六级2019-12-1

机密启用前★大学英语六级考试ＣＯＬＬＥＧＥＥＮＧＬＩＳＨＴＥＳＴ—ＢａｎｄＳｉｘ—（２０１９年１２月第１套）试题册☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆敬告考生一、在答题前，请认真完成以下内容：1.请检查试题册背面条形码粘贴条答题卡的印刷质量如有问题及时向监考员反映、，，确认无误后完成以下两点要求。2.请将试题册背面条形码粘贴条揭下后粘贴在答题卡1的条形码粘贴框内并将姓名和，准考证号填写在试题册背面相应位置。3.请在答题卡1和答题卡2指定位置用黑色签字笔填写准考证号姓名和学校名称并、，用HB2B铅笔将对应准考证号的信息点涂黑⁃。二、在考试过程中，请注意以下内容：1.所有题目必须在答题卡上规定位置作答在试题册上或答题卡上非规定位置的作答一，律无效。2.请在规定时间内在答题卡指定位置依次完成作文听力阅读 翻译 阿房宫赋翻译下载德汉翻译pdf阿房宫赋翻译下载阿房宫赋翻译下载翻译理论.doc 各部分考试作、、、，答作文期间不得翻阅该试题册听力录音播放完毕后请立即停止作答监考员将立。，，即收回答题卡1得到监考员指令后方可继续作答，。3.作文题内容印在试题册背面作文题及其他主观题必须用黑色签字笔在答题卡指定区，域内作答。4.选择题均为单选题错选不选或多选将不得分作答时必须使用HB2B铅笔在答题，、，⁃卡上相应位置填涂修改时须用橡皮擦净，。三、以下情况按违规处理：1.未正确填写涂个人信息错贴不贴毁损条形码粘贴条（），、、。2.未按规定翻阅试题册提前阅读试题提前或在收答题卡期间作答、、。3.未用所规定的笔作答折叠或毁损答题卡导致无法评卷、。4.考试期间在非听力考试时间佩戴耳机。全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会ＰａｒｔＩＩＬｉｓｔｅｎｉｎｇＣｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ(３０ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ)ＳｅｃｔｉｏｎＡＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓＩｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｙｏｕｗｉｌｌｈｅａｒｔｗｏｌｏｎｇｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ａｔｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆｅａｃｈｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｙｏｕ：，，ｗｉｌｌｈｅａｒｆｏｕｒｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｗｉｌｌｂｅｓｐｏｋｅｎｏｎｌｙｏｎｃｅ．Ａｆｔｅｒｙｏｕｈｅａｒａｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｙｏｕｍｕｓｔｃｈｏｏｓｅｔｈｅｂｅｓｔａｎｓｗｅｒｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｆｏｕｒｃｈｏｉｃｅｓｍａｒｋｅｄ，ＡＢＣａｎｄＤ．ＴｈｅｎｍａｒｋｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｅｔｔｅｒｏｎＡｎｓｗｅｒＳｈｅｅｔ１ｗｉｔｈａ），），））ｓｉｎｇｌｅｌｉｎｅｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒｅ．Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ１ｔｏ４ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｙｏｕｈａｖｅｊｕｓｔｈｅａｒｄ．1.A)Magazinereporter.C)Websitedesigner.B)Fashiondesigner.D)Featureseditor.2.A)Designingsportsclothing.C)Answeringdailyemails.B)Consultingfashionexperts.D)Interviewingjobseekers.⁃3.A)Itischallenging.C)Itistiresome.B)Itisfascinating.D)Itisfashionable.4.A)Herpersistence.C)Hercompetence.B)Herexperience.D)Herconfidence.Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ５ｔｏ８ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｙｏｕｈａｖｅｊｕｓｔｈｅａｒｄ．5.A)Itisenjoyable.B)Itiseducational.C)Itisdivorcedfromreallife.D)Itisadaptedfromadrama.6.A)Alltherolesareplayedbyfamousactorsandactresses.B)Itisbasedonthereallifeexperiencesofsomecelebrities.⁃C)ItsplotsandeventsrevealalotaboutFrankiesactuallife.ƳD)Itiswritten,directed,editedandproducedbyFrankiehimself.7.A)Gotothetheaterandenjoyit.B)Recommendittoherfriends.C)Watchitwiththeman.D)Downloadandwatchit.６　１·8.A)Ithasdrawncriticismsfromscientists.B)Ithasbeenshowingforoveradecade.C)Itisaridiculouspieceofsatire.D)Itisagainstcommonsense.ＳｅｃｔｉｏｎＢＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓＩｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｙｏｕｗｉｌｌｈｅａｒｔｗｏｐａｓｓａｇｅｓ．Ａｔｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆｅａｃｈｐａｓｓａｇｅｙｏｕｗｉｌｌｈｅａｒｔｈｒｅｅ：，，ｏｒｆｏｕｒｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｐａｓｓａｇｅａｎｄｔｈｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｌｌｂｅｓｐｏｋｅｎｏｎｌｙｏｎｃｅ．ＡｆｔｅｒｙｏｕｈｅａｒａｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｙｏｕｍｕｓｔｃｈｏｏｓｅｔｈｅｂｅｓｔａｎｓｗｅｒｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｆｏｕｒｃｈｏｉｃｅｓｍａｒｋｅｄＡＢ，），），ＣａｎｄＤ．ＴｈｅｎｍａｒｋｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｅｔｔｅｒｏｎＡｎｓｗｅｒＳｈｅｅｔ１ｗｉｔｈａｓｉｎｇｌｅｌｉｎｅ））ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒｅ．Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ９ｔｏ１１ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｐａｓｓａｇｅｙｏｕｈａｖｅｊｕｓｔｈｅａｒｄ．9.A)Theyarelikelytogetinjuredwhenmovingtoofast.B)Theybelieveinteamspiritforgoodperformance.C)Theyneedtokeepmovingtoavoidgettinghurt.D)Theyhavetolearnhowtoavoidbodycontact.10.A)Theydonothavemanyyearstoliveafterretirement.B)Theytendtolivealongerlifewithearlyretirement.C)Theydonotstartenjoyinglifeuntilfullretirement.D)Theykeepthemselvesbusyevenafterretirement.11.A)Itpreventsusfromworrying.B)Itslowsdownouragingprocess.C)Itenablesustoaccomplishmoreinlife.D)Itprovidesuswithmorechancestolearn.Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ１２ｔｏ１５ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｐａｓｓａｇｅｙｏｕｈａｖｅｊｕｓｔｈｅａｒｄ．12.A)Ittendstodwellupontheirjoyousexperiences.B)Itwandersforalmosthalfoftheirwakingtime.C)Ithastroubleconcentratingafterabraininjury.D)Ittendstobeaffectedbytheirnegativefeelings.13.A)Tofindhowhappinessrelatestodaydreaming.B)Toobservehowonesmindaffectsonesbehavior.ƳƳC)Toseewhydaydreamingimpactswhatoneisdoing.D)Tostudytherelationbetweenhealthanddaydreaming.６　２·14.A)Ithelpsthemmakegooddecisions.B)Ithelpsthemtaptheirpotentials.C)Itcontributestotheircreativity.D)Itcontributestoclearthinking.15.A)Subjectswithcleargoalsinmindoutperformedthosewithoutcleargoals.B)Thedifferenceinperformancebetweenthetwogroupswasinsignificant.C)Nondaydreamersweremorefocusedontheirtasksthandaydreamers.⁃D)Daydreamersdidbetterthannondaydreamersintaskperformance.⁃ＳｅｃｔｉｏｎＣＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓＩｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｙｏｕｗｉｌｌｈｅａｒｔｈｒｅｅｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｓｏｒｔａｌｋｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄｂｙｔｈｒｅｅｏｒｆｏｕｒ：，ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｓｗｉｌｌｂｅｐｌａｙｅｄｏｎｌｙｏｎｃｅ．Ａｆｔｅｒｙｏｕｈｅａｒａｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｙｏｕｍｕｓｔ，ｃｈｏｏｓｅｔｈｅｂｅｓｔａｎｓｗｅｒｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｆｏｕｒｃｈｏｉｃｅｓｍａｒｋｅｄＡＢＣａｎｄＤ．Ｔｈｅｎｍａｒｋｔｈｅ），），））ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｅｔｔｅｒｏｎＡｎｓｗｅｒＳｈｅｅｔ１ｗｉｔｈａｓｉｎｇｌｅｌｉｎｅｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒｅ．Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ１６ｔｏ１８ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｙｏｕｈａｖｅｊｕｓｔｈｅａｒｄ．16.A)TheyaretheoldestbuildingsinEurope.B)TheyarepartoftheChristiantradition.C)Theyarerenovatedtoattracttourists.D)Theyareinworseningcondition.17.A)Theyhaveahistoryof14centuries.B)Theyare40metrestallonaverage.C)Theyarewithoutfoundations.D)Theyconsistofseveralstoreys.18.A)Woodwasharmoniouswithnature.B)Woodenbuildingskeptthecoldout.C)TimberwasabundantinScandinavia.D)TheVikingslikedwoodenstructures.Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ１９ｔｏ２１ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｙｏｕｈａｖｅｊｕｓｔｈｅａｒｄ．19.A)Similaritiesbetweenhumanbabiesandbabyanimals.B)Cognitivefeaturesofdifferentnewlybornmammals.C)Adultsinfluenceonchildren.ƳD)Abilitiesofhumanbabies.６　３·20.A)Theycandistinguishahappytunefromasadone.B)Theylovehappymelodiesmorethansadones.C)Theyfallasleepeasilywhilelisteningtomusic.D)Theyarealreadysensitivetobeatsandrhythms.21.A)Infantsfacialexpressions.ƳB)Babiesemotions.ƳC)Babiesinteractionwithadults.ƳD)Infantsbehaviors.ƳＱｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ２２ｔｏ２５ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｙｏｕｈａｖｅｊｕｓｔｈｅａｒｄ．22.A)Itmayharmthecultureoftodaysworkplace.ƳB)Itmayhinderindividualcareeradvancement.C)Itmayresultinunwillingnesstotakerisks.D)Itmayputtoomuchpressureonteammembers.23.A)Theycanhardlygiveexpressiontotheiroriginalviews.B)Theycanbecomelessmotivatedtodoprojectsoftheirown.C)Theymayfindithardtogettheircontributionsrecognized.D)Theymayeventuallylosetheirconfidenceandcreativity.24.A)Theycanenlargetheirprofessionalcircle.B)Theycangetchancestoengageinresearch.C)Theycanmakethebestuseoftheirexpertise.D)Theycancompletetheprojectmoreeasily.25.A)Itmaycauselotsofargumentsinateam.B)Itmaypreventmakingatimelydecision.C)Itmaygiverisetoalotofunnecessaryexpenses.D)Itmaydepriveateamofbusinessopportunities.ＰａｒｔＩＩＩＲｅａｄｉｎｇＣｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ(４０ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ)ＳｅｃｔｉｏｎＡＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓＩｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｐａｓｓａｇｅｗｉｔｈｔｅｎｂｌａｎｋｓ．Ｙｏｕａｒｅｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄｔｏｓｅｌｅｃｔｏｎｅｗｏｒｄｆｏｒ：，ｅａｃｈｂｌａｎｋｆｒｏｍａｌｉｓｔｏｆｃｈｏｉｃｅｓｇｉｖｅｎｉｎａｗｏｒｄｂａｎｋｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｔｈｅｐａｓｓａｇｅ．Ｒｅａｄｔｈｅｐａｓｓａｇｅｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙｂｅｆｏｒｅｍａｋｉｎｇｙｏｕｒｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ．Ｅａｃｈｃｈｏｉｃｅｉｎｔｈｅｂａｎｋｉｓｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄｂｙａｌｅｔｔｅｒ．ＰｌｅａｓｅｍａｒｋｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｅｔｔｅｒｆｏｒｅａｃｈｉｔｅｍｏｎＡｎｓｗｅｒＳｈｅｅｔ２ｗｉｔｈａｓｉｎｇｌｅｌｉｎｅｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒｅ．Ｙｏｕｍａｙｎｏｔｕｓｅａｎｙｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｄｓｉｎｔｈｅｂａｎｋｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｏｎｃｅ．６　４·Whenconsideringriskfactorsassociatedwithseriouschronicdiseases,weoftenthinkabouthealthindicatorssuchascholesterol,bloodpressure,andbodyweight.Butpoordietandphysicalinactivityalsoeachincreasetheriskofheartdiseaseandhavearoletoplayinthedevelopmentofsomecancers.Perhapsworse,the26effectsofanunhealthydietandinsufficientexercisearenot　　limitedtoyourbody.Recentresearchhasalsoshownthat27inahighfatandhighsugardiet　　⁃⁃mayhavenegativeeffectsonyourbrain,causinglearningandmemory28.　　Studieshavefoundobesityisassociatedwithimpairmentsincognitivefunctioning,as29　　byarangeoflearningandmemorytests,suchastheabilitytorememberalistofwordspresentedsomeminutesorhoursearlier.Thereisalsoagrowingbodyofevidencethatdietinducedcognitive⁃impairmentscanemerge30withinweeksorevendays.Forexample,onestudyfoundhealthy　　—adults31toahighfatdietforfivedaysshowedimpairedattention,memory,andmood　　⁃comparedwithalowfatdietcontrolgroup.Anotherstudyalsofoundeatingahighfatandhigh⁃⁃⁃sugarbreakfasteachdayforaslittleasfourdaysresultedinproblemswithlearningandmemory32tothoseobservedinoverweightandobeseindividuals.　　Bodyweightwasnothugelydifferentbetweenthegroupseatingahealthydietandthoseonhighfatandsugardiets.Sothisshowsnegative33ofpoordietaryintakecanoccurevenwhen　　bodyweighthasnotchanged34.Thus,bodyweightisnotalwaysthebestindicatorofhealth　　andathinpersonstillneedstoeatwellandexercise35.　　A)assessedI)excellingB)assignedJ)indulgingC)consequencesK)loopholesD)conspicuouslyL)rapidlyE)deficitsM)redundantF)designatedN)regularlyG)detrimentalO)similarH)digestionＳｅｃｔｉｏｎＢＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓＩｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｙｏｕａｒｅｇｏｉｎｇｔｏｒｅａｄａｐａｓｓａｇｅｗｉｔｈｔｅｎｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓａｔｔａｃｈｅｄｔｏｉｔ．Ｅａｃｈ：，ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｇｉｖｅｎｉｎｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈｓ．Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｔｈｅｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈｆｒｏｍｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｓｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ．Ｙｏｕｍａｙｃｈｏｏｓｅａｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｏｎｃｅ．Ｅａｃｈｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈｉｓｍａｒｋｅｄｗｉｔｈａｌｅｔｔｅｒ．ＡｎｓｗｅｒｔｈｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓｂｙｍａｒｋｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｅｔｔｅｒｏｎＡｎｓｗｅｒＳｈｅｅｔ２.ＩｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄＳｃｒｅｅｎＴｉｍｅａｎｄＷｅｌｌｂｅｉｎｇＤｅｃｌｉｎｅｉｎＹｏｕｔｈAHaveyoungpeopleneverhaditsogood?Ordotheyfacemorechallengesthananyprevious［］generation?OurcurrenteraintheWestisoneofhighwealth.Thismeansminorsenjoymaterial６　５·benefitsandlegalprotectionsthatwouldhavebeentheenvyofthoselivinginthepast.Butthereisanincreasingsuspicionthatallisnotwellforouryouth.Andoneofthemostpopularexplanations,amongsomeexpertsandthepopularmedia,isthatexcessivescreentimeisto“”blame.(Thisreferstoalltheattentionyoungpeopledevotetotheirphones,tabletsandlaptops.)However,thisisacontentioustheoryandsuchclaimshavebeentreatedskepticallybysomescholarsbasedontheirreadingoftherelevantdata.BNowanewstudyhasprovidedanothercontributiontothedebate,uncoveringstrongevidence［］thatadolescentwellbeingintheUnitedStatesreallyisexperiencingadeclineandarguingthatthemostlikelycauseistheelectronicricheswehavegiventhem.Thebackgroundtothisisthatfromthe1960sintotheearly2000s,measuresofaveragewellbeingwentupintheUS.Thiswasespeciallytrueforyoungerpeople.Itreflectedthefactthatthesedecadessawaclimbingeneralstandardsoflivingandavoidanceofmasssocietaltraumaslikefullscalewaror⁃economicdeprivation.However,thescreentimehypothesis,advancedbyresearcherssuchas“”JeanTwenge,isthatelectronicdevicesandexcessivetimespentonlinemayhavereversedthesetrendsinrecentyears,causingproblemsforyoungpeoplespsychologicalhealth.ƳCToinvestigate,TwengeandhercolleaguesdivedintotheMonitoringtheFuturedatasetbased［］“”onannualsurveysofAmericanschoolstudentsfromgrades8,10,and12thatstartedin1991.Intotal,1.1millionyoungpeopleansweredvariousquestionsrelatedtotheirwellbeing.Twengesteamsanalysisoftheanswersconfirmedtheearlier,wellestablishedwellbeingclimb,ƳƳ⁃withscoresrisingacrossthe1990s,andintothelater2000s.Thiswasfoundacrossmeasureslikeselfesteem,lifesatisfaction,happinessandsatisfactionwithindividualdomainslikejob,⁃neighborhood,orfriends.Butaround2012thesemeasuresstartedtodecline.Thiscontinuedthrough2016,themostrecentyearforwhichdataisavailable.DTwengeandhercolleagueswantedtounderstandwhythischangeinaveragewellbeing［］occurred.However,itisveryhardtodemonstratecausesusingnonexperimentaldatasuchas⁃this.Infact,whenTwengepreviouslyusedthisdatatosuggestascreentimeeffect,somecommentatorswerequicktoraisethisproblem.Theyarguedthathercausalsoundingclaims⁃restedoncorrelationaldata,andthatshehadnotadequatelyaccountedforotherpotentialcausalfactors.Thistimearound,Twengeandherteammakeapointofsayingthattheyarenottryingtoestablishcausesassuch,butthattheyareassessingtheplausibilityofpotentialcauses.EFirst,theyexplainthatifagivenvariableisplayingaroleinaffectingwellbeing,thenweshould［］expectanychangeinthatvariabletocorrelatewiththeobservedchangesinwellbeing.Ifnot,itisnotplausiblethatthevariableisacausalfactor.Sotheresearcherslookedattimespentinanumberofactivitiesthatcouldplausiblybedrivingthewellbeingdecline.Lesssport,andfewer６　６·meetingswithpeerscorrelatedwithlowerwellbeing,asdidlesstimereadingprintmedia(newspapers)and,surprisingly,lesstimedoinghomework.(Thislastfindingwouldappeartocontradictanotherpopularhypothesisthatitisourburdeningofstudentswithassignmentsthatiscausingalltheproblems.)Inaddition,moreTVwatchingandmoreelectroniccommunicationbothcorrelatedwithlowerwellbeing.Alltheseeffectsheldtrueformeasuresofhappiness,lifesatisfactionandselfesteem,withtheeffectsstrongerinthe8thand10thgraders.⁃⁃FNext,Twengesteamdugalittledeeperintothedataonscreentime.Theyfoundthat［］Ƴadolescentswhospentaverysmallamountoftimeondigitaldevicesacoupleofhoursa—weekhadthehighestwellbeing.Theirwellbeingwasevenhigherthanthosewhoneverused—suchdevices.However,higherdosesofscreentimewereclearlyassociatedwithlowerhappiness.Thosespending1019hoursperweekontheirdeviceswere41percentmorelikely⁃tobeunhappythanlowerfrequencyusers.Thosewhousedsuchdevices40hoursaweekor⁃more(oneintenteenagers)weretwiceaslikelytobeunhappy.Thedatawasslightlycomplicatedbythefactthattherewasatendencyforkidswhoweresocialintherealworldtoalsousemoreonlinecommunication,butbybracketingoutdifferentcasesitbecameclearthattherealworldsocialitycomponentcorrelatedwithgreaterwellbeing,whereasgreatertimeon⁃screensoronlineonlycorrelatedwithpoorerwellbeing.GSofar,soplausible.Butthenextquestionis,arethedropsinaveragewellbeinghappeningat［］thesametimeastrendstowardincreasedelectronicdeviceusage?Itlookslikeitafterall,—2012wasthetippingpointwhenmorethanhalfofAmericansbeganowningsmartphones.Twengeandhercolleaguesalsofoundthatacrossthekeyyearsof201316,wellbeingwas⁃indeedlowestinyearswhereadolescentsspentmoretimeonline,onsocialmedia,andreadingnewsonline,andwhenmoreyouthintheUnitedStateshadsmartphones.Andinasecondanalysis,theyfoundthatwheretechnologywent,dipsinwellbeingfollowed.Forinstance,yearswithalargerincreaseinonlineusagewerefollowedbyyearswithlowerwellbeing,ratherthantheotherwayaround.Thisdoesnotprovecausality,butisconsistentwithit.Meanwhile,TVusedidnotshowthistracking.TVmightmakeyoulesshappy,butthisisnotwhatseemstobedrivingtherecentdeclinesinyoungpeoplesaveragehappiness.ƳHAsimilarbutreversedpatternwasfoundfortheactivitiesassociatedwithgreaterwellbeing.For［］example,yearswhenpeoplespentmoretimewithfriendswerebetteryearsforwellbeing(andfollowedbybetteryears).Sadly,thedataalsoshowedfacetofacesocializingandsportsactivity⁃⁃haddeclinedovertheperiodcoveredbythesurvey.IThereisanotherexplanationthatTwengeandhercolleagueswantedtoaddress:theimpactofthe［］greatrecessionof20072009,whichhitagreatnumberofAmericanfamiliesandmightbe⁃６　７·affectingadolescents.Thedatasettheyuseddidnotincludeeconomicdata,soinsteadtheresearcherslookedatwhetherthe201316wellbeingdeclinewastrackingeconomicindicators.⁃Theyfoundsomeevidencethatsomecrudemeasures,likeincomeinequality,correlatedwithchangesinwellbeing,buteconomicmeasureswithamoredirectimpact,likefamilyincomeandunemploymentrates(whichputfamiliesintodifficulties),hadnorelationshipwithwellbeing.Theresearchersalsonotethattherecessionhitsomeyearsbeforeweseethebeginningofthewellbeingdrop,andbeforethesteepestwellbeingdecline,whichoccurredin2013.JTheresearchersconcludethatelectroniccommunicationwastheonlyadolescentactivitythat［］increasedatthesametimepsychologicalwellbeingdeclined.Isuspectthatsomeexpertsinthefieldwillbekeentoaddressalternativeexplanations,suchasunassessedvariablesplayingaroleinthewellbeingdecline.Butthenewworkdoesgofurtherthanpreviousresearchandsuggeststhatscreentimeshouldstillbeconsideredapotentialbarriertoyoungpeoplesflourishing.Ƴ36.TheyearwhenmostAmericansbeganusingsmartphoneswasidentifiedasaturningpointinyoungAmericanslevelofhappiness.Ƴ37.ScoresinvariouswellbeingmeasuresbegantogodownwardamongyoungAmericansinrecentyears.38.Unfortunately,activitiesinvolvingdirectcontactwithpeople,whichcontributedtobetterwellbeing,werefoundtobeonthedecline.39.Inresponsetopastcritics,Twengeandhercoresearchersstresstheyarenottryingtoprovethat⁃theuseofdigitaldevicesreducesyoungpeopleswellbeing.Ƴ40.Inthelastfewdecadesofthe20thcentury,livingstandardswentupandeconomicdepressionswerelargelyavertedintheUS.41.Contrarytopopularbelief,doinghomeworkmightaddtostudentswellbeing.Ƴ42.TheauthorbelievestheresearchersnewstudyhasgoneastepfurtherregardingtheimpactofƳscreentimeonwellbeing.43.Theresearchersfoundthatextendedscreentimemakesyoungpeoplelesshappy.44.Datarevealsthateconomicinequalityratherthanfamilyincomemightaffectpeopleswellbeing.Ƴ45.ToomuchscreentimeiswidelybelievedtobethecauseofunhappinessamongtodaysyoungƳpeople.６　８·ＳｅｃｔｉｏｎＣＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓＴｈｅｒｅａｒｅ２ｐａｓｓａｇｅｓｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｅａｃｈｐａｓｓａｇｅｉｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄｂｙｓｏｍｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓｏｒ：ｕｎｆｉｎｉｓｈｅｄｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓ．ＦｏｒｅａｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｍｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｆｏｕｒｃｈｏｉｃｅｓｍａｒｋｅｄＡＢＣａｎｄ），），）Ｄ．ＹｏｕｓｈｏｕｌｄｄｅｃｉｄｅｏｎｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｃｈｏｉｃｅａｎｄｍａｒｋｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｅｔｔｅｒｏｎＡｎｓｗｅｒ）Ｓｈｅｅｔ２ｗｉｔｈａｓｉｎｇｌｅｌｉｎｅｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒｅ．ＰａｓｓａｇｅＯｎｅＱｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ４６ｔｏ５０ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｐａｓｓａｇｅ．Thedangerousthingaboutlyingispeopledontunderstandhowtheactchangesus,saysDan“Ƴ”Ariely,behaviouralpsychologistatDukeUniversity.Psychologistshavedocumentedchildrenlyingasearlyastheageoftwo.Someexpertsevenconsiderlyingadevelopmentalmilestone,likecrawlingandwalking,becauseitrequiressophisticatedplanning,attentionandtheabilitytoseeasituationfromsomeoneelsesperspectivetomanipulatethem.But,formostpeople,lyinggetslimitedasweƳdevelopasenseofmoralityandtheabilitytoselfregulate.⁃HarvardcognitiveneuroscientistJoshuaGreenesays,formostofus,lyingtakeswork.Instudies,hegavestudysubjectsachancetodeceiveformonetarygainwhileexaminingtheirbrainsinafunctionalMRImachine,whichmapsbloodflowtoactivepartsofthebrain.Somepeopletoldthetruthinstantlyandinstinctively.Butothersoptedtolie,andtheyshowedincreasedactivityintheirfrontalｐａｒｉｅｔａｌ(颅腔壁的)controlnetwork,whichisinvolvedindifficultorcomplexthinking.Thissuggeststhattheyweredecidingbetweentruthanddishonestyandultimatelyoptingforthelatter.—Forafollowupanalysis,hefoundthatpeoplewhoseｎｅｕｒａｌ（神经的）rewardcentresweremore⁃activewhentheywonmoneywerealsomorelikelytobeamongthegroupofliarssuggestingthat—lyingmayhavetodowiththeinabilitytoresisttemptation.Externalconditionsalsomatterintermsofwhenandhowoftenwelie.Wearemorelikelytolie,researchshows,whenweareabletorationaliseit,whenwearestressedandfatiguedorseeothersbeingdishonest.Andwearelesslikelytoliewhenwehavemoralremindersorwhenwethinkothersarewatching.Weasasocietyneedtounderstandthat,whenwedontpunishlying,weincreasethe“Ƴprobabilityitwillhappenagain,Arielysays.”Ina2016studypublishedinthejournalＮａｔｕｒｅＮｅｕｒｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ,Arielyandcolleaguesshowedhowdishonestyalterspeoplesbrains,makingiteasiertotellliesinthefuture.WhenpeopleutteredaƳfalsehood,thescientistsnoticedaburstofactivityintheiramygdala.Theamygdalaisacrucialpartofthebrainthatproducesfear,anxietyandemotionalresponsesincludingthatsinking,guiltyfeelingyougetwhenyoulie.Butwhenscientistshadtheirsubjectsplayagameinwhichtheywonmoneyby—deceivingtheirpartner,theynoticedthenegativesignalsfromtheamygdalabegantodecrease.Notonlythat,butwhenpeoplefacednoconsequencesfordishonesty,theirfalsehoodstendedtogetevenmoresensational.Thismeansthatifyougivepeoplemultipleopportunitiestoliefortheirownbenefit,theystartwithlittlelieswhichgetbiggerovertime.６　９·46.Whydosomeexpertsconsiderlyingamilestoneinachildsdevelopment?ƳA)Itshowstheyhavetheabilitytoviewcomplexsituationsfromdifferentangles.B)Itindicatestheyhaveanabilitymoreremarkablethancrawlingandwalking.C)Itrepresentstheirabilitytoactivelyinteractwithpeoplearoundthem.D)Itinvolvesthecoordinationofboththeirmentalandphysicalabilities.47.WhydoestheHarvardneuroscientistsaythatlyingtakeswork?A)Itishardtochoosefromseveraloptions.B)Itisdifficulttosoundnaturalorplausible.C)Itrequiresspeedybloodflowintoonesbrain.ƳD)Itinvolveslotsofsophisticatedmentalactivity.48.Underwhatcircumstancesdopeopletendtolie?A)Whentheybecometooemotional.B)Whentheyfacetoomuchpeerpressure.C)Whenthetemptationistoostrong.D)Whentheconsequencesarenotimminent.49.Whenarepeoplelesslikelytolie?A)Whentheyarewornoutandstressed.B)Whentheyareunderwatchfuleyes.C)Whentheythinkinarationalway.D)Whentheyhaveaclearconscience.50.Whatdoestheauthorsaywillhappenwhenaliardoesnotgetpunished?A)Theymayfeeljustified.B)Theywilltellbiggerlies.C)Theywillbecomecomplacent.D)Theymaymixliesandtruths.ＰａｓｓａｇｅＴｗｏＱｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ５１ｔｏ５５ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｐａｓｓａｇｅ．HereshowthePacificNorthwestispreparingforTheBigOne.ItsthemotherofalldisasterƳ“”ƳdrillsforwhatcouldbetheworstdisasterinAmericanhistory.CaliforniahasspentyearspreparingforTheBigOnetheinevitableearthquakethatwillundoubtedlyunleashallkindsofhavocalong“”—thefamousSanAndreasｆａｕｌｔ(断层).ButwhatifthefaultthatrunsalongthePacificNorthwestdeliversagiganticearthquakeofitsown?IfthepeopleoftheCascadiaregionhaveanythingtodowithit,theywontbecaughtunawares.Ƴ６　１０·Theregionisengagedinamultidayearthquakeandｔｓｕｎａｍｉ(海啸)drillinvolvingaround⁃⁃⁃20,000people.TheCascadiaRisingdrillgivesarearesidentsandemergencyrespondersachancetopracticewhattodoincaseofa9.0magnitudeearthquakeandtsunamialongoneofthenations⁃Ƴdangerousandunderestimatedfaults.——TheCascadiaEarthquakeZoneisbigenoughtocompetewithSanAndreas(itsbeencalledtheƳmostdangerousfaultinAmerica),butitsmuchlesserknownthanitsCaliforniacousin.Nearly700Ƴmileslong,theearthquakezoneislocatedbytheNorthAmericanPlateoffthecoastofPacificBritishColumbia,Washington,OregonandNorthernC