英语国家社会与文化教案

PAGEPAGE5英语专业本科教案英语国家社会与文化授课教案UnitOneIntroduction&Unit1TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountries本课内容：TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountries课程名称：英语国家社会与文化授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英语国家社会与文化课程的主要内容与要求，了解文化的概念；同时对英国有一个总体上的了解。教学意义:帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。教学重点:文化的概念；英国基本情况。教学难点:英国概况教学方式：以电子 课件 超市陈列培训课件免费下载搭石ppt课件免费下载公安保密教育课件下载病媒生物防治课件 可下载高中数学必修四课件打包下载 为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。教学内容:(详见下页）1.什么是文化？2．英国国土与人民英国的不同名称及其区域3.伦敦概况教学 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 ：采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。时间分配:Whatisculture?(10分钟.);What’stherelationbetweenCultureandsociety?(10分钟);Whyshouldwelearnculture(10分钟);UK-acomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatedname(40分钟)ABriefIdeaaboutLondon.(20分钟)课堂板书:1.Culture-thefoundationofcommunication2.ThefourpartsofUK3.MaincitiesofEnglandLondonBirmingham-secondlargestcityofEngland.Liverpool-secondlargestportofEnglandManchester-industrialandcommercialcentre.课后作业:ExercisesinUnit1UnitOnePartOne1.Whatisculture?Culture-thefoundationofcommunicationCultureisveryabstractandcomplicated.Concretelyspeaking,itreferstoalltheaspectsofsociallife,suchas,thevalues,thepracticesofasocietyandsocialconventions,education,politics,artorliterature,language,ideas,etc.文化即是人们所思,所言(言语和非言语),所为,所觉的总和.文化是无处不在的,具体说来,包括社会生活的一切方面,如:价值观念,生活行为方式,社会 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 等,乃至艺术,政治,经济,教育,修养,文学,语言,思想等.2.What’stherelationbetweenCultureandsociety?1)Cultureisaseparateideafromsociety,althoughcultureandsocietyareinterrelatedandcannotexistwithouteachother.2)Cultureisasystemofvalues(orbeliefs)andnorms(orbehaviour).Asocietyisasystemofinterrelationshipswhichconnectorbindindividualstogether.3.Whyshouldwelearnculture?1)Requirementofcommunication2)Languageandcultureareinseparable3)Cultureacquisitionisimportantforthestudyofliterature.PartTwoUK-acomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatednameⅠStatusintheworldEffectsofitsImperialPast--“anempireinwhichthesunneverset”（日不落帝国）:oneoffivepermanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCouncil,afoundingmemberofNATO,andoftheCommonwealth,2.MemberofEuropeanUnionandtheGroupofseven3.Themake-upoftheBritishpopulation(Immigrationhasproducedapopulationofwhich1in20areofnon-Europeanethnicity.)II.Theeffectsofitsimperialpast*ThedaysofempireendedafterWorldWarII1.  Theeffectsweremainlyencounteredinthecloserelationshipswhichexistwiththe50ormorecoloniesofthatempire,andwhichmaintainlinksthroughCommonwealthofNations.ButmoreimportantinternationalrelationisitsmembershipintheEuropeanUnionsince1973.2.  ThemakeupoftheBritishpopulation---immigrationfromIndia,Pakistan,orCaribbean(西印度群岛与中南美洲海域)countriesinthe1950sand1960s.1/20arenon-Europeanethnicity.III.ThefeaturesofBritishsociety:1.amultiracialsocietyRacial,gender,class,regionalandeconomicdifferencesinthesociety amulti-racialsociety:mostareChristiansandbecauseofimmigration,manyareMuslims; genderdifference:maleandfemalelivedifferentlives classdifference:theclassstructureofUKsocietyisrelativelyobvious(Awhite-collarworker’slivesareverydifferentfromablue-collarworker’s.) economicandregionaldifferencewithineachofthe4countries: --differencebetweenhighlandandlowlandScots --differencebetweennorthandsouthEngland(Southisonaveragemorewealthy thanthenorth)2.asocietywithclass-structure3.asocietywithdifferenceofregiondifference:highlandandlowlandScots，northandsouthEngland，thecapitalandprovinces.PartThreeMaincitiesofEngland1.London2.Birmingham-secondlargestcityofEngland.3.Liverpool-secondlargestportofEngland4.Manchester-industrialandcommercialcentre.London--cultural,bussness,andfinancialcentre1.Oneofthemostfamouscitiesoftheworld,LondonisEngland'scapitalandafavouritefortouristsfromallovertheworldwhoflockthereintheirmillions.Ithasahistorystretchingbackalmost2000years,Apopulationof7.5millionpeople,andsomeofthemostfamoustouristattractionsintheworld.2.LondonAttractions:BigBenandtheHousesofParliament.TheTowerofLondon,TowerBridge,StPaul'sCathedraltheRiverThamesCountlessfascinatingmuseums,artgalleriesandfamoustheatres.TheEnglishRoyalFamilyresideinLondonatBuckinghamPalacewhereyoucanseethefamous'ChangingoftheGuard'andmuchmore.3.AsignificantroleofLondonWhenamanistiredofLondon,youaretiredoflifeforthereisinLondonallthatlifecanafford.—SamuelJohnsonLondonisdominantinUKinallsortsofways.1)Itisthelargestcityinthecountrywithaboutoneseventhofthenation’spopulation.2)Itisseatofgovernment.3)Itistheculturalcentre.4)Itisthebusinesscentre.5)Itisthefinancialcentreofthenation.6)LondonisahugeweightinBritain’seconomicandculturallife,andtosomeextenttherestofthecountrylivesinitsshadow.Forreference英国历代国王与王后House　Name　Period　SaxonKings（802-1066）撒克逊国王　Egbert埃格伯特　802-839　AlfredtheGreat阿尔弗雷德大帝　871-899　EdwardtheElder爱德华（长者）　899-924　Athelstan阿瑟尔斯坦　925-939　Edgar埃德加　959-975　EthelredtheUnready艾特尔雷德（无主见者）　978-1016　Canute（Danish）克努特（丹麦）　1016-1035　EdwardtheConfessor爱德华（忏悔者）　1042-1066　HaroldII哈罗德二世　1066　HouseofNormandy（1066-1154）诺曼王朝　WilliamItheConqueror威廉一世（征服者）　1066-1087　WilliamII威廉二世　1087-1100　HenryI亨利一世　1100-1135　Stephen斯蒂芬　1135-1154　HouseofPlantagenet（1154-1399）金雀花王朝　HenryII亨利二世　1154-1189　RichardI理查德一世（狮心王）　1189-1199　John约翰（失地王）　1199-1216　HenryIII亨利三世　1216-1272　EdwardI爱德华一世　1272-1307　EdwardII爱德华二世　1307-1327　EdwardIII爱德华三世　1327-1377　RichardII理查二世　1377-1399　HouseofLancaster（1399-1461）兰开斯特王朝　HenryIV亨利四世　1399-1413　HenryV亨利五世　1413-1422　HenryVI亨利六世　1422-1461　HouseofYork（1461-1485）约克王朝　EdwardIV爱德华四世　1461-1483　EdwardV爱德华五世　1483　RichardIII理查三世　1483-1485　HouseofTudor（1485-1603）都铎王朝　HenryVII亨利七世　1485-1509　HenryVIII亨利八世　1509-1547　EdwardVI爱德华六世　1547-1553　MaryI玛丽一世　1553-1558　ElizabethI伊丽莎白一世　1558-1603（45年）　HouseofStuart（1603-1714）斯图亚特王朝　JamesI詹姆斯一世　1603-1625　CharlesI查理一世　1625-1649　Commonwealth（共和国时期）　OliverCromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔　1653-1658　RichardCromwell理查德·克伦威尔　1658-1659　HouseofStuart（1603-1714）斯图亚特王朝　CharlesII查理二世　1660-1685　JamesII詹姆斯二世　1685-1688　WilliamIIIandMaryII威廉三世和玛丽二世　1689-1702　Anne安妮　1702-1714　HouseofHanover（1714-1910）汉诺威王朝　GeorgeI乔治一世　1714-1727　GeorgeII乔治二世　1727-1760　GeorgeIII乔治三世　1760-1820　GeorgeIV乔治四世　1820-1830　GeorgeIV威廉四世　1830-1837　Victoria维多利亚　1837-1901　EdwardVII爱德华七世　1901-1910　HouseofWindsor（1910-）温莎王朝　GeorgeV乔治五世　1910-1936　EdwardVIII爱德华八世　1936　GeorgeVI乔治六世　1936-1952　ElizabethII伊丽莎白二世　1952-　GeographicalfeaturesGeographicalpositionTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(UK)issituatednorth-westoftheEuropeancontinentbetweentheAtlanticOceanandtheNorthSea.Ithasatotallandareaof244,100squarekilometres,ofwhichnearly99%islandandtheremainderinlandwater.Fromnorthtosouthitisabout1,000kilometreslong.(1)NorthwestofEurope(2)NorthAtlanticOcean(3)SeparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelGeographicalfeatures(1)Anislandcountry,surroundedbysea(2)Highlandsinthenorthandwest(3)LowlandsintheeastandsoutheastA.PartofthegreatEuropeanPlainB.LevellandandfertilesoilC.farming(4)3naturalzonesinScotlandA.thehighlandsinthenorthB.thecentrallowlandsC.thesouthernuplands.RiversandLakesImportantroleofriversinthecountry’seconomyImportantRiverstheSevernRiverthelongestinthecountryonly338kiloslongtheThamesRiverthe2ndlongestthemostimportantriver336kiloslongOxfordandLondonareontheriverRiverClydethemostimportantinScotlandimportantcommercialwaterwaytheLakeDistrictinnorthwestEnglandandNorthWalespopulartouristattractionsthehomeoftheLakePoetsWilliamWordsworthSamuelTaylorColeridgeRobertSoutheyClimateTypicalfeatureofBritain’sclimate“Othercountrieshaveaclimate;inEnglandwehaveweather.”ThestatementisoftenmadebyEnglishmentodescribethepeculiarmeteorologicalconditionsoftheircountry.Amaritimetypeofclimaterainy---abundantrainfallTheuncertaintyabouttheweathertendstomaketheEnglishmencautious.“AforeignermaylaughwhenheseestheEnglishmansettingforthonabrilliantlysunnymorningwearingaraincoatandcarryinganumbrella,buthemaywellregrethislaughterlaterintheday!”changeableandunpredictable,noclearcutof4seasons“InnocountryotherthanEngland,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday!Daymaybreakasabalmyspringmorning;anhourorsolaterblackcloudsmayhaveappearedfromnowhereandtherainmaybepouringdown.Atmiddayconditionsmaybereallywintrywiththetemperaturedownbyabouteightdegreesormorecentigrade.Andthen,inthelateafternoontheskywillclear,thesunwillbegintoshine,andforanhourortwobeforedarknessfalls,itwillbesummer.”Mild:noextremesInEnglandonecanexperiencealmosteverykindofweatherexceptthemostextreme.temperature:4-6℃inwinter,12-17℃insummerFactorsinfluencingtheclimatethesurroundingwaterstheprevailingsouth-westwindstheNorthAtlanticDrift(warmcurrent)RainfallasteadyreliablerainfallthroughouttheyearunevendistributionofrainawatersurplusinthenorthandwestawaterdeficitinthesouthandeastUnitTwoTheHistoryofEngland课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，尤其是英格兰的历史；掌握主要历史事件及人物。教学意义:帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。教学重点:最早的不列颠居民（公元前5000年—公元55年），罗马人的入侵（公元前55年—公元410年），盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵（公元446年-公元871年），丹麦人的入侵以及1066年诺曼征服。教学难点:英格兰与苏格兰关系历史上盎格鲁和萨克森人对英国的影响教学方式：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。教学内容:(详见讲稿）1.TheEarliestSettlersinUK2.Anglo-Saxons3.TheNormanConquest4.TheGreatCharterandtheBeginningofParliament教学方法：采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。时间分配:1.HavearevisionaboutthebriefideaofUK.(用时15分钟)2．TheHistoryofEngland.(用时50分钟)3．WatchVideoaboutEngland.(用时20分钟)4．Students’DiscussionabouttherelationshipbetweenEnglandandScotland(用时5分钟)课堂板书:1.RobinHood2.Anglo-Saxons3．Excalibur（KingArthor’sMagicSword）4.TheGreatCharter作业:ExerciseinUnit1UnitTwoTheHistoryofEnglandEnglandHistory-AHistoryofInvasionTheconquestofBritain(BeforeAD.1stC.,madeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople)WhenWhoWherefromWhichpartconquered43AD—AD.5thCLatin-speakingRomanMediterraneancountriesEnglandandWales(notScotlandorIreland)AD.5thC—1066 AnglesandSaxons(theforefathersoftheEnglish;thefoundersofEngland)GermanyEasternandSouthernBritain(notWalesandmostofScotland)mainlyEnglandLateAD.8thC–AD10thC.theferociousVikingsScandinavia(北欧：瑞典、挪威一带。丹麦、芬兰、冰岛等)NorthernandEasternEngland,ScotlandAD11thC(1066)NormanFrench(WilliamtheConquerordefeatedKingHaroldattheBattleofHastings,andbuilttheTowerofLondon)Normandy(northernFrance)Thenextfewhundredyears,joiningvariouspartsoftheBritishIslesunderEnglishrule(England,Wales,Scotland,Ireland)Legends1.KingArthurandhisRoundTable,givingknightsequalprecedenceandshowingknights’demandforamoredemocraticsystem(DuringAnglo-Saxon’sinvasion)2.RobinHoodhidintheforest,rebelledagainstNormansandrobbedfromtherichtogivetothepoor(DuringtheperiodofNormanrule) --acluetotheEnglishCharacter:arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity(体现英国人个性的迹象:表面上似乎一致,但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的生活方式) I.EarlySettlers(5000BC—55BC)1.TheIberians伊比利亚人（1）Whowerethefirstknownsettlers(inhabitants)ofBritain?TheIberians（2）WhendidtheycometoBritain?At3000BCduringtheNewStoneAge（3）HowdoyouknowthattheIberianswerethefirstknownsettlerstoBritain?A.Theproofisthelongbarrows(古墓冢)found,whichweretheircommunalburialmounds(公墓)B.theStonehenge(圆形巨石群、阵):Itisacirculargroupoflargestandingstonesconstructedbefore2000BC.ItisregardedasoneofthemostimportantmonumentsofitskindinEurope.Exactlywhyitwasbuiltisunknownbutitmusthavehadreligiousandpoliticalsignificance.(TherearemanydifferentideasaboutthepurposeofStonehenge:itmayhavebeenacenterofsunworship,andwasperhapsanobservatory)SomethinktheStonehengeisassociatedwiththeCelts.2.TheBeakerFolk宽口陶器人（以其铃、钟形宽口陶器而闻名）(1)Whenandwhereweretheyfrom?Atabout2000BC(attheearlyBronzeAge)theBeakerFolkarrivedfromtheareasnowknownasHollandandtheRhineland.Whyweretheysocalled?(Howdidtheytaketheirname?)fromtheirdistinctivebell-shapeddrinkingvessels(orbeakers)Howabouttheircivilization?(Whatdidtheybringwiththem?)TheartofpotterymakingTheabilitytofashion(ornamentwithpatterns)bronzetoolsThecustomofindividualburialThehillforts(堡垒)andsmallfortifiedtowns(筑堡城镇).TheMaidenCastleisoneofthefinestexamples.3.TheCelts(1)WhoweretheancestorsoftheScots,WelshandIrish?TheCeltsweretheancestorsoftheScots,WelshandIrish(2)Whenandwhereweretheyfrom?Theybegantoarriveabout700BC,andmayhavecomefromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,BelgiumandGermany(3)Whatwerethesepeople?TheywerePractisedfarmers.Theydrainedmuchofthemarshlandsandbuilthousesofwoodandwickerworkwithaweatherproofcoatingofmud.（带有抗风化的泥层）Theywereironworkers.(4)Whatwastheirreligion?Druidism（德鲁伊德教），theDruids—thewisemen,astrologers,soothsayers（占卜者）II.RomanBritain(55BC—410AD)1.WhatdoyouknowabouttheRomaninvasionofBritain?BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.In55BC,thegreatRomangeneralJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainforthefirsttime(partlytogatherinformationabouttheislandandpartlytopunishtheBelgaewhohelpedinfightingagainsttheconqueringRoman)theinvasionwasunsuccessfulbecauseofresistance,thesuccessfulinvasiondidnottakeplaceuntilnearlyacenturyInAD43,EmperorClaudiusinvadedsuccessfullyFornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,butitwasneveratotaloccupation.First,asaresultofresistance;Secondly,RomantroopswereoftenwithdrawnfromBritaintofightinotherpartsoftheRomanEmpire.2.theHadrian’sWall哈德良长城（公元2世纪，罗马皇帝哈德良下令修建的城墙，用于防御英格兰北部边境，抵抗克尔特部落的进攻）ItwasoneofthetwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadoccupiedandconquered.AftertheRomanoccupation,theRomansmetwithfierceresistanceandattacksfromthetribesofScotland.ThesepeoplewerecalledPicts（皮克特人）becauseoftheir“paintedfaces”.)TheRomansrealizedthattheycouldnotconquerthem.Sotheywithdrewfromthenorth,andbuilttwogreatwalls,theHadrian’sWallandtheAntonineWall,toresisttheattacks)3.theRomancontribution(1)theybuiltanetworkoftownsontheirmilitarycampswiththecapitalofLondon(thesuffix–casteror–chesterinEnglishplacenames—Lancaster,Winchester—derivesfromcastra,theLatinwordforcamp.)(2)theRomansconstructedanetworkofmajorandsecondaryroads.FromLondon,roadsradiatedalloverthecountry.(3)TheRomansmadegooduseofBritain’snaturalresources.Theybuiltbaths,temples,amphitheatresandbeautifulvillas.TheRomansalsobroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.4.WhywastheRomaninfluenceonBritainsolimited?AlthoughBritainbecamepartoftheRomanEmpire,theRomanimpactupontheBritonswassurprisinglylimitedasaresultoftheRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.TheRomansandtheBritonsneverintermarriedduringthe4centuries.TheRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.III.TheAnglo-Saxons(446-871)盎格鲁-萨克逊人1.WhoweretheAnglo-Saxons?TheAnglo-SaxonsreferredtothethreeTeutonictribes（日而漫部落）whoinvadedBritaininthemid-5thcentury.TheywereJutes,SaxonsandAngles.--TheJutes朱特人,fromtoday’sDenmark,cametoBritainfirstforassistancetodriveoutthePictsandScots.--ThentheSaxonsfromnorthernGerman--TheAngleswhoalsocamefromnorthernGermanandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople.2.HowdidtheHeptarchy(七王国)comeintobeing?DuringtheAnglo-Saxoninvasion,thethreetribesnamedtheJutes,theSaxonsandtheAnglessettledindifferentpartsofBritainwhichwasdividedintomanykingdoms.Amongthem,therewere7principlekingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.SotheyhavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy.3.Offa’sDyke欧发大堤（古代英格兰的巨大土方 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 。8世纪后期由麦西亚王偶发下令修建，作为英格兰河威尔士的分界线）TheAnglo-Saxontribeswereconstantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand.AlongancientearthworkBuiltinthe8thcenturybyOffa,theKingofMercia,alonghiswesternborderstokeepouttheWelshAsaboundarybetweenEngland(totheeast)andWales(tothewest)4.HowweretheearlyAnglo-SaxonsconvertedtoChristianity?theAnglo-SaxonsbroughtwiththemtheirownTeutonicreligionwhentheyinvadedBritain,andChristianitywasthenonlyafringebelief.AmongtheAnglo-SaxonGodswereTiu(蒂乌)，thegodofwar,Woden（沃登）,kingofheaven,Thor（托尔）,thegodofStorms,andFreya（弗雷娅）,goddessofpeace.ThenamesTuesday,Wednesday,ThursdayandFridayderivefromthesegods.In597,theRomanPopeGregoryIsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheheathenEnglishtoChristianity.Augustinewasremarkablysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility,andhebecamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.Buttheconversionofthecommonpeoplewaslargelyduetothemissionaryactivitiesofthemonksinthenorth.Monasteriessprangupthroughoutthecountryandbecameplacesoflearning.5.WhatcontributionsdidtheearlyAnglo-SaxonsmaketotheEnglishstate?ThoughtheAnglo-Saxonswereferocious(barbarian,brutal)people,theylaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.First,themodernnamesof“England”and“English”derivedfromtheAngles.Secondly,theydividedthecountryintoshires（郡），withshirecourtsandshirereeves,orsheriffs（郡长官、行政司法长官），responsibleforadministeringlaws.Thirdly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem（三田耕种 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ），whichcontinueduntiltheagriculturalrevolutioninthe18thcentury.Fourthly,theyalsoestablishedthemanorial（庄园的、领地的）system（采邑制度），wherebythelordofthemanorcollectedtaxes,andorganizedthelocalarmy.TheycreatedtheWitan(councilormeetingofthewisemen,议会、贤人会议)toadvisetheking.6.WhatistheWitanWitanwasthecouncilofmeetingofthewisemen.ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.It’sthebasisofthePrivyCouncil（枢密院）whichstillexiststoday.7.thePrivyCouncilAnadvisorybodytotheCrown:abodythatadvisestheCrownonmattersofgovernment.thepredecessoroftheCabinet.ItwasthemostimportantpartofthegovernmentuntilthedevelopmentoftheCabinetafter1688.Itsdutiesarenowformal:itisthebodythroughwhichtheQueenmakescertainorders,puttingintoeffectdecisionsmadebyministers.numberofmembers:ithasabout400members,includingallCabinetministers,theSpeakeroftheHouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.IV.TheVikingandDanishInvasions北欧海盗和丹麦人入侵1.WhoweretheVikingsandhowdidtheyinvadeBritain?theVikingsweretheNorwegiansandtheDanesfromDenmark.TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcenturyandbecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury.TheyevenmanagedtocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianity.TheygainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland(“theDanelaw”)2.WhatdoyouknowaboutKingAlfred?AlfredwasthekingofWessex.HedefeatedtheDaneswhoattackedEnglandandreachedandagreementwiththem.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland,whileAlfredruledtherest.HealsoconvertedsomeleadingDanesintobaptizedChristians.3.Whatmakeshimworthyofthetitleof“AlfredtheGreat”?Alfredisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”ashefoundedastrongfleettobeattheDanesatseatoprotectthecoasts,andencouragetrade.Heconstructedafleetofshipstoaugmenthisotherdefenses,andinsodoingbecameknownasthe"FatheroftheEnglishNavy."HereorganizedtheSaxonarmytomakeitmoreefficient.HetranslatedBede’sEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople.He,himself,wasascholarandtranslatedLatinbooksintotheAnglo-Saxontongue.Heencouragedlearning,establishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.ThereignofAlfredwasknownformorethanmilitarysuccess.Hewasacodifieroflaw,apromoterofeducationandasupporterofthearts.Afterhisdeath,hewasburiedinhiscapitalcityofWinchester,andistheonlyEnglishmonarchinhistorytocarrythetitle,"theGreat."Allthismakeshimworthyofhistitle“AlfredtheGreat”.V.TheNormanConquest(1066)诺曼征服1.KingEdward,“theConfessor”(“忏悔者“)KingEdwardwasknownas‘theConfessor’becauseofhispietytoreligion.HewasfarmoreNormanthanSaxon.HewasmoreconcernedwiththebuildingofWestminsterAbbey（威斯敏斯特大教堂）thanwithaffairsofstate.HepromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,DukeofNormandy（诺曼底公爵）.2.WilliamtheConquerorWhydidWilliamtheConquerorinvadeEnglandafterEdward’sdeath?KingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,WhenEdwardwasonhisdeathbed,severalmenlaidclaimtotheEnglishthrone,buttheWitanchoseHaroldasking.TheBattleofHastings哈斯廷斯战役In1066,KingEdwarddiedwithnoheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHastings.Afteraday’sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.WilliamenteredLondonshortlybeforeChristmas,andonChristmasDayhewascrownedKingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbeybytheArchbishopofYork.ThisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayoftheRomanConquest.3.WhatweretheconsequencesoftheNormanConquest?TheNormanConquestof1066isthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.Itbroughtaboutmanyconsequences.(1)WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.(2)HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.(3)ThefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.(4)RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andcivilizationandcommercewereextended.(5)Norman-Frenchculture,language,manners,andarchitecturewereintroduced.(6)TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRoman,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts（世俗法庭）