美国文学——福克纳

WilliamFaulknerChapter15Presenter:Anne徐安妮CONTENTSTheSouthernRenaissance1WilliamFaulkner2ARoseforEmily3TheSouthernRenaissancePARTONE*·ItwasbetweentheHamiltoniannorthandtheJeffersoniansouth·Thetwohaveglaringgapincultureandwayofthinking·Theagriculturalsouthremainedsubordinatetoindustrialnorth·MeasuresweretakentodevelopthesouthBackground(Page229)ConflictChange·Althoughthesouthremainedconservative,thereappearedavisiblesignofchangeinliterature–effortstoreassessthepastandthepresentanddoself-searching.·Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury，therehaveemergedafewgenerationsofsouthernwriterswhohavealltriedtoroottheirworksinthesouthwithaviewtoachievinguniversalapplicability.·EllenGlasgow–focusedmoreonthefutureratherthankeepingcastingabackwardglance(Virginia/BarrenGround).·GreatlyinfluencedWilliamFaulkner–struggledtoaddtotheAmericanrenaissanceofthe1920sandhelpedusherinawholenewgroupofsouthernauthorsofthe1930s.·I’llTakeMyStand(1930)(坚决拥护南方的至高地位，种植农业生活方式优于北方工业)·Inthepostwarperiod,anumberofyoungerwriterskeptupthesoutherntradition.The SouthernRenaissance (alsoknownas SouthernRenascence)wasthereinvigorationof American Southernliterature thatbeganinthe1920sand1930swiththeappearanceofwriterssuchas WilliamFaulkner, CarolineGordon, ElizabethMadoxRoberts, KatherineAnnePorter, AllenTate, TennesseeWilliams, RobertPennWarren,and ZoraNealeHurston,amongothers.·TheSouthernRenaissance这些南方作家和知识分子不但在创作中继承和发扬了美国南方的一些文学传统,而且在艺术手法上进行不断探索和大胆创新,所以南方文艺复兴可以说是美国南方文学传统和现代主义潮流相结合的结果.WilliamFaulknerPARTTWOContentLifeWorksWritingFeaturesHejoinedtheRoyalFlyingCorpsinCanada.(1918)WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)Hisownfamilyhistoryfounditswayintohisnovels;thefamilymembersprovedtobevaluableprototypesforhisfictionalcharactersThetownofOxfordbecamethemodelforhisfictionalJefferson,theseatofhisfictionalYoknapatawphacounty.（约克纳帕塔法县）HewasbornintoanoldSouthernfamilywithafairlylonghistoryinthetownofOxford.HemadefriendswithFhilStone,whointroducedhimtotheworldofrisingAmericanwritersandpaidforthepublicationofabookofhispoems,TheMarbleFaun(1924).HebecameacquaintedwithSherwoodAndersoninNewOrleans,whohelpedhimtowriteandpublishhisfirstnovel,Soldier’sPay(1926).HereturnedtotheUS,attendedtheUniversityofMississippiforoneyear,andsupportedhimselfwithavarietyofoddjobsinNewYorkandOxford.LifeIn1925hewentonatriptoEuropeandsawJoyce.WorksTheMarbleFaun(1924)Soldier’sPay(1926)andMosquitoes(1927)werenotverypromising.Sartoris(1929)revealedhisfullerdevelopmentasawriter.Forthefirsttime,heenteredhisfictionalcountyandbegantocreateaworldofhisown.SoundandtheFury(1929)isthematureworkofhim.AsIlayDying(1930)lackedobviouscriticalacclaim.Sanctuary(1931)shockedpeople,andearnedhimabadreputation.Duringthenexttenyears,hecontinuedtoworkonhisYoknapatawphacounty.LightinAugust(1932),Absalom,Absalom!(1936),GoDown,Moses(1942).Recognitioncame.In1946，TheVikingPortableFaulknermadehimthecenterofcriticalattention.In1949,hewontheNovelPrizeforliteratureandhisplaceinliteraturewassecure.(19novelsandmanyshortstories)Works①Faulknerwasadaringformalexperimentalist.Notonlywasheadedicatedstudentofhumannature,buthewasalsoaconsciousartistthewayHenryJameswas.Firstly,hefeltthattheprovinceofawriter’sartincludedallhumanconduct,humanverities,andthatitwastheprimarydutyofthewritertoexploreandrepresenttheinfinitepossibilitiesinherentinhumanlife.Secondly,authorialintrusionshouldbereducedtothelowestminimum.WritingFeatures②ToFaulkner,characterizationwastheessentialmediumtorevealthemultifacetednatureofman.Heallowedthemtoenjoyamaximumdegreeofautonomyandindependence.Therearequiteafewdevicesbymeansofwhichtheautonomyofthecharactersisensured.Oneofthemostimportantoftheseisauthorialtranscendence,theobviouseffortonthepartoftheliteraryartisttoresistthetemptationtostepbetweenthecharactersandthereaderandexplain.WritingFeatures③Faulknercarriedonceaselesstechnicalexperimentationallhisliterarycareer.Hisnovelcanbegroupedintoseveraldifferentcategories.(page238,para.2)story-novel(revelatorymomentinthenarrativeofasingleincidentorcharacter)Thenovelofformaljuxtaposition(thepresentationofastateofmindorattitudethroughinteriormonologues)Thecounterpointnovels(theseparatenessofthestoriesreceivesdeliberatestress)The“fused”novels(combiningthevirtueoftheshortstory…)WritingFeatures④Faulknerisadifficultwriter.Healwaysstructureshisstoriesinhisownoriginalfashionandisproficientinemployingadistinctivenarrativemethodofgraduallyfittinginandofwithholdingorevengivingconfusinginformation.TherearealotofinteriormonologuesThemodernstreamofconsciousnesstechniqueisfrequentlyandskillfullyusedWordareoftenruntogether,withnocapitalizationandnoproperpunctuationSentencesarenotalwaysclearlyindicatedManylongonesarepushedtogetherinpeculiarways......⑤Faulkner’spowersofimaginationareverygreat.WritingFeaturesARoseforMissEmilyPARTTHREESummaryThestorytakesplaceinFaulkner’sfictionalcity,Jefferson,Mississippi,inthefictionalcountyof YoknapatawphaCounty.TheGrierson’sfamilyremainedfamilystatusviewafterthedefeatofthecivilwar.Itspatriarch-Emily‘sfather,isamanofseriouspatriarchaltendency.WhenEmilywasyoung,hedroveoffallthesuitors(求爱者)toherdaughter,deprivingheroftherighttoachievehappinessinordertomaintaintheso-calledrankanddignity.Afterherfather’sdeath,Emilyfellinlovewith HomerBarron,aYankee(北方佬)whocametothistowntobuildtherailroad.ItbroughtEmily’smonotonousandboringlifealittlewarmth.ButEmilyhasalwaysbeenunabletogetridoftheshacklesoffamilydignityandherfather'sinfluence.WhenshefoundthatHomerhadnointentiontomarryher,shepoisonedhimwitharsenic.Shebelievedthatitwastheonlywaytoretaintheloveandatthesametime,keptthereputation.Sincethen,EmilylivedinadesertedoldhouseandlivedwithHomer’sdeadbodiesfor40yearsuntilherselfdied.TheresidentsofthetowneventuallyfoundthisshockingsecretatEmily’sfuneral.Thestoryopenswithabrieffirst-personaccountofthefuneralof EmilyGrierson,anelderlySouthern spinster.Itthenproceedsina nonlinearfashion(非线性方式) tothenarrator'srecollectionsofEmily'sarchaicandincreasinglystrangebehaviorthroughouttheyears.Ⅰ(Para.1)WhenMissEmilyGriersondied,ourwholetownwenttoherfuneral......【参加葬礼】(Para.3)Alive,MissEmilyhadbeenatradition…Datingfromthatdayin1894......【纳税事件】Ⅱ(Para.1)Justasshehadvanquishedtheirfathersthirtyyearsbeforeaboutthesmell.Thatwastwoyearsafterherfather’sdeathand……【气味事件】(Para.12)Whenherfatherdied……【父亲之死】Ⅲ(Para.1/Para.2)Whenwesawheragain……/inthesummerafterherfather’sdeath……【爱上了北方佬Homer】(Para.5)Thatwasoverayearaftertheyhadbeguntosay“PoorEmily”……【药店买砒霜下毒】Ⅳ(Para.6/Para.7)WhenwenextsawMissEmily……/Fromthattimeonherfrontdoorremainedclosed……【隐居鲜有出门直至死亡】Ⅴ(Para.1)TheNegrometthefirstoftheladies…【回到葬礼】InsectionI,thenarratorrecallsthetimeof EmilyGrierson’sdeathandhowtheentiretownattendedherfuneralinherhome,whichnostrangerhadenteredformorethantenyears.Inaonce-elegant,upscaleneighborhood,Emily’shouseisthelastvestigeofthegrandeurofalostera.ColonelSartoris,thetown’spreviousmayor,hadsuspendedEmily’staxresponsibilitiestothetownafterherfather’sdeath,justifyingtheactionbyclaimingthatMr.Griersonhadoncelentthecommunityasignificantsum.Asnewtownleaderstakeover,theymakeunsuccessfulattemptstogetEmilytoresumepayments.WhenmembersoftheBoardofAldermenpayheravisit,inthedustyandantiquatedparlor,EmilyreassertsthefactthatsheisnotrequiredtopaytaxesinJeffersonandthattheofficialsshouldtalktoColonelSartorisaboutthematter.However,atthatpointhehasbeendeadforalmostadecade.Sheasksherservant,Tobe,toshowthemenout.InsectionII,thenarratordescribesatimethirtyyearsearlierwhenEmilyresistsanotherofficialinquiryonbehalfofthetownleaders,whenthetownspeopledetectapowerfulodoremanatingfromherproperty.Herfatherhasjustdied,andEmilyhasbeenabandonedbythemanwhomthetownsfolkbelievedEmilywastomarry.Ascomplaintsmount,JudgeStevens,themayoratthetime,decidestohavelimesprinkledalongthefoundationoftheGriersonhomeinthemiddleofthenight.Withinacoupleofweeks,theodorsubsides,butthetownspeoplebegintopitytheincreasinglyreclusiveEmily,rememberinghowhergreataunthadsuccumbedtoinsanity.hetownspeoplehavealwaysbelievedthattheGriersonsthoughttoohighlyofthemselves,withEmily’sfatherdrivingoffthemanysuitorsdeemednotgoodenoughtomarryhisdaughter.Withnoofferofmarriageinsight,Emilyisstillsinglebythetimesheturnsthirty.ThedayafterMr.Grierson’sdeath,thewomenofthetowncallonEmilytooffertheircondolences.Meetingthematthedoor,Emilystatesthatherfatherisnotdead,acharadethatshekeepsupforthreedays.Shefinallyturnsherfather’sbodyoverforburial.InsectionIII,thenarratordescribesalongillnessthatEmilysuffersafterthisincident.Thesummerafterherfather’sdeath,thetowncontractsworkerstopavethesidewalks,andaconstructioncompany,underthedirectionofnortherner HomerBarron,isawardedthejob.HomersoonbecomesapopularfigureintownandisseentakingEmilyonbuggyridesonSundayafternoons,whichscandalizesthetownandincreasesthecondescensionandpitytheyhaveforEmily.Theyfeelthatsheisforgettingherfamilyprideandbecominginvolvedwithamanbeneathherstation.AstheaffaircontinuesandEmily’sreputationisfurthercompromised,shegoestothedrugstoretopurchasearsenic,apowerfulpoison.Sheisrequiredbylawtorevealhowshewillusethearsenic.Sheoffersnoexplanation,andthepackagearrivesatherhouselabeled“Forrats.”InsectionIV,thenarratordescribesthefearthatsomeofthetownspeoplehavethatEmilywillusethepoisontokillherself.HerpotentialmarriagetoHomerseemsincreasinglyunlikely,despitetheircontinuedSundayritual.ThemoreoutragedwomenofthetowninsistthattheBaptistministertalkwithEmily.Afterhisvisit,heneverspeaksofwhathappenedandswearsthathe’llnevergoback.Sotheminister’swifewritestoEmily’stwocousinsinAlabama,whoarriveforanextendedstay.BecauseEmilyordersasilvertoiletsetmonogrammedwithHomer’sinitials,talkofthecouple’smarriageresumes.Homer,absentfromtown,isbelievedtobepreparingforEmily’smovetotheNorthoravoidingEmily’sintrusiverelatives.Afterthecousins’departure,HomerenterstheGriersonhomeoneeveningandthenisneverseenagain.Holedupinthehouse,Emilygrowsplumpandgray.Despitetheoccasionallessonshegivesinchinapainting,herdoorremainsclosedtooutsiders.Inwhatbecomesanannualritual,Emilyrefusestoacknowledgethetaxbill.Sheeventuallyclosesupthetopfloorofthehouse.Exceptfortheoccasionalglimpseofherinthewindow,nothingisheardfromheruntilherdeathatageseventy-four.Onlytheservantisseengoinginandoutofthehouse.InsectionV,thenarratordescribeswhathappensafterEmilydies.Emily’sbodyislaidoutintheparlor,andthewomen,townelders,andtwocousinsattendtheservice.Aftersometimehaspassed,thedoortoasealedupstairsroomthathadnotbeenopenedinfortyyearsisbrokendownbythetownspeople.Theroomisfrozenintime,withtheitemsforanupcomingweddingandaman’ssuitlaidout.HomerBarron’sbodyisstretchedonthebedaswell,inanadvancedstateofdecay.TheonlookersthennoticetheindentationofaheadinthepillowbesideHomer’sbodyandalongstrandofEmily’sgrayhaironthepillow.Ascanbeseenfromthetitle,roseisthesymboloflove.Andafterreadingweknowthatthedevelopmentoftheplotcannotbewithoutlove.ExemptionfromEmily'staxationisnotduetothesympathyandcompassionforher,buttotheprivilegeandthearistocraticidentity.Southerngothicfiction:Aneccentricandlonelyoldwoman;adilapidatedmysteriousoldhouse;thecorpsefoundinherroom,allmanifesttheGothicelementsinthework.Theconflictbetweenthetraditionalcivilizationofthesouthandthemoderncivilizationofthenorthisobvious,whichalsoindicatestheshortandtragicendofEmily'slove.ThemeLovePrideandprivilegeDeathandMurderTheconflictbetweenthenorthandthesouthTheoldhouse–Socialstatus;RoseThesymbolofthesouthernslavery“Monument“;SymbolofthetraditionalsystemandmoralityoftheSouthThemetaphoroftheNorthcivilizationSymbolismHomerTobyOtherimagesEmily其中rose一共出现过两次：rosecolor和rose-shadedlights。此处描写的是新房，可见标题中rose应该是象征的是爱情；但此处的新房如坟墓一般。那就意味着小说中的爱情结果并不能令人向往，而是一种悲剧。Athin,acridpallasofthetombseemedtolieeverywhereuponthisroomdeckedandfurnishedasforabridal:uponthevalancecurtainsoffadedrosecolor,upontherose-shadedlights,uponthedressingtable,uponthedelicatearrayofcrystalandtheman’stoiletthingsbackedwithtarnishedsilver,silversotarnishedthatthemonogramwasobscured.那么《献给艾米丽的玫瑰花》中的这支玫瑰是谁献给艾米丽的呢？显然是福克纳本人。这样的篇名暗藏着福克纳的深意， 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达了他对作品人物的一种肯定。这篇小说犹如是对艾米丽小姐所做的一次满怀敬意的缅怀和充满深情的回忆。在1955年的一次访谈中，当采访者问及故事题目中玫瑰一词的象征意义时，福克纳的解释是玫瑰表达了人们，包括他自己，对主人公的敬意。福克纳希望艾米丽能够拥有美好的命运，甜蜜的爱情，幸福的生活。但是艾米丽的家庭背景和大的时代背景从艾米丽一出生就决定了她悲剧的一生。福克纳清楚地知道他无法改变艾米丽悲剧的一生，但他又希望她能够拥有美好的一生，所以福克纳借助题目，来表达自己对艾米丽的深切的怜悯之情和对现实的鞭策。THANKS!