英语常用修辞手法

英语常用修辞手段RhetoricRhetoricisanancientbranchoflearning,foundedbytheGreekphilosopherAristotle(亚里士多德),soithasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyearsinEurope.Atfirstitdealtwiththewaysofpersuadingpeopleinconversationandspeech.Latertheemphasisgraduallyshiftedfromspeechtowriting.Generallyspeaking,rhetoricistheartofeffectivecommunicationbymeansoflanguage,ormoresimply,itistheartofexpressing,bywords,preciselywhatwemean.1RhetoricandGrammarRhetoricbasesitselfongrammar,butitisnotgrammar.Grammardealswiththemutualrelationsofwordsinasentence,whilerhetoricdealswiththechoiceofwordsandthesentencestructuresincomposition.Theformerteachesuscorrectspeech;thelatterteachesusbetterspeech.Grammarispre-requisite(必要条件，前提)ofrhetoric.2HowtostudyRhetoricThefirststepshouldbetolearntorecognizethemostcommonly-useddevicesofexpressionandanalyzethedifferenteffectstheyproduce.Tobeabletodothis,itwillnotbeenoughmerelytolistentoafewlecturesorreadsomebooksonrhetoric.Readinggoodauthorswithgreatcareisnecessary.Thestudyofrhetoricintheoryshouldpavethewayforitsapplicationinpractice.3ChapterOneⅠ.Figureofspeech(修辞格；修辞手段)Thevalueoffigurativeword(修饰性词汇的价值)　　Wordsusedforwhattheysuggest,inasensenotexactlyliteral,arecalledfigurativeexpressions.Whenwecalladistinguishedpersonastar,theworldastage,orthemoonthelampofnight.Weusethewordsstar,stageandlampofnightnotintheirliteralsense,butwithafanciful(想象出来的)application.Suchlanguagemakesthethoughtmorevividandmorestriking,andthereforeattractsmoreofthereader’sattention.4Almosteverynotional( 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 意的)wordhasbothaliteralandafigurativesense.Theverbinventin“paperwasinventedinChina”and“Wattinventedthesteamengine”isusedliterally;in“Whentheteacherasktheboywhyhehadnotcometotheclassthedaybefore,heinventedanexcuse”,and“Jimofteninventsastorytoamusethechildren”.Itisusedinafigurativeorunusualsense.Whenastudentspeaksofhammeringaway(连续敲打;刻苦钻研)athisalgebra,orsaysthathehasjustsqueezed(挤；压)throughanexaminationinFrench,orthatadatehasslippedhis5mind,heisusingafigureofspeech.Theexpressionsnotedareclearlymorevividthanifheweretosaythatheisstudyinghardathisalgebra,orthathewasbarelypassedtheexamination,orforgottenthedate.Thegeneralsenseisthesameineithercase,butthelanguageintheformerinstancesuggestsalivelierandmorepicturesqueconceptionofthefacts,andthereforeattractsandholdsthebearer’sattentionmorecertainly.Again,ifwesay“Imperialismisonitslastlegs”(奄奄一息；快要结束).Weintendtheexpressiononits(ones)lastlegstomeannearitsdeathorend.Suchafigurativeexpressionwillnot6onlyexpresstheliteraltruthofwhatwesaid,butwill,byeffectivelanguage,createavividimageinthereader’smind.Figuresofspeechareofgreatuseiftheyarenotusedtoexcess(过度)andiftheyarenotfar-fetched(强词夺理的；牵强附会的).Itwouldbebadtastetomakeeverysentencefigurative.Everyfigureweusemustbenaturalandharmoniouswiththeideaitisintendedtosuggest.Itshouldnotbeincludedinthesentencejusttoshowone’sabilitytouseit.Apoorfigureismuchworsethanagoodliteralexpression.7Figuresofspeecharedifferentkindsoffigurativeexpressions.Theyareclassifiedunderthreemainheadings,excludingminorfigures.Inthischapterthemostimportantkindsoffiguresaregivenundereachheadingforreference.Atthepresentstageofourstudyweneednottrytoacquiretheskilltouseeveryoneofthem.Itisenoughthatacquaintancewiththemshouldhelpustoappreciategoodliteratureatpresentandtowritebettercompositionsinthefuture.8Ⅱ.FigureofLikeness(相似修辞格)1.SimileSimileisanexpressionofcomparisonbetweentwodifferentthings.Itisusuallyintroducedby“as”or“like”andsometimesalsoby“as…so”，“than”and“resemble”asthesigns(标志)ofcomparison.　Thebestsimilesarethoseinwhichpersonsorthingsunlikeinmostrespectsarecomparedbecausetheyhaveonepointoflikenessinappearance,qualities,oractions,orintheeffectswhichtheyproduce.Anall-roundlikenessbetweentwothingswillnotofferagoodsimile,forthecomparisonisliteral,notfigurative.Tosayaweakoldmuleislikeadyinghorsedoesnotgiveoneanynewideaaboutthemule.Butwhenonesaysthat9thecapitalistsystemislikeadyinghorse,oneisusingsimiletogoodeffect.[MoreExamples:Thepartyislikethesun.√Theboylookslikehisfather.×]Belowaresomeexamplesofsimile:1.OnNationalDayboysandgirlsareashappyascrickets(蟋蟀).2.Itisfourdegreesbelowzerothismorning.Thewindtearsthefleshlikeasaw,cutsitlikethebladeofknife,stabsitlikeapoisonousneedle,twistsitlikepliers(钳子)andburnsitlikefire.3.Asamanwhispers,sothebreezemakesalow,hissing(发嘶声)sound.104.Learningresemblesscaling(攀登)theheights.HerearesomesentencesfromJaneEyre:1.“Holdherarms,MissAbbot:She’slikeamadcat.”2.They…hadthrust(猛推)meuponastool…Myimpulse(冲动)wastorisefromitlikeaspring.3．Iheardtherainstillbeatingcontinuouslyonthestaircase(楼梯)window,andthewindowhowlinginthegrove(小树林)behindthehall;Igrewbydegreescoldasastone,andthenmycouragesank.11Heretheappearanceofagirlislikened(把…比做…)toaverymadcat;theactionofrisingatone’simpulse,toaspring;andtheeffectofcold,toastone.Suchfigurativesimilesproducedvivid,strongimagesinthereader’smind.Note:Thefollowingexpressionsintroducedby“like”and“as”arenotfigurative,butliteral.(1)Acatislikeatiger.(2)Acatisasfierceasatiger.12练习人们在说话、写作或文学作品中常使用一些修辞手段(StylisticDevicesorFiguresofSpeech)来说明问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，表示强调、渲染气氛、增加色彩等等，使表达形象化、使语言富有美感。修辞手段在语体学中称为修辞格。修辞手段多种多样，可借助语音、语法或词法几种方式。这里主要介绍一些常用的词法修辞手段。一.明喻Simile明喻表明本体（描述的对象）和喻体（用作比喻的事物）两种不同的事物之间的相似关系。常用（as,like,seem,asif(asthough)）等喻词与另一种具有相同特点的事物加以相比，从而更生动、更形象地对该对象加以刻划，以增强行文的艺术表现力。明喻一般都可采用直译。131.Hisfacewasasgreyasashes.他的脸死灰一般白。2.He’sroundandsmoothandsharp.He’smorelikeaspearthananythingelse.他又圆、又光、又尖，比其它任何东西都更象一支矛。3.Isawthemasterlookingabouthimasifhewishestoimpressuponhismindeverythingintheroom.我看到教师在环顾四周，仿佛要把教室里的每一件东西牢牢记在心里。4.Thehairsfelluponher,ripplingandshininglikeabrownwaterfall.头发披散在她身上，好象褐色的小瀑布，波汶起伏，光彩照人。145.Itlookslikeaterribletiger.它看起来象一只可怕的老虎。6.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.他象一只自以为太阳升起来是为了听他唱歌的公鸡。7.Despairsettleddownlikeaheavycloud.绝望的情绪象一片乌云笼罩着人们的心。8.Itisafigurelikeaman.它象一个人的体型。9.Timeflieslikeanarrow.光阴似箭。10.Iwanderedlonelyasacloud.我象一朵浮云象独自漫游。15除此，尚有很多可以直译的例子：aswhiteassnow雪一样的白asmerryasalark快乐得象云雀asbraveasalion狮子一般勇敢asbusyasabee忙得象只蜜蜂astimidasamouse胆小如鼠asslyasafox狡诈如狐狸asblackasacrow黑如乌鸦但是，有些明喻在直译成汉语时要做些调整，才符合汉语的表达习惯。例如：16Themoonwasabove,coldandbeautiful,andthemusicremindedSoapyofthosedayswhenhislifecontainedsuchthingsasmothersandrosesandcleanthoughtsandcollars.一轮皎洁的寒月悬空高照，那悠扬的音乐使他回首往昔，诸如生活中的母爱、爱情、理想和体面的生活。再如：asbitteraswormwood苦似黄莲ashappyasacow快乐得象只百灵鸟asboldasbrass脸皮厚得象城墙asstupidasagoose笨得象猪172.Metaphor(暗喻)Ametaphorisanimpliedsimile.Itdiffersfromasimileinthatthecomparisonisimplied,notexpressed(直接表达地).Inotherwords,itcallsonethingbythenameofanother,ordescribesonethingwithsomedescriptivetermwhichgenerallygoeswithsomethingelse.Thistransference(转换)ispossibleanddesirableonlywhenthetwothingsinquestionhaveastrikinglikenessinaparticularaspect.“Theimperialistsandallreactionariesarepapertigers.”isametaphorknownthroughouttheworld.Reactionariesandpapertigersaretwoentirelydifferentthings,buttheyaresurprisinglyalikeinoneaspect:inappearancetheybothlookstrongandterrible,butinfacttheyareweakandcanbeeasilycrushed(压坏，打倒)ordefeated.18Itoftenhappensthatonlyoneoftheobjectscomparedisnamed,theotherthingbeinglefttotheimagination.Intheexpression“Thenighthadathousandeyes.”Wethinkofthestarsasiftheyweretheeyesofahumanbeing,andthisproducesabeautifulpicture.Thecomparisoninmetaphormaybeimpliedintheuseofnouns,adjectivesorverbs.A.Nouns(1)Lifeisaleafofpaperwhite,whereoneachoneofusmaywrite.(2)Alltheworld’sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.19B.Adjectives(1)Therewasastormydiscussionatourlastmeeting.(2)Johnhaswongolden(veryvaluable)opinionsthroughhisjustice.C.Verbs(1)Abrightideasuddenlystruckme.(2)Crowdsofvillagerslined(stoodtherejustlikealine)thestreettowelcomethedistinguishedvisitor20练习暗喻Metaphor暗喻，又称隐喻，它结构不同于明喻，不需要as,like之类的比喻词，而是直接把比喻对象和比喻形象（即本体和喻体）联系起来，即“甲是乙”这种基本形式。暗喻是英语中最普通，最基本，也是最重要的修辞格。其含义含而不露，其含义需要想象，其产生的语言效果较之明喻也更强烈，更加深刻。其译法有两种：一为直译，以保持与原文的神似，即“貌离”而“神合”。例如：1.Thesocietywashiscollege.社会是他的大学。2.Theboyisonlyskinandbone.这孩子瘦得皮包骨头。3.Theyarebirdsoffeather.他们是一丘之貉。214.Heissaidtobearoughdiamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。5.Alltheworld’sastage.世界是个大舞台。6…hecalledthem“bloodtransfusion”.他称之为“大输血”。7.Hiscontemptuouseyespassedoverher,andoveralltheotherrats.他用他那蔑视的目光掠过她身上，掠过其他所有的耗子。8.Allreactionariesarepapertigers.一切反动派对都是纸老虎。9.(Theladyis…)Ahumanchrysanthemum,sir,believeme.先生，说真的，（她）称得上菊花般的美人。10.Iwasdowninthecellarofsociety,downinthesubterraneandepthsofmisery…我生活在社会的底层，灾难的深渊中。2211.Ifdreamsdie,lifeisabroken-wingedbirdthatcannotfly.如果没有理想，生活就象是伤了翅膀的小鸟不能飞翔。12.Hereceiveditwithasmile,andthenashelookedatthenote,hissmilefroze.他面带微笑接过字条，可是当他看着字条时，笑容呆滞了。（froze由“冻结”转义作“楞住”。）2313.Itisregrettablethatourappealremainedadeadletter.遗憾的是，我们当时的呼吁石沉大海。（deadletter由“死信”转义作“石沉大海”）14.Becauseofhisone-manstyleofoperationKissingerhadbecomeakindofbottleneckinhisownNSCsystem.由于基辛格于独断专行，他已是国家安全委员会工作中的一种障碍。（bottleneck“瓶颈”应意译为“障碍”）下面再看暗喻中其他一些比喻方式：静物动化法：有时为了使描写生动一些，把本来用于表现动物活动的词用来描述静止的状态，这种修辞现象称为静物动化法。如2415.Onthetablelaysomedog-earedbooks.桌上躺着几本折了角的书。16.Thetreesstoodgreeneraftertherain.雨后的树木更加葱翠。转位修饰法：有些习惯上用来修饰甲事物事词（多为形容词）转用来修饰乙事物，这种修饰法称为转位修饰法。如：17.Aboveushungasullensky.天色阴沉沉的。18.Hewasleftoutsideinthepitilesscold.他被拒之门外，门外寒气逼人。19.Everythingsmiledonhim.一切都朝他微笑。（他心情很好）253.Personification拟人Personificationisafigureofspeechwhichrepresentsaninanimate(无生命的)object,ananimal,oranabstractideaasaperson—ascapableofthought,feelingandspeech.Thisfigureaddsdignity(庄重),animation(生机，活泼)andforce(力度)tostyle.Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonification:A.Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectivesorpronouns.Inthisformofpersonification,thequalitiesoflivingbeingsareattributed(把…归于…)toinanimatethings.(1)Lookatthesmilingmoon.Howbrightsheis!(2)Thethirstysoildrankintherain.(3)Themoonpoursherlight.26B.Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs.Hereinanimatethingsorabstractideasarerepresentedashavinglife.(1)Thewindhowledlastnight.(2)Theflowersnoddedtoherasshepassed.(3)AstrangecitysleepsunderthehotItaliansun.C.Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns.Herepersonalnounsareusedinconnectionwithimpersonalones.(1)theangerofthetempest(暴风雨)(2)thesmileofspring(3)thewhisperofleaves27Thefigureiseasilyconfusedwithmetaphor.Whenwespeakofastonyheart,weuseametaphor,forwemakeanimpliedcomparisonbetweentheheartandthehardstone.Ifwesay,“Theverystonecriedout.”Weusepersonification,forthecomparisonisnotthatofapersontothestone（把人比作石头）,butthatofthestonetotheperson.[Moreexamples:1.Lowspiritsaremytrueandfaithfulcompanions;theygetupwithme,gotobedwithme,makejourneysandreturnasIdo.（Thepersonificationgivesadelicatelyhumorouseffect.）2.Thecloudbringsfreshshowersforthethirstyflowers.]28练习拟人法Personification拟人是把物（包括动物，物体，思想或抽象概念等）拟作人，使其具有人的外表，个性，情感或动作，拟人可以通过形容词，动词或名词表现出来，拟人法和静物动化法很相似。例如：1.Thewindsighedinthetreetops.微风吹过树顶好象有人在叹息。2.InNovemberpneumoniacametothatpartofthecity.十一月，肺炎来到了那个城区。3.Thegreystonecouldtellterriblestoriesofviolenceandinjustice.那灰色的石头能讲述出无数有关暴力和不义的可怕故事。294.HistorywillneverforgetthatitwasherethatThomasMorewasfalselyaccusedandcondemned.历史不会忘记，正是在这里，托马斯.蔓尔，伟大的人文主义者被诬告，被判刑。5.Thesteelyetemperedglanceonye.他们铸的剑在把你们看管。6.…elementalforcesspeakinginavoiceoffinality.大自然的威胁力在用决定性的语气说话了。7.Istoodawhilewherenaturesmilestoviewtherocksandstreams.大自然望着岩石和小溪微笑，我站在那里停息片刻。8.Kingofthejungle,thelionstrodeacrosstheplain.狮子，林中之王，漫步越过平原。309.Thethirstycropsdrinksintherain.干渴的作物吮吸着雨水。10.Nothingcouldcalmtheangerofthestorm.没有什么能使风暴停下来。这里顺便提及与拟人法相反的拟物法，即把人当作一般动物去描写。例如：1.Heisabookworm.他是个书呆子。2.Sheissheddingcrocodiletears.她这是鳄鱼掉泪假慈悲。3.Thespyhadbeendoggingherfortwodays.那密探已跟踪她两天了。31ⅢFiguresofAssociation联想修辞格1.Metonymy换喻（转喻或借代）Metonymymeansachangeofname.Itissomewhatlikemetaphor,butitliesinasingleword,whereasmetaphorisusuallymoreextended(意义延伸).Metonymyisfoundeduponlikeness.ThethingspokenofandthethingmeantarealikeinsomerespectMetonymyisfoundeduponrelation.Thethingspokenofandthethingmeantmaybewhollyunlike,buttherelationbetweenthemissuchthatthementionofonesuggeststheother.Thereareseveralkindsofmetonymy.Thefollowingarethecommonones.32A.Thecontainerforthethingcontained.(用容器表示里边装的东西)(1)Themotherdidherbesttotakecareofthecradle(=herbaby).(2)Thekettle(=thewaterinthekettle)boils.B.Thesymbolforthepersonorthingsymbolized.(1)Thebench(=judges)gaveahearingtothebar(=lawyers)(2)Hesucceededtothecrown(=becamethesovereignruler)in1848.33C.Theinstrumentororganfortheagent.(1)Thepenhasmoreinfluencethanthesword`.(=Thosewhousethepenhavemoreinfluencethanthosewhousethesword.)(2)Giveeverymanyourear,butfewyourvoice.(多听少说)D.Acauseforaneffect.(1)HereadsShakespeare(=theworksofShakespeare)E.Aneffectforacause.(1)Afteraday’stravelingwetookarestundertheshade(=tree)34练习换喻Metonymy换喻又称转喻或借代。它反映两个密切相关的现实关系，即换一个说法来表现一个事物。换喻与明喻或暗喻不同，不需要两个事物相比，而是表示甲乙两事物在某点上的联系，即提到甲事物就会使人联想到乙事物。换喻可以使表达多样化，使形象具体、生动。例如：1.fromthecradletothegrave从生到死（摇篮cradle表示孩提，坟墓grave表示死亡）2.That’showtheterm“cat’spaw”hascomeintouse.这就是“cat’spaw”这一术语如何得以使用的。(“cat’spaw”指“被他人利用为工具的人”。)353.Downcamethelongbrownwaves.棕色的波浪(指头发)披落下来。4.Greyhairshouldberespected.老年人应得到尊敬。5.Thekettleboils.壶开了。(kettle=thewaterinthekettle)6.Thepenhasmoreinfluencethanthesword.笔杆子比枪杆子厉害。(thepen=thewriter,thesword=thesoldier)7.Sergeant,itcomesintoyourheadsometimes,inspiteofyourbeltandyourtunic…警官，尽管你是警察，有时你还是会这么想的…(由皮带和警服转指穿戴之人，即警察)368.Thestairwayoftimeiseverechoingwiththewoodenshoegoingup,thepolishedbootdescending.时代的阶梯一直在发出回响，穿木鞋的人步步登高，穿皮鞋的人逐渐下降。(Thestairwayoftime实指history,thewoodenshoe代表劳动人民，thepolishedboot指常穿擦得铮亮的皮鞋的富人)9.HiseyesmockedyoungJolyon.他嘲笑地望着小乔里恩。10.TheyserveChinesedishes.他们供应中餐。(用容器代所盛东西)3711.HaveyoureadShakespeare?你读过莎士比亚的作品吗?(作家代表其作品)12.Hehasanearformusic.他有音乐欣赏力。(器官代替其功能)13.Hispresent,isnomorethanPandora’sbox.他的礼品是潘多拉的盒子只能给人带来灾害。14.WhiteHouse美国政府(用地点指代住在里面的人或机关)382.Synecdoche提喻Synecdocheisafigurewhichconsistschieflyinputtingapartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Inthisfigurethewordusedsaysmoreorlessthanwemean.Therearesixkindsofsynecdoche:A.Apartforthewhole(1)Howtoearndailybreadbymypenwastheproblem.(bread=thenecessariesoflife)B.Thewholeforthepart(1)ChinadefeatedJapan.(China=theChineseplayers,Japan=theJapaneseplayers)39C.Anindividualforaclass(1)ShanghaiistheNewYorkofChina.(theNewYork=thebusiestcity)D.Theconcretefortheabstract(1)Itwasthecircumstancesthatdevelopedthepoetinhim.(thepoet=poetictalent)E.Theabstractfortheconcrete40(1)Hehasdonememanykindnesses.(kindnesses=kindthings善行，好事)F.Thematerialforthethingmade(1)Thejudgehasputthecriminaliniron.(iron=ironchains)Note:Metonymyandsynecdocheareessentiallythesameinprinciple,andthereforethedistinctionbetweenthesetwofiguresisnowregardedasoflittlepracticalvalue.41练习提喻法Synecdoche提喻和换喻有相同之处，都是不直说某一事物的名称，但两者并不相同：换喻反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系，主要借助于密切的关系与联想;而提喻是借助事物本身所呈现的各种对应现象来表现，借助于部分相似。提喻总是用局部代替整体，或以整体代替部分。例如用roof表示整个house，用thearmy表示某一个soldier，又称举隅法。例如：421.Manyhandsmakelightwork.人多好干活。2.Greatmindsthinkalike.英雄所见略同。3.HeisanotherLeiFeng.他是又一个雷锋式的人。4.Shedidsomesewingtoearnherbread.她做些针线活挣饭吃。5.Twoheadsarebetterthanone.两人智慧胜一人。6.Heisagoodfarmhand.他是一个好农家把式。7.“Howaboutthevolleyballmatch?”“Chinawon.”“排球赛如何？”“中国队赢了”。433.Hyperbole夸张Inhyperbole,thingsarerepresentedasgreaterorless,betterorworse,thantheyreallyare.Youmaysaytoyourfriend,“Ihaven’tseenyouforages.”whileinfactitwasonlytwoweeksagothatyouparted.Suchauseofexaggeratedtermscangainartisticemphasis.Forexample:1.I’mthehappiestmanintheworld.2.Thesunhasroastedhim,thecoldfrozenhim…3.TheverynameofMr.Grossetseemedtobringupathousandmemories(浮想连翩，思绪万千).44练习夸张Hyperbole夸张就是夸大其词或言过其实，是修辞的一种手段，其目的是在于对某种事物或情况的强调，给人以深刻的印象，同是增强语言艺术的感染力，但这不等于有失真实或不要真实，而是通过夸张把事物的本质更好地体现出来。这种修辞多用于口语和文学作品，在 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 准确的科技文章中不用。例如：1.Icanwaitallmylife,sir.我可以等一辈子，先生。2.GermangunsandGermanplanesraineddownbombs,shells,andbulletsuntilthelittleboatsseemedtobemovingthroughaseaoffire.德军的飞机大炮雨点般仍然狂轰滥炸，小船象在一片火海中穿行。453.Havealittlecompassiononmynerves.Youtearthemtopieces.稍许体谅一下我的神经吧！你简直要叫我的神经胀裂了。4.Shewasscaredtodeath.她吓得要死。5.Oh,myoldfriend,Ihaven’tseenyouforages.啊呀！我的老朋友，我好长时间没见到你了。“forages”只是强调时间长，其意是“foralongtime”。6.I’dgivetheworldtoseeher.只要能见到她，我愿放弃整个世界。(这个句子只是强调了渴望相见的迫切心情，并不是真要放弃一切。)467.Thankyouathousandtimes.万分感谢。“thousandtimes”是对的“verymuch”的强调。8.Oneortheotherisforeverintheway.你们总是有人挡在路上。“forever”是对“always”的强调。9.Hewon’tgivehisbookstoyouevenforathousanddollars.你就是给他一千块钱，他也不会把书给你。10.Ihavetoldyoufiftytimes.我对你讲过无数次了。fifty只强调次数多(manytimes)，并不是“五十次”的意思。474.Apostrophe顿呼语Apostropheisadirectaddresstotheabsentasiftheywerepresent,tothedeadasiftheywereliving,ortoinanimatethingsorideasasiftheyhadlife.Itthereforeincludespersonificationbesidespossessingthepeculiarproperty（特殊性质）ofaddress.（1）Youmoon,haveyoudonesomethingwronginheaventhatGodhashiddenyourface?（2）Wind!Kindlyariseandhelpourvesseltomovequickly!485.Vision幻想Visionisafigurebywhichthewriterorspeakerdescribesthepast,absentorimaginaryscenesasiftheywereactuallypassingbeforetheeyes.Bythisfigurethewriterorspeakeralwaysusesthehistoricpresenttenseforrhetoricalpurpose.Inapostrophewespeaktotheabsentortheinanimate;invisionwerepresentourselvesasseeingtheabsentortheimaginary.Visionisfrequentlycombinedwithpersonificationandapostrophe.(1)Iseebeforemetheslaughteredheapsofcitizens,lyingunburiedinthemidstoftheirruinedcountry.(2)Iseeaworldwithoutaslave.Manatlastisfree.496.TransferredEpithet修饰转换Thetransferredepithetisaqualifyingadjectivetransferredfromapersontoathingorfromonethingtoanother.Thisfigureisaweakformofpersonification.(1)Thepatientlayallnightonhissleeplesspillow(枕头).(i.e.thesleeplesspatient…)(2)Thisisthecheapestmarketinthiscountry.(i.e.Thisisthemarketwherethethingsaresoldatthecheapestprices.)50Ⅳ.FigureofContrast1.(Antithesis)Antithesisisanoppositionorcontrastofwordsorideasinthesentence.Itisemphasizedbycontrastingonethingwithanother,ashealthwithsickness,warwithpeace,richeswithpoverty.Inthisfigure,verbsshouldbecontrastedwithverbs,adjectiveswithadjectives,nounswithnouns,etc.Oftenthereisadoubleorevenatriplecontrastinthesamesentence.511.Flatterybringfriends;truthbringsfoes(仇人).2.Knowledgemakeshumble;ignorancemakesproud.3.Onedayisworthtwotomorrow.4.Toreadwithoutreflectionisliketoeatwithoutdigestion.5.Falsefriendsareworsethanopenenemies.6.Nobees,nohoney;nowork,nomoney.52练习对偶Antithesis对偶法是一种在结构上前后对称，在语义上前后对应的修辞格式，一般具有声韵和谐，言简意赅之效果。对偶法与矛盾修饰法不同：对偶旨在显示前后两部分的平行对立，矛盾修饰法旨在突出主从两部分的矛盾统一。1.Socowedwastheircondition,andsohardtheirexperienceofwhatsuchamancoulddotothem,withthelawandbeyondit.他们的处境如此险恶，他们过去的痛苦经历告诉他们，这种人会以法律的名义或者根本无法无天地姿意蹂躏他们。532.Themorebusyweare,themoreleisurewehave.人愈忙，闲暇越多。(Leisurecanbebetterenjoyedbythosewhoarebusy.)3.Myonlylovesprungfrommyonlyhate,tooearlyseenunknown,andknowntoolate.我的爱情产生于仇恨，你我结识太早，但相知太晚。4.Wewantdeeds,notwords.我们要的是行动，不是空话。5.Wherethere’smarriagewithoutlove,therewillbelovewithoutmarriage.哪里有无爱情的婚姻，哪里就有无婚姻的爱情。546.Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou—askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.不要问你的国家能为你做什么—要问你能为你的国家做什么。7.Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人，成事在天。8.Bettertoreigninhellthanserveinheaven.宁在地狱称王，不在天宫为臣。559.Inourowntime,theRussiansbuilttheBerlinWalltokeeptheirsubjectsin,formorethantwothousandyearstheChinesemaintainedtheGreatWalltokeepinvadersout.在我们的时代里，俄国人建的柏林墙是为拘国民于界内;而中国人建的长城两千年来是为民御敌于界外。上述两句不仅在结构上运用了严格的对比，而且在用词上也前后对应。theRussians与theChinese相比，builttheBerlinWall与maintainedtheGreatWall相应，tokeeptheirsubjectsin与tokeepinvadersout相对，它用平列的句子和词组，把两个事物排列起来加以比较或描述，以对比它们的共同点或不同之处。562.Epigram警句Epigramformerlymeantaninscriptiononamonument;butthetermisnowcommonlyappliedtoanybrief,pointedsayingthathasthenatureofaproverb.ThisfigureiscloselyalliedtoAntithesis,andcontainsapparentcontradictionbetweentheintendedmeaningandtheformofexpression.Forexample:57(1)Thechildisfatheroftheman.从小看大，三岁看老。（Heretheintendedmeaningisthatthechildshowswhatkindofamanhewilldevelopinto.）(2)Alittlelearningisadangerousthing.(3)Silenceissometimesmoreeloquentthanwords.(4)Keepyoureyeswideopenbeforemarriage;halfshutafterwards.583.Climax渐强修辞法Climaxisaseriesofwords,phrases,clausesorsentencesarrangedinorderwithincreasingstrengthorimportance.Theclimax,ifskillfullyused,willpromoteforce.Thisformofexpression,however,isunsuitedforordinarydiscourse.Itshouldnotbeusedunlessthethoughtisofgreatimportanceandunlesswhatproceedshaspreparedthemindforanemphaticassertion(主张，断言).Forexample:1.Toeducateyourself,youmustread,study,observe,reflect,reasonandthink.592.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Anticlimax(渐降法)isthereverseofclimax.ie.theleastimportantthoughtisputattheclose.Itisoftenusedinhumorouswritings.1.