高三英语阅读理解

375教育资源网 专题讲座 阅读理解 不少同学反映:“老师，做阅读理解题时，我对文章的语句完全能看懂，可是选答案时却总出错，您讲一讲阅读技巧吧!”有些老师在读过一篇文章后发现自己的判断与答案有出入时，也深感技巧方面出了故障，经过归纳，大体有如下说法：要学会抓主旨大意；能够略去不必要的信息；会掠读、跳读、不必回读；能够根据题干及作者的意图在文章中快速搜寻有关信息…… 　　上述表述，应当说没有错误，但学生们实践后往往收效甚微。为什么?因为这些方法没有抓住中学生英语学习的现实和实质。目前中学生的词汇学习量不足2000词（初中1200、高中750），学生真正掌握并能运用的词汇量则更少。教学大纲规定阅读量至多20万词，然而目前高考英语试卷的词汇要求为3000～3500词左右（含派生、转化及合成）。以不足2000词的词汇量去读3500词为底线的文章，肯定读不深吃不透，在此基础上用什么技巧和思路也只能是一个字----“猜”。自然无准确性可言了。 　　作为一名英语学习者，要想突破阅读关，在高考中拿高分，要解决“三量”，即词汇量----3500词；阅读量----35万词，也即1000篇300余词的短文；阅读质量----能本着信达雅的原则用中文说出文意。 　　1．词汇量 　　词汇量的3500词包括常见词及词组和日常会话中的单词、词组，最常见的涉及文化、科普、政治、经济，甚至军事的词。同时还要会认、会用派生，包括前缀和后缀。比如近年高考中就出现过的inexpensive， unthinkable， computerize。要真正做到会认、会用，就必须多读文章，细读文章，在大量认读中逐步加深前后缀的印象，逐步积累生词。平日学习新词时，要善于运用不同方法加强记忆，扩大词汇量。比如可以采用摘葡萄法、归纳法、联想法等。摘葡萄法就是把相互联系的词串到一起，比如当我们学习shoulder时，应联想到arm， elbow， wrist， fist， hand， palm， finger， thumb， index，finger，middle，finger， ring，finger， little，finger，甚至foe。归纳法则可把那些形相近意相远的词联系到一起，如medal， model， metal， mental； violet紫罗兰， violent， violate凶暴。联想法是指在学习过程中发现一个词联想到与它相关的词，比如当我们见到physical labor时，可联想到“脑力劳动”，从而查找到mental labor。具体可参见以前发过的词汇扩展 　　2．阅读量 　　阅读量是指300余词的短文，至少要读1000篇。考虑到高三现状，读小说有一定困难，读短文是个好办法。一方面可选取阅读理解书目上的文章，另一方面可读21世纪报及21世纪报中学生版上的文章。因为这些文章篇幅不长，紧密联系生活实际，涵盖社会现实和天下大事，可读性很强。到高三的第二学期才动手，也不算晚，那必须把阅读量加大到每天五篇，这样才能见成效。 　　3．阅读质量 　　阅读质量含五步。第一步读文章做理解题。第二步是出声朗读其中的一段，而且必须注意语音、语调、重读、弱读、连读、失去爆破和清辅音浊化。目前中学生上高中后发声朗读训练的机会越来越少，从上边七项要求自己的机会则几乎没有，高考中的听力自然得分不高。因为听力中的对话与朗读是依照前边提到的七大要点录制的。第三步是用笔划一划你认为应当记住的词、词组、短语，较好的句子。认真划，划得越多则说明读者的心越细，随着时间的推移，若划的越来越少了，说明水平也提高了。第四步是注意一下边边角角的知识，因为它有助于你对文章的理解，有助于短文写作中的应用。比如2001年高考E篇文章的第七段中有Even when a man is said to be a best friend， the two share little about their innermost feelings． Where as a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage．根据句意我们知道，where as=however，或but，这种关联词在文章中常常起到承上启下的作用。高中毕业生在高考的短文写作中常出现这样一种情况，单看每个句子不存在问题，但就是上下连贯不到一起。这其中的重要毛病是不会使用像where as这样的词及相关短语。而这些技能的养成不是靠教师课堂上讲的，也不是靠日常口头说才会的，主要依靠平日阅读中细心理解，出声朗读，写作中使用。第五步在前面已谈到，读过一篇文章后若能用中文讲明白，说明你懂了，若讲不明白，则说明质量没过关。以2000年E篇的第一段为例， Excused from recycling （回收利用） because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute（垃圾道）? You won’t be for long!两句中注出两处中文，有一处课本中学过。由于考生不知句意，结果在这两句基础上的第68题的正答率出奇得低，高分段同学的错误率比低分段的同学还高。这说明了认识的词并不意味着懂句意，更说明了“掠读”、“跳读”、“猜”的偏颇。如能按第三步的方式划一划，查一查，平日有积累，还愁不能正确理解该句：“难道因为你住高层建筑，又有垃圾道就可以不进行分拣和回收了吗?不用多久就应这样做”。再比如高三课本（上）的第128页中有这样一段: On hearing this，Marlin got angry and shouted，“You want me to take the place of a monkey? Take its place yourself ! You look more like a monkey than I do．”原意是：“马林刚一听到这里，就气愤地吼道，你想让我扮猴子吗?你去扮好了，你长得才像猴呢!”然而不少学生，甚至一部分教师都错解为“你长得比我更像猴!”这样一来就闹出定位错误的笑话了。从这个例子中我们也能看出这样一个现实，读懂了句子，未必理解准确到位，换言之，表层意思与深层含义是不一样的。要想达到翻译上的信达雅，不加大量阅读，不按照上述五步的方法加强训练，解阅读理解题的水平很难提高。 　　综上所述，提高解阅读理解题的水平决非一蹴而就，而应经过长时间的大量阅读。由于不少英语单词和词组是一词多意，因此要在阅读中逐步加深印象，拓宽词汇量，这样才能突破阅读关。 　　同学们可能会问读什么样的文章好，应该是两类文章并进。一种是21世纪报和21世纪报中学生版，同学们可依上述五步每周阅读一份报纸，一定能开阔视野，扩大词汇量，增加知识；另一种是有阅读理解题的文章，他们能 检测 工程第三方检测合同工程防雷检测合同植筋拉拔检测方案传感器技术课后答案检测机构通用要求培训 你理解的程度，提高你高考时做阅读理解题的分值。简而言之，要疯狂，要持久。疯狂阅读指量，持久阅读指质。那么突破阅读关的时间离你就越来越近了。 第一章　　主　旨　概　括 第一课 　一、试卷 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 与展望 　　阅读理解中非常重要的一个技巧就是在阅读中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心思想。文章或段落的中心思想犹如一支蜡烛的芯。这根芯看似无关紧要，但是如果没有它，那么这支蜡烛就不能再称为蜡烛，而是一堆蜡。所以，一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。要领悟文章的主旨大意，这就需要考生具备归纳和概括等方面的能力。而这种归纳和概括能力又常常是考试中被考查的重点。 下面，我们一起来回顾一下1996-2002年十年的全真 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 ，就可知道此项技能的重要性了。 　　1．What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? [NMET96 （61）] 9． The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about　___[NMET96 （66）] 　　10．This news story is mainly about _____． [NMET97 （51）] 　　11．The text is mainly about _____． [NMET97 （55）] 　　12． The text is mainly about _______．[NMET98 （51）] 　　13． What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? 　[NMET98 （54）] 　　14． The text is mainly about ______．[NMET98 （57）] 　　15． What would be the best title for the text? [NMET98 （70）] 16． This article mainly tells about the story of _______． [NMET99 （51）] 17． The writer's purpose in writing this story is ___________． [NMET2000（54）] 18． According to the writer of the text , imagining the future will _________．[NMET2000（66）] 　　19． The purpose in writing this text is _________．[NMET2000（67）] 　　从上述全真试题中，我们可以 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 出，对于文章或段落的主旨大意设问的形式一般是： 　　1． The main idea of the passage （text） is _____． 　　2． The text （passage） is mainly about _____． 　　3． What does the passage mainly discuss （deal with）? 　　4． Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea? 　　5． The main point of the passage is ______． 　　6． The best headline for this newspaper article would be _____． 　　7． Which of the following is the best title to be given to the article? 　　8． What is the topic of the text? 　　9． The main purpose of the story is to tell us _____． 　　10． The conclusion we can get from the story is _____． 　　大家只要记住，看到问题中使用mainly, main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等词时，就得仔细领会文章的主旨大意了。 　　当然，除了上述通用的句型，还可用其它的形式设问，这就要求我们认真理会题干的意思了。 　　例如92年的75题“The writer tells this story to _____．” 　　以及93年的66题“The writer wrote the story in order to _____． ” 也是考查考生对主旨大意的理解 二、基本训练 　　Mike is a freshman（新生） in college． He is also trying to earn the money he needs to live on． As a result, he works forty hours a week at a gasoline station． But this work must be done at night because Mike is a full-time college student． Mike also tries to make time for things he enjoys doing that are not related to college and work． He likes to ski in winter and play in summer． However, he is finding less and less time for these pleasures． Question: Which sentence best expresses the main idea? 　 A． Mike is very busy 　　 　　　 B． A freshman has to work many hours all week 　　　 C． Mike has pleasures in his spare time D． Mike has a lot of homework 　　Telephone, television, radio, and the telegraph all help people communicate with each other． Because of these devices, ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world． For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in Japan or Argentina（阿根廷）． An international soccer match comes into the home of everyone with a television set． News of disaster such as an earthquake or a flood can bring help from distant countries． Within hours, help is on the way． Because of modern technology like the four thousand satellites that travel around the world, information travels fast． Question: The main idea of the passage is that _____． 　　 A． News of a disaster travels quickly and help can come quickly from distant countries． 　 　　 B． Election results can be known almost immediately． 　　 　 C． Communication is good． 　　　 D． Information travels very fast because of technology． 三、高考实战（90年高考阅读题） 　　A well-known old man was being interviewed （采访） and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday． 　　"That's right," said the old man． "Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world． They're all dead．" "Well, sir," said the interviewer, "I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday．" 　　The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, "I can't see why you shouldn't． You look fit and healthy to me!" 1． The old man said he had not an enemy in the world, which shows that he was a very _____． A． friendly man—he never made any enemies． B． healthy man—he lived longer than all his enemies． C． lucky man—his enemies had all died． D． terrible man—he had got rid of all his enemies． 2． When the interviewer said that he hoped very much to have the honour of interviewing the old man again the following year, _____ A． he was trying to make the old man happy． B． he wished he himself would live another year． C． he did not believe the old man would live to be one hundred． D． he did not believe he would interview the old man again． 3． When the old man said "I can't see why you shouldn't", what he meant was _____ A． "You must try to live another year to interview me again next year．" B． "Of course you can see me again since you're so fit and healthy．" C． "If I live to a hundred years, you should interview me again．" D． "Unless you live another year, you wouldn't be able to interview me again．" 4． What kind of man would you say the old man was? A． He was silly． 　　　 B． He was unpleasant． C． He was very proud and sure of his health． D． He was very impolite to young people． 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Annealing 　　Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly． If 　　metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping （浸） it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle（脆）—that is, It will break easily． Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily． It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it． The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly, for a certain length of time． The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes． Annealing can also be used on other materials, such as glass． 5． Annealing can make metal _____ A． hard and tough（韧）． 　　　 B． hard but brittle． C． soft but tough． 　　　 D． soft and brittle． 6． Why do people put hot metal in water? A． To make it hard． 　　　 B． To make it soft． C． To make it cool． 　　　 D． To make it brittle． 7． In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on _____ A． the quantity of water used． 　 B． the temperature of the metal． C． the softness of the metal． 　　 D． the timing of the operation． 8． As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle? A． It can be heated and then cooled quickly．　 B． It can be cooled and then heated slowly． C． It can be heated and then cooled slowly． 　 D． It can be cooled and then heated quickly． 　　　"I would almost rather see you dead," Robert S． Cassatt, a leading banker （银行家） of Philadelphia, shouted when his twenty-year-old eldest daughter announced that she wanted to become an artist． In the 19th century, playing at drawing or painting on dishes was all right for a young lady, but serious work in art was not． And when the young lady's family ranked among （跻身于） the best of Philadelphia's social（社交界的）families, such an idea could not even be considered． That was how Mary Cassatt, born 1844, began her struggle as an artist． She did not tremble before her father's anger． Instead, she opposed （抗拒）him with courage and at last made him change his mind． 　　Mary Cassatt gave up her social position（社会地位）and all thought of a husband and a family, which in those times was unthinkable for a young lady． In the end, after long years of hard work and perseverance（坚持）, she became America's most important woman artist and the internationally 　recognized leading woman painter of the time． 9． How did Mr． Cassatt react（反应）when his daughter made her announcement? A． He feared for her life． 　　　 B． He was very angry． C． He nearly killed her． 　　　 D． He warned her． 10． What in fact was Mr． Cassatt's main reason in opposing his daughter's wish? A． Drawing and painting was simply unthinkable among ladies in those days． B． He did not believe his daughter wanted to work seriously in art． C． He believed an artist's life would be too hard for his daughter． D． Ladies of good families simply did not become artists in those times． 11． What made Mary Cassatt's "struggle" to become a recognized artist especially hard? A． She was a woman． 　　　 B． Her father opposed her． C． She had no social position． 　 D． She did not come from an artist's family． 12． What do we know about Mary Cassatt's marriage （婚姻）? A． Her marriage failed because she never gave a thought to her husband and family． B． She never married because she did not want to be just a wife and mother． C． After marriage she decided to give up her husband rather than her career （事业）． D． She did not marry because for a lady of her social position to marry below her was unthinkable． 13． What do we know about Robert Cassatt's character from the text? A． He was a cruel man． 　　　 B． He was a stubborn （固执的） man． 　 C． He knew nothing about art． 　 D． He knew little about his daughter． 14． What do we know about Mary Cassatt's character? A． She was brave in going against old ideas． B． She got tired of always obeying her father． 　 C． She hated playing at drawing and painting． D． She did not mind being poor at all． 15． As we can learn from the text, which of the following was generally considered the most 　 important in the life of a woman in the U．S． in Mary Cassatt's times? A． Money． 　　　 B． Career． 　 C． Marriage． 　　 　 D． Courage． 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Benin 　　　Benin is one of the smallest African states． It lies in West Africa on the Gulf（海湾）of Guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east． Benin used to be called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960, when it became independent（独立）． In 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew（推翻）the first president Maga． Soglo set up an army government and called himself head of state in 1965, but was overthrown and replaced （取代） by a civilian（非军人）government in 1967． In December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over（接管）． In May 1970, Maga and two other men set up a new　government, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years． However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man Ahomadegbe, the three-man government was overthrown by the army once more and General Kerekou became president． In November 1975 Kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to Benin, Benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place． Kerekou also announced that Benin would be a People's Republic based on Marxism-Leninism． 　　16． Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries? （Bn = Benin ; Tg = Togo ; Nr = Niger ; BF = Burkina Faso ; Na = Nigeria ; GG = Gulf of Guinea） 17． For how long was Benin under France? 　 A． For over a century． 　　　 B． For roughly a century． 　 C． For over half a century． 　 D． Under half a century． 18． For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People's Republic? A．15 years． 　　　 B．25 years． 　　　 C．20 years． 　　　 D．30 years． 19． Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin． 　 （Ah = Ahomadegbe; Ke = Kerekou; Ma = Maga; So = Soglo） A． So, Ma, Ah, Ma, Ke 　　　 B． Ma, So, Ma, Ke, Ah 　 C． So, Ma, Ke, Ma, Ah 　　　 D． Ma, So, Ma, Ah, Ke 20． When and how did Benin get its two names—Benin and Dahomey? A． Dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Benin． 　 B． Benin was its oldest name． The name Dahomey was used later, but has been replaced by Benin again． C． Dahomey was its oldest name． The name Benin was used later, but has been replaced 　 　by Dahomey again． 　 D． Benin was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Dahomey． 四、能力测试 It doesn't matter when or how much a person sleeps, but everyone needs some rest to stay alive． That's what all doctors thought, until they heard about Al Herpin． Al Herpin, it was said, never slept． Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves． 　　Al Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey． They thought for　sure that he got some sleep of some kind． So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made． But they were surprised． Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw Herpin sleeping． In fact, he did not even own a bed． He never needed one． 　The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers． 　 The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness． They asked him many questions, 　　hoping to find an answer． They found only one answer that might explain his condition． Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born． But that was all． Was this the real reason? No one could be sure． 　Herpin died at the age of 94． 1． The main idea of this passage is that _____． A． large numbers of people do not need sleep B． a person who actually didn't need any sleep was found 　 C． everyone needs some sleep to stay alive 　 D． people can live longer by trying not to sleep 2． The doctors came to visit Herpin, expecting _____． A． to cure him of his sleeplessness 　 B． to find that his sleeplessness was not really true 　 C． to find out why some old people didn't need any sleep 　 D． to find a way to free people from the need of sleeping 3． After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that Al Herpin _____． A． needed some kind of sleep 　　　 B． was too old to need any sleep 　 C． needed no sleep at all 　　　 D． often slept in a chair 4． One reason that might explain Herpin's sleeplessness was _____． A． his mother's injury before he was born B． that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit 　 C． his magnificent physical condition 　 D． that he hadn't got a bed 5． Al Herpin's condition could be regarded as _____． A． a common one 　 　　 B． one that could be cured 　 C． very healthy 　　　 D． a rare one 第二课 　　一、技巧解疑 　　文章（或段落）的构成有其内在的规律性，其中心思想往往是通过主题句来体现的。因此考生对以下四种结构应首先有所了解，然后通过一系列有意识的训练进而掌握它们。 　　1． 主题句在篇（段）首的结构 　　这种结构通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别（特殊）的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说明。请看91年的Passage C: 　Jane Clark, fair-haired, blue-eyed and tough as steel, has just won the most difficult race in the world． In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge （雪橇） across 1,050 miles of the Arctic Circle 　　　　and through some of the most difficult land in the world． In bitter （刺骨的） winds and snow-storms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached-38℃． When Jane was asked how she　　　　　felt about being the first woman ever to win the race she said, "I still can't believe it．" She then went over to inspect her thirteen wild-eyed dogs． David Wilson, who came second, said, "It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you． But it doesn't hurt for long． She was a good winner．" 76． Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? 　A． Woman wins the world's toughest race! B． Woman fights bitter winds and snow-storms! 　 C． Woman wins a sledge race in the world! 　 D． Woman drives a dog team across the Arctic! 　 这篇文章的首句就是主题句，其后的句子或是具体说明“世界上最困难的比赛”，或是从侧面说明赢得这场比赛的不易。本篇的终结句进一步呼应了主题句。所以答案是A。 　　2． 主题句在末尾的结构 　　尾句是主题句的结构通常是用归纳法撰写的，其步骤是先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。请看98年Passage A的最后一段： 　　　On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin． Everyone was astonished to see him． There was just one problem． Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates． He rolled on and on． 　　　　　Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall． Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces． Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time! 54． What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? 　 A． The roller skates needed further improvement． 　B． The party guests took Merlin for a fool． 　 C． Merlin succeeded beyond expectation． 　 D． Merlin got himself into trouble． 　　这段文字从Merlin入场的细节叙述，最后一句做了归纳总结：“很长一段时间大家都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案当然是C了。 二、基本训练 　　Americans use more water than any other people in the world． If we continue to use　water at the rate we do now, we will soon not have enough to meet our needs． In 1900, 40 billion gallons（加仑）were used each day in the United States． In 1980, 700 billion gallons were used． The average American uses almost 90 gallons of water a day for personal use． And much more water is needed to make the things American people like to have． For example, it takes thousands of gallons of water to make one pound of beef for the dinner table． It takes more than 100,000 gallons of water to make a car． If we include these uses of water, the average American uses about 2000 gallons of water a day． Question　The best title for the passage is _______． 　 A． Water Use in the United States 　 B． The Problem of Water Use 　 C． Water Use in the World 　 D． Water Use in the Twentieth Century Halloween is an autumn holiday that Americans celebrate every year． It means "holy　evening", and it comes every October 31, the evening before All- Saints Day． However, it's not really a church holiday; it's a holiday for children． Every autumn, when