iso13406_检测标准英文版样本

ISO13406-2ISOtestingcertificateforLCDdisplaysQuality，notprice，isthemainpointEuropeans，andparticularlyGermans，aregenerallysaidtohaveastrongaffinityforstandards，guidelinesandregulations.Attimestheyevencomeinforsometeasingbecauseofthis.ButwerewouldtheITindustrybewithoutbindingguidelinessuchas，forexample，MPR，TCO，ISOTUVetc.，regulatingqualityandergonomicstandardsofCRTmonitorsforyears?Sofar，LCDwastheexceptiontothestandardizationtrend，sincetechnologywaspersuasiveduetotheirergonomic，environmentallyfriendlyqualities.InthiswaytheydistinguishedthemselvesfromCRTmonitors.Butnow，standardizationcommitteeshavebeguntorespondtothepressurefromindustry，whichhadrecognizedthatreliableparametersformakingqualitydistinctionswereintheinterestsofindustry，andbegandemandingthem.AsfromSpring，whentheISOstandard13406-2wasadaptedforLCD，LCDdisplaysareabletoobtainaspecialISOtestingcertificate.ViewingangleTheimagequalityofTFTmonitorsisnotconsistentlygoodfromeveryperspective.Ingeneral，onecansaythatthequalityisbetterthemoreoneapproachalineofsightthatisverticaltothemonitorsurface.YoucanevaluatethequalityofaTFTmonitor，interalias，fromtheevennessofitsbrightness，contrastorcolorwhenviewingthescreenfromarangeofvariousviewingangles.Thesequalitiescanvarywhenviewedfromvariousviewingangles，astheyrelatetothefocalpointofview.TheISO13406-2standardprovidesfromourclassesofviewinganglesthatrepresentreal-lifeusingsituations.ClassI-Thispermitsseveraluserstoviewtheentiredisplayareaatthesametime.Thisappliesbothforintendedviewingdistance(between40and60cm，dependingonthesizeandresolutionofthemonitor)andforaviewinganglewithinan80conewithoutanyrestrictionofvisualefficiency.ClassII–Permitsasingleusertoviewtheentireareaofthedisplay.Thisappliesforintendedviewingdistance(between40and60cm，dependingonthesizeandresolutionofthemonitor)fromeverypositioninfrontofthescreen，insuchawaythatregularityofinformation(brightness，contrast，colors)ismaintained.ClassIII–Permitsasingleviewertoviewtheentireareaofthedisplay.Thisappliesforintendedviewingdistance(between40and60cm，dependingonthesizeandresolutionofthemonitor)fromonefixedposition，insuchawaythatregularityofinformation(brightness，contrast，colors)ismaintained.ClassIV–Permitsasingleusertoviewthecenterofthescreen.Thisappliesforintendedviewingdistance(between40and60cm，dependingonthesizeandresolutionofthemonitor)fromonefixedposition，insuchawaythatregularityofinformation(brightness，contrast，colors)ismaintained.PixelfaultsA15-inchLCDmonitorconsistsof1024x768pixels，eachofwhichcontainsthreesubpixels.Onetransistorregulatesthecolorofeachsubpixel(onetransistorpersubpixel!).Ifoneofthesetransistorsfails，thepixelcaneitherappearpermanentlyblackorwhiteordisplaythewrongcolor.Duetomanufacturingissues，errorscanariseonthepanels(theactualpictureelements)ofTFTmonitors，Dependingonwhatkindoffaultispresent，andtheimagecanbedistortedtoagreaterorlesserdegree.Ablinkingpixel，forexample，ismoreofanirritantthanaconstantlyilluminatedredone.Aclusterofdefectivepixelsinasmallareaismoreapparentthanifthefaultsaredistributedovertheentirepanel.Dependingonhowmanydefectssuchastheseoccurinapanel，onecancategorizeTFTmonitorsintofourpixelfaultclasses.Nopixelfaults–Thepixelmatrixisregular.Therearenogapsordefectivepixels.TypeImalfunction–Acompletepixelisconstantlyilluminated.Theresultisaconstantlywhitepoint.Toleranceper1millionpixels:ClassI：0ClassII：2ClassIII：5ClassIV：50TypeIImalfunction–Acompletepixelisnotilluminatedatall.Theresultisaconstantlydarkpoint.Toleranceper1millionpixels:ClassI：0ClassII：2ClassIII：15ClassIV：150TypeIIImalfunction–Oneortwosubpixels(red，greenorblue)arepermanentlyswitchedonoroff.Thisresultsinapixelinoneofthebasiccolors(red，green，blue，cyan，magenta，yellow)–herecyan.Ablinkingpixelcanalsooccur.Toleranceper1millionpixels:ClassI：0ClassII：5ClassIII：50ClassIV：500FaultclusterI–ThereareseveralTypeIorIImalfunctionsinafieldof5x5pixels.Toleranceper1millionpixels:ClassI：0ClassII：0ClassIII：0ClassIV：5FaultclusterII–ThereareseveralTypeIIImalfunctionsina5x5pixelarea.Toleranceper1millionpixels:ClassI：0ClassII：2ClassIII：5ClassIV：50ClusterdefinitionClusterisdefinedastwoormoreTypeIIIdefectswithin5*5pixelmatrix.Aimistominimizenumberofclusters，whencountingdefects.IndividualTypeIIIdefectscanbedoubleortriplecounted，whencountingclusters.LuminanceandbrightnessdistributionWithLCDmonitors，luminanceofthescreensurfaceisachievedbybacklighting.Athinfoilcoveringtheentiredisplaybackgrounddistributesthelightofanumberoflightelementssituatedattheedgesofthedisplayovertheentiredisplayarea.Luminanceisameasureforthelightemittedfromthemonitor.Becauseoftheirbacklighting，LCDmonitorsexhibitluminanceofover200cd/m2andthusagreaterdegreeofluminanceoverallascomparedwithCRTmonitors.Furthermore，theevennessofbrightnessdistributionisimportantforthequalityofimagegeneration.IrregularitiescanresultinparticularfromimproperorimpreciseoftheLCDmonitoralsofromlowerqualitylightingsystems.Sincethehumaneyeperceivescolorsinrelationtotheirbrightness，irregularitiesinthedistributionofbrightnesswillalsoleadtodeficienciesinthedisplayofcolor.FlickerDependingonthevariousmethodsofimagegeneration，LCDmonitorsofferascoreofadvantagesasversusCRTmonitors.Absolutelyflicker-freeimaging，withamuchmoreprecisefocalpointthanisthecasewithconventionalCRTscreens，whereflickerisunavoidablebecausetheimagehastobeconstantlyrefreshed.Iftherefreshorimagerepeatsrateislessthan85Hertz，theuserwillseeflicker.LCDdoesnotrequireanypicturerepeatsofthiskind：Thepixelschangeonlyifsomethingchangesintheimageitself.AtypicalLCDbacklightoperatesinthe60kHzfrequencyband，i.e.upto1000timesfasterthanCRTmonitors.Thispreventsanyflicker.Duetotheirtechnology，LCDmonitorsdonotflickeratlowerpicturefrequencieseither.Thelowerthepicturerefreshfrequencyissetonthegraphicscard，thebetterthedisplaywillbeabletodigitalizeit，andthemorestableanddetailedthepicturewillbe.FontanalysisThecharactersmustbeclearandsharp.Theremustnotbeanydistractingirregularitiesasregardsthecharactersandsurfacesofequalluminance.Charactersmustbesufficientlylargeandhaveanappropriatecharacterandlinepitch.Thismeans：Fontmatrixmustbeatleast7x9(withxheight)aswellas3pixelsunderbaseline.Characterheightofthelargecharactersshouldbeatleast2.9mmataviewingdistanceof50mm.Characterwidthoftheuppercasecharactersshouldbe70-90%oftheirheight，andshouldnotfallbelow50%ofthecharacte4rheight.Lowercasecharactersshouldhaveatleast70%ofthewidthofuppercasecharacters.Thecharacterheightshouldbeapproximately70%ofthatofuppercasecharacters.Eveninthelowpixelzone，thecharactershavetobedisplayedsuchthatthereisnodangerofmistakingthem.ReflectionsThereflectioncharacteristicsofanLCDscreenareofparticularimportanceinverybrightambientconditionsorinthevicinityofmultiplelightsources，asacceptabledisplayqualityisrequiredhereaswell.Thestandardprovidesforthreequalityclasses:Appropriateforgeneralofficeconditionswithoutspecialrequirementsastoworkplacelighting.Appropriateformostofficeconditions，withfewexceptions.Appropriateforofficeconditionswithcontrolledluminance，i.e.theworkstationissubjecttospeciallightingrequirements.ContrastContrastistheratiobetweentheindividualtonesofbrightnessinthepicture.PicturecontrastisofcrucialimportanceforthequalityofaTFTmonitor.Thismeansthat–dependingonthequalityofthemonitorandambientlightconditions，theperceptualdifferencebetweenpictureareaswhichareverydark–evenblackinthemostextremecases–andverybrightones–evenwhiteinthemostextremecases–canbeverygreatorveryslight.Monitorswithstrongcontrast，orwheretheenvironmentisdark，displaymorelevelsofbrightnessbetweentheirextremesthandomonitorswithweakcontrastorwherethereisbrightambientlight.Inidealconditions，goodmonitorsachievecontrastofapproximately1:300.ISOstandard13406-2measuresthecontrastofamonitorunderthreedifferentambientconditions：inabsolutedarkness，underofficeconditionsandunderconditionsofdaylight.Darkroom(<51x)Inabsolutedarkness，displaycontrastisatitsgreatest.Thevaluesachievedhereare，however，notnormallyapplicableineverydayconditions.Officeconditions(293lx)Displaycontrastisalreadysomewhatreducedduetothebrighterambientlighting.Thismeasuringparameterapproximatesmostcloselytheconditionsataworkstation.Daylight(>5000lx)Inbrightdaylightoutside，displaycontrastisstronglyreduced.Thecontrastratioisonlyafractionofthatobservedinthedarkroom.Thismeasurementislargelyirrelevanttoworkinsidebuildings.ISO13406Part2–TheNewStandardforLCDbringsTransparencytotheDisplayMarketISO13406Part2，introducedatthebeginningofthisyear，aspartoftheTUVergonomictesting，istheansweroftheInternationalOrganizationofStandardization(ISO)totheincreaseddemandforliquidcrystaldisplays.ThenewstandarddealswithergonomicrequirementsspecifictoLCDtechnology.Sofar，onlyISO9241Parts3，7，and8havesetstandardsforvisualdisplayterminals，buttheywereinitiallydevelopedforCathodeRayTube(CRT)monitorsanddidnottakealloftheLCDcharacteristicsintoaccount.ThekeyqualityissuescoveredbythenewstandardISO13406Part2aretherefore:-Displayluminance-Contrast-Colorreproduction-Luminanceandcoloruniformity-Fontanalysis-Flicker-Reflection-PixeldefectsTheabove-mentionedpropertiesareevaluatedandtheresultstranslatedintothethreecategoriesexplainedbelow.ThesecategoriesareexplicitlystatedontheISOcertificateissuedforthemonitorinquestion.ViewingAnglesOneofthecharacteristicsspecifictoLCDisthefactthatthequalityofthedisplayedimagedependsontheviewingangle.Apartfromthedisplayquality，luminance，colorreproduction，andcontrasthavetobetakenintoconsideration.TheISO13406Part2standardspecifiesmeasurementvaluesforergonomicdesignandqualityrequirementsinordertoevaluatetheperformanceofanLCDmonitorfromdifferentviewingangles.ClassesfromItoIVdescribethemainuseforwhichamonitorhasbeendesigned.Forexample，aclassIVmonitoristobeusedbyasinglepersonsittingrightinfrontofthescreen.ClassImonitorsaredesignedforanumberofpeopleviewingfromdifferentanglesatthesametime.ViewingangleclassificationprovidesperformanceassessmenttypeofapplicationClassI：ForparallelviewingbyseveralusersClassII：Adequatefor1user(suitableforgeneralofficeuse)ClassIII：LimitedviewingangleClassIV：UnacceptableforgeneraluseReflectionThereflectionclassofanLCDtellsthecustomerwhichmonitorisbestforwhichofficeenvironmentandlightingconditions.Thenewstandarddividesthetestedmonitorsinto3performanceclasses.ClassIstandsfordevicessuitableforgeneralofficeenvironmentsanddifferentlightingconditions.ThesuitabilityofclassIImonitorsisrestricted.Thesemonitorsareonlysuitableformostofficeenvironments，sincestrongchangesoflightintensitymightinfluencethedisplayquality.ClassIIImonitorsshouldonlybeusedinofficeenvironmentswithcontrollablelightingconditionsthatiswherethelightingconditionsarealmostconstant.Contrastratiomeasurements：DarkroomIEC<5lxISO<3lxOfficelightHorizontal500lxmonitorangle293lxSunlight>5000lxQuotesfromTUEVRheinland：“Contrastratiosof300:1，350:1，400:1arelies”LCDMonitormanufacturersmustspecifycontrastratio：“Xxx：1indarkroom(5lx)，yyy：1instandardofficeenvironment(293lx)”PixelDefectsPixeldefectsarecharacteristicsofLCDmonitors，whichareduetotechnologyandproductionengineeringreasons.A15“displaywiththestandardresolutionof1024x768dpi，forexample，consistsof2.4millioncells.Withsuchanenormousnumberitisvirtuallyimpossibleforeachandeverycelltofunctionperfectly.Thereisahighpossibilitythatindividualcellsarefaulty，thatistheyareconstantlyturnedonoroff.Theresultisconstantlybrightordarkpixels.Byclearlydefiningpixeldefectcategories，ISO13406Part2providestransparency，sinceitenablescustomerstocomparetheproductpropertiesguaranteedbythemanufacturers.Onceamonitorisassignedtoacertainpixeldefectcategory，themanufacturerhastomakesurethatallmonitorsofthesametypemeetthecorrespondingcompliancecriteriainmassproduction.Whichdefectbelongstowhichpixeldefectcategoryisdeterminedaccordingtothenumberofpixeldefectsandthequalityofthedefect(defecttype).Thefollowingtableprovidesanoverviewofthedifferentclassesandtypesofpixeldefects.Thenumberofpixeldefectsisdefinedper1millionpixels.PixeldefectCategoryDefecttype1(Constantlybrightpixel)Defecttype2(Constantlydarkpixel)Defecttype3(Defectsubpixel，eitherconstantlybright(red，green，blue)orconstantlydark)I000II225III51550IV50150500Aconstantlybrightpixel(defecttype1)ismoreirritatingtotheuserthanaconstantlydarkone(defecttype2).Theleastirritatingisadefectsubpixelbeingjustdarkorshiningeitherred，green，orblue(defecttype3).Thenumberofpixeldefectstoleratedbythestandarddependsonthedegreeoftheuser’sirritation.Therefore，thenumberoftolerateddefectsdifferswiththetypeofdefect.SeedefectcategoryIIforanexample–defecttypes1and2allowfor2defectpixelsper1million，butdefecttype3allowsfor5.WiththedisplaysoftheBelineaFutureClass，MaxdataisabletoofferafullrangeofISO13406Part2-compliantdevices.Duetothisfact，MaxdataisoneofthefirstmanufacturerstohavetheirwholeLCDportfolioadjustedtothenewstandardwithinaveryshortperiodoftime.AllmonitorsoftheFutureClasscomplyatleastwithpixeldefectcategoryIIandreflectioncategoryI.ThisisjustonemorereasonforourcustomerstotrustintherenownedBelineaquality.