁下血管，还应避免扎住腹腔内脏器。如疝囊较大，可不分离疝囊下半段，只在其中部切断后切除上半段，保留下半段，以减少组织损伤和出血。最后将疝囊残端推回腹膜外间隙。 3-10 疝囊大的，可高位荷包缝合，切除多余的上半3-9 疝囊小的，可高位缝扎切断 段囊壁 4.修复腹壁 在精索不移位的情况下修复腹壁各层。 application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 3-11 修复内环、腹横筋膜 首先，将上层精索轻轻向外下方拉开，用4号丝线间断缝合腹横筋膜的弧形缺损，一般需3,5针，缝合后的内环应使精索不受压迫，约能通过一止血钳尖为准。缝合时需注意避免损伤内侧的腹壁下动脉及从腹横筋膜深面穿出的精索外血管和耻骨血管[图3-11]。 其次，将提睾肌切开缘作间断缝合后，用4号或7号丝线从上方开始将联合肌腱间断缝于腹股沟韧带上，针距1cm左右。待全部缝好后，自上向下依次将线打结[图3-12]。腹股沟韧带上的针孔要浅而宽，以防损伤股动、静脉。几个针孔不要缝在同一纤维束间，以防拉紧后撕裂，影响修复后强度。缝合时还要注意避免张力过大，影响愈合。 3-12 将联合肌腱缝于腹股沟韧带上 3-13 将腹外斜肌腱膜重叠缝合 图3 精索原位腹股沟斜疝修复术(Ferguson) 然后，将两层腹外斜肌腱膜重叠，用4号丝线间断缝合[图3-13]。缝至外环时，需注意保留能容纳一小指尖的间隙，以免新形成的外环太小，影响精索内血液返流，发生术后阴囊水囊，甚至造成睾丸萎缩。同时尚要注意勿将髂腹下、髂腹股沟神经和膀胱缝住。 5.缝合 仔细止血，必要时用温盐水纱布敷压创面，小出血点均应一一结扎;然后冲洗伤口，用细丝线间断缝合浅筋膜深层和皮肤。一般情况下不需引流。 (二)精索腱膜下移位腹股沟斜疝修复术(Bassini) 4-1 缝合内环处腹横筋膜缺损后，将联合肌腱缝于4-2 精索移位至腹内斜肌外面，重叠缝合腹外斜肌application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 腹股沟韧带上 腱膜 图4 精索腱膜下移位腹股沟斜疝修复术(Bassini) 手术开始步骤同精索原位腹股沟斜疝修复术。仅在修复腹壁时将精索移至腹内斜肌和腹外斜肌腱膜之间，将联合肌腱缝至腹股沟韧带上，以加强腹股沟管后壁。修复时先用橡胶皮片将精索拉开，间断缝合腹横筋膜上的缺损。然后用4-0或7-0号丝线间断缝合联合肌腱和腹股沟韧带，自上向下约缝4,5针。先不结扎，待全部缝好后再自上而下依次扎牢[图4-1]。将精索放在腹内斜肌外面，间断缝合提睾肌，再重叠缝合腹外斜肌腱膜，外环处需能容纳一小指尖[图4-2]。最后缝合皮下组织和皮肤。 (三)改良精索腱膜下移位腹股沟斜疝修复术——耻骨韧带修复术(McVay) 耻骨韧带是腹股沟韧带向后反折为陷窝韧带后，再向外延续至耻骨梳状线上的韧带[图5-1] 5-2 修复内环处的腹横筋膜缺损后，切开腹直肌前5-1 耻骨韧带和腹股沟韧带的关系 鞘，减少缝合张力 ?]。McVay根据尸体解剖证明:联合肌腱和腹横筋膜的止点不在腹股沟韧带，而在耻骨韧带，故修复时宜将联合肌腱缝于耻骨韧带上。这样做的结果，可使疝的复发率降低，修复后发生股疝的机会也少。但耻骨韧带距股静脉较近，操作比较困难。 手术开始步骤同精索原位腹股沟斜疝修复术。在修复时，先拉开精索，将内环处的腹横筋膜缺损间断缝合。然后在腹直肌前鞘纵行切开，减少缝合的张力[图5-2]。用左手示指application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 触及股静脉加以保护，再用4号或7号丝线间断缝合联合肌腱和耻骨韧带3,4针[图5-3]。将精索置于腹内斜肌外面，重叠缝合腹外斜肌腱膜后，依次缝合皮下组织和皮肤。 5-3 将联合肌腱缝于耻骨韧带上 图5 改良精索腱膜下移位腹股沟斜疝修复术(McVay) (四)精索皮下移位腹股沟斜疝修复术(Halsted) 此法的特点是将精索移至皮下，可利用腹部的各层肌肉加强腹股沟管的后壁，减少疝的复发。适用于年龄大、疝囊大、腹壁薄弱的病人。 6-1 拉开精索间断缝合腹横筋膜缺损后，将联合肌6-2 重叠缝合腹外斜肌腱膜，精索置于皮下层 腱缝于腹股沟韧带上 图6 精索皮下移位腹股沟斜疝修复术(Halsted) 修复时，拉开精索，用细丝线间断缝合内环处腹横筋膜的缺损后，再用4-0或7-0号丝线将联合肌腱缝在腹股沟韧带上，最上一针不能缝得太紧，以免压迫精索[图6-1]。然后将精索置于腹外斜肌腱膜外面，再将腹外斜肌腱膜重叠缝合[图6-2]。有时在精索自内环通出处尚需将腹外斜肌腱膜切口上端另切一横行小口，切断部分纤维，使精索不致受压。最后将精索置于皮下层，间断缝合皮下组织和皮肤。 (五)腹横筋膜修复术(Shouldice) Shouldice手术最本质的部分是修补内环口及腹股沟管底部的腹横筋膜。此法主要适应于巨大的斜疝、直疝和直、斜疝并存的马裤疝。 application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 7-1 向耻骨结节方向剪开腹横筋膜(注意腹壁下动脉及腹膜外脂肪组织) 疝囊切除前的步骤同前。分离囊颈时必须达到内环口处，把内环口周缘的腹横筋膜边缘分离出来，在颈部行荷包缝合或贯穿结扎，切除疝囊远端，任疝囊残端退缩回内环口内腹膜外间隙。此时以解剖镊子或止血钳提起内环口内侧缘的腹横筋膜，看到并向后推开腹壁下动脉及其它腹膜外脂肪组织，向耻骨结节方向剪开腹股沟管后壁的腹横筋膜[图7-1]。 首先提起腹横筋膜上侧瓣，分离其下的脂肪层，继而提起下侧瓣，注意来自腹壁下动脉的分支穿通该筋膜瓣走向提睾肌和精索，即精索外动脉，在分支基部予以切断、结扎。下缘筋膜瓣必须分离至其融合至腹股沟韧带深部处。充分止血后，进行腹横筋膜修补和内环重建。采用双对抗缝合技术，用4-0或7-0号丝线从下端开始向上递行交叉连续缝合[图7-2]。下外侧筋膜瓣重叠缝到上内侧瓣的深面，一直缝达内环外侧缘，留下精索出口。 7-3 再由上向下将上瓣游离缘与下瓣同腹股沟韧带7-2 从下向上逆行交叉连续缝合腹横筋膜 深面融合处连续缝合 然后，将上内侧筋膜瓣的游离缘盖在外侧瓣上面，再把上瓣游离缘与下瓣同腹股沟韧带深面融合处连续自上向下缝到耻骨结节附近，与最初的一针缝线打结，缝合针距2mm,4mm，以不同深度，缝成不平的锯齿状，以增加强度[图7-3]。完成腹股沟管后壁修复和内环口重建。 application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 7-4 将联合肌腱与腹横肌腱缝合到腹股沟韧带上 7-5 精索置于腹外斜肌腱膜下，缝合该腱膜 图7 腹横筋膜修复术 最后，把联合肌腱和腹横肌腱膜(弓)，缝合到腹股沟韧带上，以增强腹股沟管后壁[图7-4]。精索置于腹外斜肌腱膜下，缝合该腱膜[图7-5]。 [术中注意事项] 1.大出血 疝修复术中发生大出血会造成严重后果。最常发生出血的3条血管是闭孔动脉异常起源支、腹壁下血管深支和髂外或股动、静脉。 造成大出血的主要原因是缝合腹股沟韧带时，缝针过深，穿破血管发生出血。所以，在进行缝合时，一方面应将被缝的韧带尽量提起，使之离开血管，另一方面可用左手示指将股动、静脉向外推开。万一发生出血，小的血管损伤可用压迫止血。如压迫无效，可扩大显露范围，予以结扎(固有交通支，不会发生组织血运障碍)。但大的血管损伤时，则需及时扩大切口，暂时压迫出血的上、下血管，然后用3-0丝线修复血管破口。万不得已时，才考虑采取结扎方法。此外，由于阴囊组织疏松，即使是细小的出血点也不易自行止血，以致形成血肿。因此，操作中无论大小出血点均应仔细结扎。 图8 睾丸的供应血管 application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 2.下腹壁神经损伤 下腹壁神经分布较密，如图6-8所示，切开腹壁各层时应避免损伤。一旦切断，宜将断端结扎，以防营养血管渗血。 3.输精管损伤 对年轻男子，可考虑术中即行输精管吻合术。 4.睾丸血运损伤 睾丸的供应血管较多，主支是来自腹主动脉的精索内动脉(即睾丸动脉)。此外，尚有精索外动脉、输精管动脉、膀胱下动脉、前列腺动脉和阴部动脉[图8]。这些动脉互有交通支相连，故一般不易发生睾丸缺血和坏死。即使如此，在疝修复术中，如精索与疝囊有紧密粘连，分离过程中仍应避免损伤精索的小血管。此外，尚应注意在缝合精索通过的内、外环时，不要缝得过小，以免造成精索绞窄。 5.腹腔脏器损伤 疝的修复手术过程中，最易损伤的腹腔脏器是肠管。可能在切开疝囊时切破肠管，或在结扎疝囊时将肠管扎住，所以在进行这两个步骤前要认真检查，采用预防措施，避免损伤。膀胱也易被伤，特别是儿童的膀胱位置较高，疝囊距膀胱较近，分离疝囊或缝扎囊颈时更易受损伤，必须注意避免。如不能确定疝囊或膀胱时，可先试作穿刺;如还不能确定，即应改经腹腔途径辨别。术中一旦发生内脏损伤，均应及时修复处理。 6.腹横筋膜双对抗缝合应在交叉不整齐的平面和深度上进行，最后形成一锯齿状缝线，以增加强度，避免撕裂。 [术后处理] 1.保护伤口，防止尿液湿污。局部压纱袋12,24小时，并托起阴囊预防血肿。 2.防止造成腹内压增高的因素。如控制咳嗽，防止便秘等。 3.术后2,3日下床活动，1周后拆线，半月后作一般劳动，3个月后可作重体力劳动。 [术后并发症及处理] application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check 1.全身并发症 疝修复术后常见的全身并发症有肺炎、肺不张、下肢血栓性静脉炎、泌尿系统感染等，均应在术后注意防治。 2.切口皮下(或阴囊)血肿 多因术中止血不彻底所致。小血肿可以穿刺抽出;如发现血肿逐渐增大，应在手术室无菌操作下重新拆开缝线，仔细止血。不然，常因阴囊组织疏松，血肿继续增大，以致造成切口感染，影响愈合。 3.切口感染 术后如感觉切口跳痛，全身发热，就应及时检查。如发现切口感染，除全身使用抗生素外，局部还需视情况考虑拆线引流。 4.睾丸鞘膜积液 常发生在疝囊下半段未切除的病人中，术中可将下半段疝囊口敞开，以减少发生积液的机会。如果发生，可小心穿刺抽液处理。 5.复发 疝的复发大多是疝囊颈部没有做到真正的高位结扎和内环口腹横筋膜缺损未修补，也有一部分是因为腹股沟管后壁缝合不牢所致。这些都应在第1次手术时注意操作，以免复发。此外，病人年龄较大、一般情况不良、术后有并发症等，都是造成复发的因素。 application; infection and antibacterial drug of clinical application; transfusion refers to levy; nutrition support of adapted card and clinical application; common life support technology (as cycle breathing support, and nutrition support,) and emergency technology of application; common guardianship instrument using. Look: shock, cardiac respiratory arrest and acute organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), severe disturbance of body fluid environment such as critical theory and progress of the illness. 2. basic requirements (1) species and cases of study requirements: severe pneumonia in disease-disease myocardial infarction ... 3. high requirements (1) learning disease species: disease species disease species image radiation: rheumatic heart congenital heart intestinal Crohn's (Crohn) disease intestinal tuberculosis bile duct cancer chronic pancreatic inflammatory urinary system stone urinary system tumor adrenal disease thyroid disease cranial within infection nervous system tumor nuclear medical: Digest road bleeding explicit like brain blood flow perfusion explicit like testicular blood pool explicit like salivary glands explicit like (2) clinical knowledge, and skills requirements: understand various image check