2014年公共英语五级考试试题(四十六)

公共英语五级考试试题(四十六) 一、Reading Comprehension（共15小题,共15.0分）Read the following three texts．Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D． 第1题    Fear helps animals, including humans, to survive since it allows them to avoid predators and dangerous situations. Having too much fear, or not being able to control it can, however, harm them. It can freeze animals into inaction, which is hardly an effective defence tactic, and it can cause a variety of debilitating disorders, such as phobias, pathological anxiety and the increasingly fashionable diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder.    Understanding how fear is formed in the brain may shed light on these disorders and help to develop ways to erase unwanted fears. In a paper published in the current issue of Cell, Gleb Shumyatsky, of Rutgers University in New Jersey, and his colleagues have achieved just that, in mice at least.    Dr. Shumyatsky was interested in the role of a gene called stathmin. His interest was piqued because this gene, though present in every cell in the body (as are all genes), is active only in cells of a part of the brain called the amygdala. It was established a few years ago that the amygdala is the area that governs fear. Rare individuals whose amygdalas are damaged are, literally, fearless.     To investigate the role of stathmin, Dr. Shumyatsky and his team established a strain of so-called knock-out mice who had had the gene removed from their DNA. They then conducted a series of experiments on instinctive and learned fear.    The team found that their knock-out mice showed neither form of fear. They would, for example, venture, insouciantly into environments that normal mice avoid, such as open spaces and elevated platforms where they could easily be seen by predators. They were also less prone to freeze up in response to events that would normally induce fear, such as seeing cats.    In addition to this lack of instinctive fear, the knock-out mice seemed to have weaker memories for past aversive experiences. The researchers tested this using the famous experimental method called conditioning, which was developed by Ivan Pavlov over a century ago. The essence of a neutral one such as a sound and a significant one, such as an electric shock, that produces a strong and consistent response. If an animal is given the shock immediately after heating the sound, it will associate the latter with the former and show fearful behavior when it hears the sound.    Using this sort of set-up, Dr. Shumyatsky discovered that mice with stathmin knocked out found it hard to make the association. They could not, in other words, learn to be afraid. To be sure this was not due to changes in other features that might result from lack of the gene, he tested the animals' hearing and pain sensitivity. Both were normal. So was their spatial memory. And although he did not try tests where the learned association was with pleasant rather than a fearful stimulus, he is reasonably confident that stathmin's effect is specific to fear because it is confined to the amygdala. It is believed that fear A is essential for animals to survive in dangerous situations. B is harmful to animals if they cannot control it. C is an effective defence strategy for animals. D is helpful in combating post-traumatic disorders. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 第2题 Fearless individuals A usually have damaged amygdalas in their brain. B have developed ways to remove unwanted fears. C lack a gene called stathmin in their body. D do not activate stathmin in the amygdalas. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第3题 The knock-out mice in the experiment A did not avoid places easily reached by predators. B would freeze up when they saw cats. C were better at remembering past experiences. D had abnormal spatial memory. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第4题 Dr. Shumyatsky discovered that the knock-out mice A had damaged hearing. B had low pain sensitivity. C were not capable of learning fear. D showed instinctive fear when seeing cats. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 第5题 In Dr. Shumyatsky's test, the knock-out mice A made the association between stimuli and behavior. B were affected by changes that result from lack of the gene. C could associate pleasant stimuli with certain behavior. D could not be conditioned to respond to certain stimuli. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第6题    To capture London in freeze-frame at the turn of the 19th century, Jonathan Schneer develops a single over-arching theme. In a work of persuasive scholarship, written with verve and insight, he analyses the tremendous impact that Britain's imperial adventure--then at its height--made on nearly every aspect of London's life.    Few Londoners were unaffected by the country's self-appointed mission to take Western civilisation to the "benighted" peoples of Africa and the East, and to extract much of their natural wealth in return for the favour. The policies that drove imperialism were made by statesmen, aristocrats and capitalists who met regularly around the dinner tables of a few influential and manipulative hostesses. Businessmen and financiers were quick to take advantage of the opportunities open to them, and used some of the profits to protect their interests by sending a volunteer force from the financial district to help fight the Boers.    At the other end of the economic scale, dock labourers handled the products of empire but could not possess them except by theft, which was endemic and which Mr. Schneer appears to defend as a legitimate weapon of class conflict, "an act of imperial self-definition". This, the sharp end of colonial trade, had wider political ramifications, for the dockers' harsh working conditions spawned aggressive and eventually effective trade unions. Meanwhile, the seeds of the liberation movements that were to flower in mid-century were sown by exiled Indians and West Indians, encouraged by white liberal sympathisers, who published small but influential journals and addressed impassioned public meetings across the capital. Many of them pursued the now discredited tactic of collaborating with the colonial authorities, yet their work laid the foundation for the long and often turbulent process of persuading the British that the conqueror's role could not be sustained in the long term.    In half a dozen entertaining pages, Mr. Schneer combs the Sherlock Holmes stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle for a rich store of imperial themes. Holmes's London was made up of two empires, "a good one associated with England and personified by two English types, the brilliant amateur detective and his dogged amanuensis; and an evil one associated with criminality, often of non-European origin". At the beginning of "A Study in Scarlet", he describes the city as "London, that great cesspool into which all the loungers and idlers of the Empire are irresistibly drained."    A century on, the attitudes expressed by Conan Doyle are self-evidently racist. Indeed racism was central to the imperial adventure. Should you judge by the standards prevailing then or by the more enlightened ones of today? Indeed, is it the historian's job to judge in this sense at all? In this rich and original study, Mr. Schneer sometimes shows a touch more indignation than needed in denouncing racism and sexism in a society that was still to learn better. The word "benighted" (Line 2, Paragraph 2) probably means A dark. B ignorant. C benign. D violent. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 第7题 The country gave itself the responsibility to A protect the interests of businessmen and financiers in the colonies. B implement policies made by statesmen, aristocrats and capitalists. C take advantage of the opportunities and profit from them. D civilize Africa and the East and take their wealth home in return. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第8题 Which of the following brought trade unions into existence? A Dockers' harsh working conditions. B The liberation movement. C Class conflict. D White liberal sympathisers. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第9题 According to Mr. Schneer, the Sherlock Holmes stories are A full of imperial themes. B full of entertaining pages. C indicative of the general social attitudes. D representative of the evil side of the empire. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第10题 What is the overall theme of Jonathan Schneer's book? A Britain's self-appointed mission at the turn of the 19th century. B The role of scholars in every aspect of London's life. C The impact of Britain's imperial adventure on London. D Racism and sexism in London's society in the 19th century. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 第11题    Perusing the Times in 1844, Friedrich Engels was horrified to note that, in a single day, London suffered a theft, an attack on the police, an abandonment and a poisoning. "Social war is under full headway," commented Engels, who blamed the crime wave on the growing proletariat. It is hard to imagine what the gloomy social scientist would have made of the fact that, 160 years later, London's police would be recording 2,500 crimes per day.    Most striking is the rise of mugging. In 1993 there were 323,000 robberies in England and Wales, according to the British Crime Survey-the highest since the survey began in 1981. That is not so surprising: There was a recession on. But the muggers carded on during the late-1990s boom, even as their house- and car-breaking colleagues hung up their sacks. Despite a buoyant economy, close attention from police and politicians and a shrinking proletariat, there were 347,000 muggings last year. The national numbers have dropped since 1999 but London still suffers: In September, robberies in London were up 21% on the same month in 2004.    Why? One reason, says Simon Pountain, who polices the London borough of Hackney, is that "there are more desirable items walking around on the street." Technology and prosperity means more mobile phones, and, recently, more MP3 players. Meanwhile, many of the things people keep in their houses and cars have become less valuable. Why break into a house to steal a DVD player when you can snatch an iPod worth two or three times as much?    As a criminal enterprise, mugging has unusually low barriers to entry. It requires less skill than burglary or car theft, and fewer connections and less financial savvy than drug dealing.    A recent study of the capital's robbers found that ethnic patterns depended mainly on social and environmental factors. Black men are still over-represented among muggers, but that seems to be because they are poor, and, more important, because many of them live in neighbourhoods that have gentrified. Robbery thrives where wealth and poverty mix.    Today's muggers are more discerning in their choice of victims and goods. Three-quarters of their victims are men, which is novel: A large study of street robbery in 1987 found that 57% of victims were women. Young muggers look down on drug-addled practitioners, generally in their early 20s, who go after softer targets and will steal anything. Simon Holdaway, who has interviewed young robbers in Sheffield, finds that they occasionally beat up their elders.    "Many of these robbers are funding a lifestyle, not a drug habit," says Mr Pountain. Although poor, they are driven not by need but by aspiration find desire--for the latest gadget, or for something that can be used to finance its purchase. Engels might have regarded that as a sign of progress. In 1993, the rate of mugging reached the highest since 1981 A because Britain was suffering from a recession. B because there was a growing under class. C because of lack of attention from police. D because of problems caused by social deprivation. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第12题 During the late-1990s A mugging continued unabated despite economic prosperity. B the rate of mugging, burglary and car theft went up during the boom. C the rate of burglary and car theft rose during an economic recession. D the national crime rate dropped while that of London rose. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第13题 There is a higher percentage of blacks among muggers because A blacks tend to live in geographically isolated areas. B blacks lack financial savvy and professional skills. C blacks have dominated the criminal enterprise of mugging. D blacks are poor and live in areas where higher social classes live. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第14题 Which of the following people are more likely to be victims of mugging? A Women. B Men. C The elderly. D Drug takers. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 第15题 What usually leads to street robbery? A Needs. B Drug habits. C Desire. D Desperation. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 二、Writing（本大题1小题．每题25.0分，共25.0分。You should write your responses to both Part A and Part B of this section on ANSWER SHEET 2． ） 第1题    You have read an article in a newspaper which states, "College education is of greater benefit to the individual titan to the society. Therefore, individuals should be responsible for the major part of the cost of college education."    Write an article for the same newspaper to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument and include an example. You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2. 【正确答案】： 略 none、三（共Reading Comprehension(子母填空)小题,15共分）20.0 第1题  Growing up without a father around can present a lot of challenges to a girl. Quite apart from the behaviour problems and lower academic achievement that can accompany father absence, there are also potential consequences for sexual behaviour and relationships later in life: Daughters who grow up without a father in their home are more likely to reach puberty earlier, have sex earlier and are more likely to get divorced.    Dr Lynda Boothroyd and Professor David Perrett at St Andrews University asked webrecruited volunteers to rate the appearance of the faces of three groups of women: those whose parents had a good relationship as they were growing tip, those whose father was absent, and those whose parents stayed together but had a poor relationship. 1. __________.    So why should separated or warring parents be associated with masculinity in daughters? One theory is that stress during childhood could raise cortisol levels, and there is some evidence that this can have masculinising effects. 2. __________.    The researchers suggest that the link between parental relationships and appearance could have repercussions for the daughters' choices of partner and success in relationships later in life, because, in general, less attractive women need to have lower expectations of partner quality or be willing to settle for short-term relationships. 3. __________.    Dr David Waynforth, of Durham University, studied the effects of father absence in a Mayan population in Belize and found that sons of absent fathers had more masculine faces. He speculates that a masculine appearance and hence high testosterone levels may be a response to help overcome the disadvantage of being without a father, enabling sons to push their interests more aggressively to make their way in society. 4. __________.    Another potential influence on a woman's sexual behaviour is the quality of relationships she has with men as she grows up. Professor Bruce Ellis, of the University of Arizona, found in a long- term study of girls in the United States and New Zealand that daughters whose fathers were absent tended to reach puberty earlier, and were much more likely to become pregnant as a teenager than daughters with two resident parents. He found that this early sexual activity was more pronounced in girls who were deprived of a father from early in life. Even among the girls who lived with their fathers, those who had a closer father-daughter relationship delayed sexual relationships for longer. Prof Ellis suggests that the quality of a girl's relationship with her father, especially in the first five or so years of life, becomes internalised and sets the stage for her later sexual behaviour. Could the same be true of the physical effects that we see?    "The key research agenda for the future will be to assess facial masculinity and attractiveness in girls early in life," Prof Ellis says, "and then to determine whether girls who experience father absence and poor mother-father relationships change over time to become more masculinising and less attractive." 5. __________.    The St Andrews University study rated daughters of warring couples as the least attractive and they were deemed less healthy looking than those of separated parents, perhaps as a result of ongoing family tension. But as Dr Boothroyd says: "It's nothing new to suggest that long-term psycho-social stress is not good for children." A. Another possibility is that hormones are responsible for both marital strife and masculinity in daughters: High parental testosterone levels or sensitivity could increase the chances of marital problems and desertion by the father, and if passed on to daughters could lead to a more masculine appearance. B. The study, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society, found that father absence and parental marital strife were associated with less attractive, more masculine faces in daughters.The researchers also found that these women tended to have less feminine body shapes and more body fat than women whose parents had a good, stable relationship. C.  For all the disadvantages to girls of being without a father when they are growing up, they can take some comfort in the fact that they are likely to be more attractive than those whose parents stayed together in spite of marital strife. D. "If you're more masculine it's going to be harder to get a good quality mate, in terms of what you've got to bargain with," says Dr Boothroyd. "This could be driving certain elements of why women who grew up without fathers are less likely to be in long-term relationships." E.  Girls who enter puberty later generally had fathers who were active participants in care-giving; had fathers who were supportive to the girls' mothers; and had positive relationships with their mothers. But it's the fathers' involvement, rather than the mothers', which seems to be paramount to the age of the girls' development. F.  Dr Waynforth doesn't think that women raised without a father around would be at a reproductive disadvantage. "While they may through higher facial masculinity be rated a bit lower for physical attractiveness, they should be more driven to seek sex and more sexual partners," he says, "assuming testosterone affects female sexual behaviour in the same ways that it seems to affect male sexual behaviour." 【正确答案】： B 第2题 【正确答案】： A 第3题 【正确答案】： D 第4题 【正确答案】： F 第5题 【正确答案】： C 第6题    A = Bordeaux      B = Burgundy      C = Champagne    Which region(s)...                                                 A    Bordeaux: An area in southwestern France considered by most wine enthusiasts as the world's greatest W. ine-producing region because of the large quantity (ranging from 700 million to 900 million bottles annually) and the high quality of the wines. This large region has about 280,000 vineyard acres and essentially covers the same territory as the department of Gironde. At its center lies the seaport city of Bordeaux, which sits on the Garonne River upstream from the Gironde estuary, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. The Bordeaux region's fame dates back some 2,000 years when Romans first sang the praises of its wines. The wide popularity of Bordeaux wines in the United Kingdom (where they're called clarets) can be traced back to the period from 1152 to 1453, when the English owned this region, which was acquired through a royal marriage and then lost in the 100 Years' War. Bordeaux gains most of its fame from its red wines, which generally make up over 75 percent of the production. Nevertheless, the region's rich, sweet white wines from Sauternes are world renowned, and its DRY white wines from Graves have a serious following. Bordeaux's primary appellations, which cover the entire region, are Bordeaux AC--for red, white, and rose wines--and Bordeaux Superieur AC--a designation for red and rose wines that requires lower grape yields and slightly higher alcohol levels than basic Bordeaux. There are over fifty individual appellations in Bordeaux, and, generally, the smallest ACs produce the highest-quality wines. There are also thousands of individual chateaux-some are quite impressive, while others are simply tiny farmhouses.                                                       B    Burgundy: One of the world's most famous winegrowing areas, located in eastern France, southeast of Paris. Bourgogne, as it's called in France, has about 110,000 vineyard acres, which is about 40 percent of what exists in Bordeaux. Burgundy consists of five basic regions. Burgundy and its wines have a long history going back at least to the time when the Romans ruled this region. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Grand Duchy of Burgundy flourished, controlling an area that included what are now parts of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and a large portion of northern France. It was a rich and powerful empire, and the great Dukes of Burgundy savored the region's marvelous wines as part of their opulent lifestyle. The Burgundy region has established a reputation over the centuries not only for its fine wines but also for its marvelous food. The wines vary considerably from region to region throughout Burgundy, but the focus is on three grape varieties--Pinot Noir and Gamay for red wines and Chardonnay for whites. Though other varieties are grown, they're being replaced in many areas by the three most prominent grapes. Gamay is the dominant red grape in Beaujolais, while Pinot Noir prevails in the other regions. The very best red wines come from the Grands Crus in the Cote d'Or. Chardonnay is grown throughout the region and reaches its zenith in the C6te de Beaune. Although the wines made of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay get most of the attention, more wines are produced in Beaujolais (where they make Gamay-based wines) than in the rest of Burgundy. In some ways, the Burgundian system for identifying quality wines is much more straightforward than that of Bordeaux. In addition to the Appellation d'Origine Controlee (AC) Bordeaux uses a complex and inconsistent chateau classification system. Burgundy uses only the AC system to classify regions, villages, and individual vineyards into appellations, the theory being that the smaller and more precise the appellation, the higher the general quality of the ' wine.                                                        C    Champagne: This most celebrated sparkling wine always seems to signal "special occasion". Though bubbling wines under various appellations abound throughout the world, true Champagne comes only from the Champagne region in northeast France. Most countries bow to this tradition by calling their sparkling wines by other names such as spumante in Italy, Sekt in Germany and vin mousseux in other regions of France. Only in America do some wineries refer to their bubbling wine as "champagne". Dom Perignon, 17th-century cellarmaster of the Abbey of Hautvillers, is celebrated for developing the art of blending wines to create Champagnes with superior flavor. He's also credited for his work in preventing Champagne bottles and corks from exploding by using thicker bottles and tying the corks down with string. Even then, it's said that the venerable Dom Perignon lost half his Champagne through the bottles bursting. French Champagne is usually made from a blend of chardonnay and pinot noir or pinot blanc grapes. California "champagnes" generally use the same varieties, while those from New York more often are from the pressings of catawba and delaware grapes. Good Champagne is expensive not only because it's made with premium grapes, but because it's made by the methode champenoise. This traditional method requires a second fermentation in the bottle as well as some 100 manual operations (some of which are mechanized today). Champagnes can range in color from pale gold to apricot blush. Their flavors can range from toasty to yeasty and from dry (no sugar added) to sweet. ·has a fame dating back to Roman times?                                                1. ______ ·is known for its fine wines as well as its wonderful food?                            2 . ______ ·produces a wine which is called by different names in other countries?                3. ______ ·have a long history going back to Roman times?                                        4. ______                                                                                         5. ______ ·produces a wine created by a cellarmaster blending different wines?                   6. ______ ·was once owned by the English in history?                                          7. ______ ·produces a wine that requires a second fermentation in the bottle?                    8. ______ ·is best known for its red wines?                                                      9. ______ ·uses a more straightforward system to classify its regions, villages and vineyards?  10. ______ 【正确答案】： A 第7题 【正确答案】： B 第8题 【正确答案】： C 第9题 【正确答案】： A/B 第10题 【正确答案】： B/A 第11题 【正确答案】： C 第12题 【正确答案】： A 第13题 【正确答案】： C 第14题 【正确答案】： A 第15题 【正确答案】： B 四、Listening Comprehension（共10小题,共10.0分） 第1题 When did the man enter the field of fair trade? A While he was doing his degree in ecology. B After he founded Friends of the Earth in Norwich. C When he was working with the Natural History Museum. D While he was working for Traidcraft. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] 11-13 W: How did you become involved in fair trade? M: My degree was in ecology and I was a founder member of Friends of the Earth in Norwich. While I was an education worker at the Natural History Museum, London, a friend introduced me to fair trade and I started off as a sales agent for Traidcraft. Fair trade appealed because it combines the environmental and development movements. W: What do you think are the most important next steps in fair trade? M: We need to find out more about the consumers who should be buying fair trade products but aren't--discover what gets in the way. Fair trade in the UK is doing really well at the moment. Strong companies like Twin and Equal Exchange have become actively involved in the mainstream, and about half a million people regularly buy fair trade goods. But some people still hesitate because they are unsure of quality. Also we want to broaden the range of fair trade products available. W: What has been the highlight of your career in fair trade? M: There is one moment that sticks in my mind. When I first joined the Fairtrade Foundation I visited a tea estate in India to talk to local people and workers. I came away thinking I had raised too many expectations, and felt very "foreign" to them. However, when I returned there two years later I emerged from the plantation gate to find a queue of local people who wanted to talk to me about other changes they hoped for. Two things about this were important. They saw that fair trade existed to improve their situation. And it showed a level of trust--they could come to me with complaints knowing it wouldn't be counted against them. 第2题 What seems to be the problem facing fair trade? A Consumers' indifference. B Uncertainty of product quality. C Lack of support form the government. D Lack of strong companies' involvement. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 第3题 What did his Indian experience show? A Local people were doubtful of their motives. B Local people were disappointed by the foreigners. C The Fairtrade Foundation were unaware of the local situation. D The Fairtrade Foundation won a certain level of trust from the locals. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第4题 In which year did he become vice president of the National Trust for Jersey? A 1958. B 1978. C 1991. D 2000. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] 14-16 W: How did you first get involved with the National Trust for Jersey? M' I came to Jersey in 1958 after I was demobbed from national service in the RAF. I had an interest in wildlife throughout my teenage years, then when I moved here, the interest bloomed into a bit of a passion. I was instrumental in starting the Jersey Conservation Volunteers, and in starting up the Jersey Walking Group in 1978. Eventually, I became an interpretation and education officer for the environment department. That was in 1991, then I retired in 2000 and became quite heavily involved with the National Trust--as vice president of the National Trust for Jersey, chairman of the Coastline Campaign and chairman of the Lands Committee. W: What is the Coastline Campaign and what does it hope to achieve? M: It's a public campaign to protect and preserve areas of Jersey's coastline. Despite having improved planning control, Jersey's coastline is still very vulnerable to inappropriate development. We're aiming to restore and maintain the coastline and to protect coastal archaeology. We've also pledged that any land donated or acquired by the National Trust on behalf of the campaign will be treated as inalienable, so it can't be sold or mortgaged at any point in the future. W: How has the campaign progressed so far? M: In our first year, we were concentrating very much on Jersey's north coast. Since the campaign's launch, the trust has acquired seven pieces of north coast land--four of these were gifts, two were acquisitions and one was gained from a management agreement with Jersey Water. Our latest piece of excellent news is that the Prince of Wales has accepted an invitation to become our patron--and champion of the campaign--for the next five years, which has been a fabulous start to 2007. 第5题 What does the Coastline Campaign aim to achieve? A To protect coastal archaeology. B To acquire more donated land. C To sell land for protection funds. D To curb inappropriate development. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第6题 What is the achievement of the campaign so far? A Trust of the local people. B Acquisition of coast land. C Support from the Welsh people. D A management agreement with Jersey Water. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 第7题 What was the research about? A Establishing physical models B Establishing statistical models. C Making assumptions about climate change. D Finding evidence in animal and plant species. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] 17-20 W: Prof Schneider, you and three colleagues just published new research in the Proceedings of the National (US) Academy of Sciences. Could you explain what this tells us? M: Many current investigations into climate change rely on statistical or physical models--and all models rely on assumptions.    We thought why not ask plants and animals directly if they have felt any climate changes lately? We wanted to find out if nature had more credible answers than models alone the animals and plants in nature can give us independent evidence of human induced global warming.    So we looked at more than 130 different plant and bird species in the northern hemisphere--mainly in Northern America and Europe--to see how flowering and migration times have changed. And we compared our findings with a state-of-the-art climate model driven by natural forces like volcanic eruptions, human pressures like greenhouse gas emissions and the combination.    Normally, such model-driven results are compared to temperature measurements such as thermometers, weather balloons, and satellites--all of which have controversies attached as to their reliability. So we just jumped over the controversy by using plants and animals as "surrogate" thermometers to see if a clear signal emerged. W: And what was the result? M: First of all, you can today clearly see how much earlier plants flower in spring--in the thirty years from 1970 to 2000, flowering has moved to an earlier moment by almost ten days. The best fit with the species records came from the computer model driven by the combination of natural and human pressures. In fact the strongest single factor is human forces like greenhouse gases and industrial hazes.    Secondly you can see that this is in accordance with the climate model that we used a standard model on which many climate scientists rely. So the research shows once more that the general results of the model calculations actually are true--we can see the same basic things the model predicts going on in nature. 第8题 Which phenomena did they observe particularly? A Flowering and migration. B Volcanic eruption. C Greenhouse gas emissions. D Human activities. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第9题 What did they compare their model-based results to? A Animals and plants. B Weather balloons. C Thermometers. D Satellites. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第10题 What did their research result confirm? A Temperature fluctuations over 30 years. B Calculations made by computer models. C The impact of natural forces. D The effect of industrialization. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 none、五（共Listening Comprehension小题,10共分）10.0 第1题 Gavin lived in China when his father was staying in ______. 【正确答案】： the Navy [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] 21-30 W: What attracted you to China? M: I went there when I was just two weeks old. My father was in the Navy at a time when there were a lot of British naval bases in China. I lived there for two years, before the Second World War. Later, when I was in the Navy, we went to Hong Kong. When I retired I just really wanted to go back. W: How did your research begin? M: Fourteen years ago, when my wife and I went to China for our silver wedding anniversary, I became fascinated with the year 1421 when Emperor Zhu Di--who had sent his loyal eunuch admirals on a quest to voyage around the world--moved this capital to the north to defend the country. W: How are you rewriting history? M: I used charts to show how the Chinese would have been able to explore the world, reaching America 70 years before Columbus and circumgyrating the globe a century before Magellan. I also looked at maps that proved the Europeans had prior knowledge of places they had yet to reach. W: What evidence is there that the Chinese explored the world before Europeans? M: One of many examples is that the Amazon River was shown on European maps from 1440 onwards, a century before Europeans reached it. Items only found in Southeast Asia, such as jade, Chinese chickens, rice--which couldn't survive being taken across the Bering Strait-- and DNA in people, are found around Cuiaba, Brazil. I was contacted by a walnut farmer in Sacramento who told me that there's a Chinese ship buried beside the Sacramento River on his property, 110 kilometres inland. Its wood is dated to 1410 and is unique to southwest China. W: What makes you think European explorers used Chinese charts? M: Magellan quelled a mutiny by proving his knowledge of their route; he had a map. This is all quoted in his log. It couldn't have been something he created as he went along because in his prior letters to the King of Spain, who had a copy of the map, he requests that the chart not be shown to anyone so that he can't be followed. W: Tell me about your talk at BBC. M: It was a bit of a media frenzy really. It was absolutely luck though. Chinese television arrived in London on the day the Daily Telegraph published an article on my claim. They saw it and transmitted my talk back to China. NBC and ABC learned the Chinese reaction back to America. in all, about two billion people watched the talk. I've had thousands of letters since, and a stream of new information has poured in. W: Did your naval knowledge help your investigation? M: Yes, it did. i often used Canopus, the second brightest star, to navigate from submarines, as you can see it through a periscope. Chinese astronomers long sought to find the exact position of Canopus, and lots of expeditions were sent off to do so. This was a breakthrough for me. I was looking at a pre-European chart of Patagonia that had been drawn incredibly accurately because whoever had done it had been right underneath Canopus--which meant it could only be the Chinese. Also, having looked at Caribbean islands through a submarine periscope during my career, and finding out how sea levels have changed over time, I recognized two previously unidentified islands on a 1424 chart by the Venetian cartographer Zuane Pizzigano as Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico. W: How did you feel when you made these breakthroughs alone? M: When I got about two-thirds of the way through the story, I thought there was no doubt about it--the Chinese really did discover Australia and the Americas before the Europeans. "This is too much of a good thing," I thought. I then tried to corroborate my findings and found to my relief that there was a lot of evidence out them. That allowed me to sleep a lot easier. W: What do you think the next revelation about Chinese discoveries will be? M: The next furore will be about Bimini, a sand-spit island 80 kilometres east of Miami that features something called the Bimini Road. It leads from a sandy beach into the depths and is built from huge stone blocks. Some claim it leads to Atlantis. I'm certain the Chinese built it from ballast when their fleet was stranded there after a hurricane. 第2题 Gavin and his wife came to China to celebrate their ______. 【正确答案】： silver wedding (anniversary) 第3题 Which year was of great interest to Gavin? 【正确答案】： 1421. 第4题 The capital was moved to the north in Ming Dynasty to ______. 【正确答案】： defend the country 第5题 According to Gavin, How many years earlier did the Chinese reach America than Columbus? 【正确答案】： 70. 第6题 The wood used to make the ship is believed to come from ______. 【正确答案】： southwest China 第7题 The belief that Magellan used Chinese charts is evidenced by his letters to ______. 【正确答案】： the Spanish king 第8题 When Gavin gave his talk on BBC, how many people watched it? 【正确答案】： Two billion. 第9题 According to Gavin, the Chinese discovered  ______ before the Europeans. 【正确答案】： Australia and Americas 第10题 Gavin believed that the Chinese built the Atlantis after their ships were ______. 【正确答案】： stranded none、六（共Use of English小题,20共分）20.0 第1题  Married mothers who also hold jobs, despite having to juggle career and home, enjoy  ( 1)  health than their underemployed or childless peers. Data from a long-term study launched in the UK in 1946 shows that such working moms are the  ( 2)  likely to be obese  ( 3)  middle age and the most likely to report generally good health. And this result cannot be explained simply  ( 4)  the healthiest women take on the most.    Epidemiologist Anne McMunn of University College London drew more than 1,400 female  ( 5)   from a study of 5,362 Britons born during the first week of March 1946. Followed  ( 6)  their lives, including face-to-face interviews at  ( 7)  26, 36, 46 and 53, the women provided data from both their own views of their health as well as  ( 8)  measures such as body-mass index. By assessing both  ( 9)  and objective information, the researchers hoped to discover  (10)   working moms undertook such multitasking because of their inherent  (11)  or achieved good health because of their multiple roles.     Of the 555 working mothers, only 23 percent proved obese  (12)  age 53, compared to 38 percent of the 151 full-time homemakers,  (13)  also averaged the highest body-mass index of all six categories of  (14)  , rounded out by single working mothers, the childless, multiply-married working moms and intermittently-employed married mothers. In  (15)  , full-time homemakers reported the most poor health,  (16)  by single mothers and the childless.    Of course, the data do not show  (17)  working moms are healthiest but the women's view of their own health at 26 did not correlate  (18)  whether they undertook  (19)  careers and families, seeming to discount a definitive role for good health in determining a woman's choices. Working correlated with low body mass  (20)  all groups, including single moms and childless women. 【正确答案】： better 第2题 【正确答案】： least 第3题 【正确答案】： by 第4题 【正确答案】： because 第5题 【正确答案】： participants 第6题 【正确答案】： throughout 第7题 【正确答案】： ages 第8题 【正确答案】： objective 第9题 【正确答案】： subjective 第10题 【正确答案】： whether 第11题 【正确答案】： health 第12题 【正确答案】： by 第13题 【正确答案】： who 第14题 【正确答案】： women 第15题 【正确答案】： addition 第16题 【正确答案】： followed 第17题 【正确答案】： why 第18题 【正确答案】： with 第19题 【正确答案】： both 第20题 【正确答案】： in 七、Listening Comprehension（共10小题,共10.0分）Directions: 　　This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test ,you should first put down your answers in your test book- let ,NOT on the ANSWER SHEET. At the end of the listening comprehension section ,you will have 5 minutes to transfer your answers from your test booklet onto ANSWER SHEET 1. If you have any questions ,you may raise your hand NOW as you will not be allowed to speak once the test is started. Now look at Part A in your test booklet. 第1题    You will hear a monologue given by Sara Feinstein about her extracurricular activities. As you listen, answer Questions 1 to 10 by circling TRUE or FALSE. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1 to 10. 1. Sarah started studying philosophy before she went to primary school Questions 1 to 10. Sarah started studying philosophy before she went to primary school. 【正确答案】：　√ 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] W: When I was 4, my parents signed me up for Saturday-morning enrichment classes at Northwestern University. I took astronomy, poetry, literature and philosophy. Sometimes I was frustrated, because I felt my parents were making me do something that cut into my time with my friends. I was taking advanced subjects, but I was still just a kid. I felt bad when l said no to Friday-night sleepovers because I had to wake up at 7:30 the next morning. But I also remember coming home in eighth grade and feeling so happy about my philosophy class. My parents looked at me and said, "You're glowing." That's when I realized how much I'd gained from the investment they'd made in my future. It was worth it.    I know kids who just watch TV every day. That's OK for them, but it's not enough for me. I like being busy and involved. When I was younger, I took piano, flute, dance and violin. I also played soccer, basketball and tennis. And I had Hebrew school and the Saturday classes at Northwestern. Now, at 17, I still have a very full week, which includes being president of the Model UN at school and tutoring special-needs children.    My parents' involvement made all this possible for me. I especially remember the driving. Until I got my license, my mother was always chauffeuring me everywhere. Her schedule became even busier as my brother and sister--Matt, 15, and Melissa, 11--got older and involved in activities of their own. I know my mother was happy that her kids were doing things they loved to do, but I did feel guilty when I saw the amount of time she spent in the car. Fortunately, she had a car phone so she could keep in touch with her friends--also mothers talking from their car phones.    Now, as I look back, I know I will be just as involved with my own children someday. I believe it's important for parents to support and motivate their children--especially when we'd rather watch the latest "Simpsons" episode than open a math book. The world is a lot more competitive than it was when my parents were my age. Getting into college is harder than ever. You need more than good grades and high scores. You need a deep involvement in extracurriculars that will set you apart. These accomplishments can make or break a college acceptance. They also give an idea of what the student may someday contribute to society.    My activities have helped me focus on my personal goals. Because I was able to explore so many areas of interest starting at a very young age, I have learned to challenge myself and push myself to do new things. In 1999 I participated in a student exchange program in Northern Ireland. I have also worked as an intern for Senator Janice Schakowsky and taken summer courses in international relations and sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. I wouldn't have had the confidence to do any of these things if my parents hadn't encouraged and supported me early on. I'm very glad they were always there for me. 第2题 She had to get up at 7:30 every morning. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 第3题 She began to appreciate what her parents had done for her at eighth grade. 【正确答案】：　√ 【本题分数】：1.0分 第4题 She despises children who watch TV everyday. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 第5题 She does voluntary work for the UN during vacations. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 第6题 Her mother was happy that her children were doing things she wanted them to do. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 第7题 Her mother had to stay in the car a lot of the time while her children took the Saturday classes. 【正确答案】：　√ 【本题分数】：1.0分 第8题 Sarah believes that involvement in extracurricular activities is vital for a college acceptance. 【正确答案】：　√ 【本题分数】：1.0分 第9题 She worked in Northern Ireland in 1999 for a senator. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 第10题 Sarah now majors in international relations at the University of Pennsylvania. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 跟多试卷请访问《做题室》www.zuotishi.com