精选文档精选文档精选文档TraditionalChinesemedicine(alsoknownasTCM,simplifiedChinese:中医;traditionalChinese:中医;pinyin:zhōngyī)includesarangeoftraditionalmedicalpracticesoriginatinginChina.ItisconsideredaComplementaryorAlternativeMedicalsysteminmuchofthewesternworldwhileremainingasaformofprimarycarethroughoutmostofAsia.TCMpracticesincludetreatmentssuchasherbalmedicine,acupuncture,dietarytherapy,TuinaandShiatsumassage;oftenQigongandTaijiarealsostronglyaffiliatedwithTCM.TCMtheoryisextremelycomplexandoriginatedthousandsofyearsagothroughmeticulousobservationofnature,thecosmos,andthehumanbody.MajortheoriesincludethoseofYin-yang,theFivePhases,thehumanbodyChannelsystem,ZangFuorgantheory,sixconfirmations,fourlayers,etc. 0 RADITIONAL-CHINESEMEDICINEWITHALONGHISTORY历史悠久的中国传统医学 TraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)hasahistoryofseveralyears.Itsorigincanbetracedbacktoremoteantiquity.Inalongcourseofstrugglingagainstdiseases,TCMevolvedintoauniqueandintegratedtheoreticalsystcmofTCM.ItisanimportantpartofChineseculture.Morethan2,000yearsago,cameoutHuangdi'sClassiconMedicine(HuangDiNeijing),whichistheearliestmedicalclassicextantinChina.Itconsistsoftwoparts—BasicQuestions(SuWen)andMiraculousPivot(LingShu),eachcomprising）ninevolumes,eachofwhich,inturn,containsninechapters,totalingupto162chapters.Thebookgivesacompleteandsystematicexpositiontothefollowingvarioussubjects:therelationshipbetweenmanandnature,thephysiologyandpathologyofthehumanbody,andthediagnosis,treatmentandpreventionotdiseases.Italsousesthetheoriesofyin-yangandthefiveelementstodealfullywiththeprinciplesoftreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)accordingtotheclimaticandseasonalconditions,geographicallocalitiesandindividualconstitution.Hence（givingexpression）totheholisticconceptoftakingthehumanbodyasanorganicwholeandtakingthehumanbodywiththesurroundingenvironmentastheintegrity.ItlaidapreliminaryfoundationforthetheoreticalformationofTCM.AfterHuangdi'sClassiconMedicineanotherclassicofmedicine,ClassiconMedicalProblems(NanJing),wasgivenbirthtotheworldbeforetheEasternHanDynasty.ThebookdealsmainlywiththebasictheoryofTCM,suchasphysiology,pathology,diagnosisandtreatmentofdiseasesandsoon.ItsupplementedwhatHuangdi'sClassiconMedicinelacked.Fromthenon,manymedicalschoolsandvariousclassicsonmedicinewerebroughtintobeinginsuccession,eachhavingitsownstrongpoints. 中医有着几千年的历史,起源可追溯至远古时代。在长期与疾病的斗争中，中医演化并形成了一套独特且完整的理论体系。2000多年前出现的《黄帝内经》是中国现存的最早医著。它由《素问》和《灵枢》两部分组成。每部分包含9卷，每卷又有9章，总计162章。该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的原则并且表达了整体观念的思想即把人体看作一个整体，把人与其周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。继《黄帝内经》之后，东汉时期之前出现了《难经》。该书涉及了中医的基础理论如生理、病理和疾病的诊治等。它补充了《黄帝内经》的不足。自此许多不同的学派及经典著作相继出现，各抒己见。 ShenNong'sHerbal(ShenNongBenCaoJing),alsoknownasClassicontheHerbal(BenCaoJing)orTheHerbal(BenCao),istheearliestbookonmateriamedicainChina,whichappearedinabouttheQin-HanPeriodwithitsauthorshipunknown.Notonlydoesitlist365medicinalitem—amongwhich252areherbs,67areanimals,and46areminerals,butalsodividesthemintothreegradesaccordingtotheirdifferentpropertiesandeffects.Thebookalsogivesabriefaccountofpharmacologicaltheories—principal(jun),adjuvant(chen),assistant(zuo)andguide(shi);harmonyinsevenemotions(qiqinghehe),fourpropertiesofmedicinalherbs(siqi)andfivetastesofmedicinalherbs(wuwei). 《神农本草》（亦称“本草经”或“本草”）是中国最早的药物学专著。它出现于秦汉时期，作者不祥。它不仅罗列了365种药物（其中草药252种，动物类药67种，矿物类药46种）而且依药物性质及功效的不同将其分为三个等级。同时，该书简述了方剂的基本原则（君、臣、佐、使）和七情与药物的四气五味相和的原则。 IntheHanDynasty(3rdcenturyAD),ZhangZhongjing,anoutstandingphysician,wroteTreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases(ShangHanZaBingLun),whichisdividedintotwobooksbylatergenerations,oneisentitled"TreatiseonFebrileDiseases",(ShangHanLun),theotherSynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenCabinet(JinKuiYaoLue).ThebookestablishedthepnricipleofTDS（TreatmentofDifferentiationSyndromes；TechnicalDataSystem技术数据系统）,therebylayingafoundationforthedevelopmentofclinicalmedicine. 汉朝（公元前3世纪）的张仲景是一位著名的医家，著有《伤寒杂病论》。该书被后人分为两部分，名为《伤寒论》和《金匱要略》。该书建立了辩证论治的原则及技术数据系统，因此，为临床医学的发展奠定了基础。 IntheWesternJinDynasty.HuangFumi,afamousphysician,compiledA-BClassicofAcupunctureandMoxibustion(ZhenJiuJiaYiJing)Thebookconsistsof12volumeswith128chapters,including349acupoints.Itistheearliestextantworkdealingexclusivelywithacupunctureandmoxibustionandoneofthemostinfluentialworksinthehistoryofacupunctureandmoxibustion. 西金时期的著名医家皇浦谧编辑的《针灸甲乙经》由12卷128章组成，包括349个穴位。它是现存最早的针灸学专著，也是针灸史上最具影响力的著作之一。 TheSuiandTangDynastiescameintotheirowninfeudaleconomyandculture.In610AD,ChaoYuanfanetal.compiledGeneralTreatiseontheEtiologyandSymptomology.Thebookgaveanextensiveandminutedescriptionoftheetiologyandsymptomsofvariousdiseases.ItistheearliestextantclassiconetiologyandsymptomsinChina.In657AD,SuJingtogetherwith20otherscholars,compiledNewly-RevisedMateriaMedica(XinXiuBenCao),whichisthefirstpharmacopoeiasponsoredofficiallyinancientChina,andtheearliestpharmacopoeiaintheworldaswell.SunSimiao(581-682AD)devotedallhislifetowritingoutthetwobooks:ValuablePrescriptionsforEmergencies(BeiJiQianJinYaoFang)andSupplementtoValuablePrescriptions(QianJinYiFang).Thehooksdealwithgeneralmedicaltheory,materiamedica,gynecologyandobstetrics,pediatrics,acupunctureandmoxibustion,diet,healthpreservationandprescriptionsforvariousbranchesofmedicine.BothbooksarerecognizedasrepresentativeworksofmedicineintheTangDynasty.SunSimiaowashonoredbylatergenerationsas"thekingofherbalmedicine". 隋唐时期形成了自己封建的经济文化制度。公元前610年，巢元方编辑的《诸病源候论》对各种不同疾病的病因及症状进行了广泛而详细的描述。它是现存最早的病因及症状学著作。公元前657年，苏敬和其他20名医家学者编辑了《新修本草》。它是中国古代官方正式发起编辑的药典，也是世界上最早的药学著作。孙思邈（公元前581－682年）倾其一生精力撰写了两部著作，分别是《备急千金药方》和《千金翼方》.书中涉及了医理总论、中药、妇产科、儿科、针灸、方药饮食及养生等医学的不同分支。两本著作都是唐代医学的代表作。孙思邈因此被后世誉为“方药之祖”。 IntheSongDynasty,moreattentionwaspaidtotheeducationofTCM.Thegovermentsetup"theImperialMedicalBureau"fortrainingandbringingupqualifiedTCMworkers.In1057AD,aspecialorgannamed"BureauforRevisingMeidicalBooks"wassetupinordertoproofreadandcorrectthemedicalbooksfromprecedingages,andtopublishthemoneafteranother.ThebooksrevisedhavebeenhandeddowntillnowandarestilltheimportantclassicsforChinaandothercountriestostudyTCM. 宋朝更注重的是中医教育。政府兴办了太医局训练和培养合格的中医师。公元前1057年，一个特殊的组织－校正医书局成立了，其目的是为了对从前的医书进行校正并一一印刷出版。被修改过的医书流传至今并仍是现今中国和全世界学习中医的重要经典著作。 IntheJinandYuanDynasties,thereappearedfourmedicalschoolsrepresentedbyLiuWansu(1120-1200AD),ZhangCongzheng(1156-1228AD),LiGao(l180-1251AD)andZhuZhenheng(1281-1358AD).Amongthem,LiuWansubelievedthat"fireandheat"werethemaincausesofavarietyofdiseases,andthatthediseasesshouldbetreatedwithdrugscoldandcoolinnature.Sohewasknownas"theschoolofcoldandcool"bylatergenerations,ZhangCongzhengbelievedthatalldiseaseswerecausedbyexogenouspathogenicfactorsinvadingthebody,andadvocatedthatpathogenicfactorsshouldbedrivenoutbymethodsofdiaphoresis,emesisandpurgation.Sohewasknownasthe"schoolofpurgation".ThethirdschoolrepresentedbyLiGaoheldthat"Internalinjuriesofthespleenandstomachwillbringaboutvariousdiseases".Therefore,heemphasizeedthatthemostimportantthing,clinically,shouldbetowarmandinvigoratethespleenandstomachbecausethespleenisattributedtotheearthinthefiveelements.Sohewasregardedasthefounderofthe"schoolofreinforcingtheearth".Andthefourthschoolwasknownasthe"schoolofnourishingyin"byfoundedZhuZhenheng.Hebelieved:"Yangisusuallyredundant,whileyiniseverdeficient".Thatiswhythebody"oftenhasenoughyangbutnotenoughyin".Soheusuallyusedthemethodtonourishyinandpurgefireinclinicalpractice. 金元时期出现了四个医学学派代表人物分别为：刘完素（公元前1120－1200）、张从正（公元前1156－1228）、李杲（公元前1180－1251）、朱震亨（公元前1281－1358）。他们中，刘完素认为火热是导致各种疾病的病因，治疗疾病应选择性质寒凉的药，因此被后世称为“寒凉派”。张从正认为外邪侵犯人体是疾病的原因，提倡用“汗、吐、下”等法驱邪外出，所以被称为“攻邪派”。第三个学派以李杲为代表主张“脾胃内伤，百病由生”。因此强调临床中最重要的应为温养脾胃。因为脾在五行中属土，故其被称为“补土派”的奠基人。第四个学派为朱震亨发起的“滋阴派”。他认为“阳常有余，阴常不足。”因此在临床上常用“滋阴泻火”的方法。 LiShizhen(1518-1593AD),afamousphysicianandpharmacologistintheMingDynasty,wroteTheCompendiumofMateriaMedica(BenCaoGangMu).Thebookconsistsof52volumeswith1,892medicinalherbs,includingover10,000prescriptionsand1,000illustrationsofmedicinalitems.Inaddition,hisbookalsodealswithbotany,zoology,mineralogy,physics,astronomy,meteorology,etc.ItisreallyamonumentalworkinMateriaMedica.ItisagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofpharmacologybothinChinaandallovertheworld.Duringthesameperiod,acupunctureandmoxibustionreachedtheirclimax.Manyliteratureconcerningacupunctureandmoxibustionfortheagesweresummarizedanddeveloped. 李时珍（公元前1518－1593年）是汉朝著名的内科医生及药师，撰写了《本草纲目》。该书共有52卷，记载了1892种药，10000首方剂和1000条医理注释。另外该书还涉及了植物学、动物学、地质学、药理学、天文学、气象学等学科，是一部真正的药物学不朽著作。它对中国乃至全世界药学的发展作出了巨大的贡献。在同一时期，针灸也达到了发展的高潮，许多历代的涉及针灸的文化得到了总结和发展。 SincethefoundingofNewChina,ourgovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontoinheritinganddevelopingtheheritageofTCMandMateriaMedica.AseriesofpoliciesandmeasureshavebeentakenfordevelopingTCM.In1986,theStateAdministrativeBureauofTCMandMateriaMedicawasestablished.ThisleadingbodyistheguaranteeofdevelopingTCMandMateriaMedicasmoothly.NeverbeforehasTCMbeenasprosperousasitistoday.TCMhasexperiencedmanyvicissitudesoftimesbutalwaysremainsevergreen.ThereisnodoubtthatTCMwilltakeitsplaceinmedicalcirclesoftheworldasacompletelynewmedicine. 自从新中国成立以后，我国政府对继承和发扬中医药遗产予以了高度的重视，制定了一系列利于中医药发展的方针政策和措施。1986年，国家中医药管理局成立了，它成为保证中医药顺利发展的领导主体。中医药从来没有象今天这样繁荣过。在历经了时代的变迁和沧桑之后，中医药仍然保持着其鲜活的生命力。毫无疑问，中医药将以崭新的面貌耸立于世界之林。 SPECIFICANDPROFOUNDTCM中医的独特性与深刻意义 TCM,oneofChina'ssplendidculturalheritages,isthesciencedealingwithhumanphysiology,pathology,diagnosis,treatmentandpreventionofdiseases.TCMsummeduptheexperienceoftheChinesepeopleintheirlongstruggleagainstdiseasesand,undertheinfluenceofancientnaivematerialismanddialectics,evolvedintoaunique,integralsystemofmedicaltheorythroughlongclinicalpractice.Duringseveralthousandyearsithasmadegreatcontributionstothepromotionofhealth,theproliferationandprosperityoftheChinesenation,andtheenrichmentanddevelopmentofworldmedicineaswell.TheformationofthetheoreticalsystemofTCMwasgreatlyinfluencedbyancientChinesematerialismanddialectics.Thetheoreticalsystemtakesthephysiologyandpathologyofzang-fuorgansandmeridiansasitsbasis,andTDSasitsdiagnosticandtherapeuticfeatures. 中医是中国辉煌的传统文化之一，它是一门涉及人体生理、病理、诊断、治疗和疾病预防的科学。它是在古代朴素的唯物主义和辨证法的影响下对中国人民长期与疾病斗争经验的总结，并在长期的临床实践中演化成了一套独特完整的医学理论。在过去的几千年里，中医为中华人民健康水平的提高、民族的繁荣昌盛及世界医学的丰富及发展做出了巨大的贡献。中医理论系统的形成受到古代中国的唯物主义和辩证法的极大影响。这套理论系统以脏腑经络的生理病理为基础，以辨证论治为其诊断特色。 TCMhasitsownspecificunderstandingbothinthephysiologicalfunctionsandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbodyandinthediagnosisandtreatmentofdisease.TCMregardsthehumanbodyitselfasanorganicwholeinterconnectedbyzang-fuorgans,meridiansandcollaterals.AndTCMalsoholdsthatthehumanbodyiscloselyrelatedtotheoutsideworld.Inregardtotheonsetanddevelopmentofadisease,TCMattachesgreatimportancetotheendogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesevenemotion,butitbynomeansexcludestheexogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesixpathogens.Indiagnosis,TCMtakesthefourdiagnosticmethods(inspection,auscultationantolfaction,inquiry,pulse-takingandpalpationasitsprincipaltcchniques,eightprincipalsyndromesasitsgeneralguideline,anddifferentiationofsyndromeaccordingtothezang-futheory,differentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothesix-meridiantheory,anddifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothetheoryofwei,qi,yingandxueasitsbasictheoriesofthedifferentiationofsyndromes.Italsostressesthepreventionandpreventivetreatmentofdisease,andputsforwardsuchtherapeuticprinciplesas"treatmentaidingattherootcauseofdisease"."strengtheningvitalqianddispellingpathogens,regulatingyinandyangandtreatingdiseasesinaccordancewiththreeconditions"(i.e.theclimaticandseasonalconditiont,geographiclocalitiesandthepatient'sconstitution). 中医在对人体的生理功能、病理改变和诊治疾病方面有其独特的见解。它把人体看作一个以脏腑和经络相互联系的有机整体并认为人体与其外界环境也是息息相关的。中医高度重视内因即所谓的“七情”在疾病的发生和发展过程中所起的作用，但也决不排除外因的作用即所谓的“六淫”。在诊断方面，中医以四诊（望、闻、问、切）为技术原则、八纲辨证为指导总纲并把脏腑辨证、六经辨证、卫气营血辨证作为其辨证论治的基础。它强调“未病先防”、“治病求本”、“扶正祛邪”、“调整阴阳”和“三因制宜”（因时、因地、因人制宜）的重要性。 Thesecharacteristicts,however,canbegeneralizedastheholisticconceptandtreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS) 然而，对以上的中医特点可以用“整体观念”和“辨证论治”加以概括。 l.TheHolisticConcept 1.整体观念 By"theholisticconcept"ismeantageneralideaof,ontheonehand,theunity）andintegritywithinthehumanbodyand,ontheother,itscloserelationshipwiththeouterworld.Thehumanbodyiscomposedofvariousorgansandtissues,eachhavingitsowndistinctfunction,whichisacomponentpartofthelifeactivitiesofthewholebody.AndinTCMthehumanbodyisregardedasanorganicwholeinwhichitsconstituentpartsareinseparableinstructure,interrelatedandinterdependentinphysiology,andmutuallyinfluentialinpathology.Meanwhile,manlivesinnature,andnatureprovidestheconditionsindispensibletoman'ssurvival.Soitfollowsthatthehumanbodyisboundtobeaffecteddirectlyorindirectlybythechangesofnature,towhichthehumanbody,inturn,makescorrespondingresponses.TCMsays:"Physicianshavetoknowthelawofnatureandgeographicalconditionswhendiagnosingandtreatingdiseases."That'swhyTCMnotonlystressestheunityofthehumanbodyitselfbutalsoattachesgreatimportancetotheinterrelationshipbetweenthebodyandnatureindiagnosingandtreatingdiseases. 整体观念的总思想是一方面认为人体是一个统一的整体，另一方面认为人体与其外界环境密切相关。人体由不同的脏腑组织组成，每个脏腑组织都有其独特的功能并都是整个人体进行生命活动的组成部分。中医把人体看作一个有机人体认为人体的各部分在生理上相互联系和相互独立，在病理上相互影响。同时，因为人类生活在自然中，自然提供给人类赖以生存的环境，所以人体就会直接或间接的受到自然环境变化的影响并产生相应的反应。中医认为医生在诊治疾病时应该熟悉自然规律和地理环境。这便是中医为何在诊治疾病时既强调人体为一整体也重视人体与自然环境相互作用的关系。 2.TreatmentbyDifferentiationofSyndromes 2.辨证论治 TCM,ontheotherhand,ischaracterizedbyTDS.Differentiationmeanscomprehensiveanalysis,whilesyndromereferetosymptomsandsigns.Sodifferentiationofsyndromesimpliesthatthepatient'ssymptomsandsignscollectedbythefourdiagnosticmethodsareanalyzedandsummarizedsoastoidentifytheetiology,natureandlocationofadisease,andtherelationbetweenvitalqiandpathogens,therebydeterminingwhatsyndromethediseasebelongsto.Bytreatmentismeantselectingthecorrespondingtherapyaccordingtotheoutcomeofdifferentiatingsyndromes.Takenasawhole,TDSmeansdiagnosisandtreatmentbasedonoverallanalysisofsymptomsandsigns. 中医的另一特色是辨证论治。“辨证”即综合分析相关的症状，因此辨证意味着将四诊收集到的症状加以分析和总结确定疾病的病理、病性、病位和邪正关系，从而确定疾病的证型。“论治”指的是根据辨证的结果选择相应的治疗。总的来说，辨证论治即在对症状的全面分析基础上进行诊治。 Asconcernstherelationshipbetween"disease"and"treatment",TCMtakestwodifferentclinicalwaysonthebasisofTDS.Oneis"treatingthesamediseasewithdifferenttherapies",bywhichismeantthatthesamediseasemaymanifestitselfindifferentsyndromesatdifferentstagesorunderdifferentconditions.Therefore,thetherapiesofthesamedieaseshouldbeadoptedtowardsdifferenttherapiesaccordingtothepatient'sconstitution,thegeographicalenvironment,theclimaticandseasonalchanges.Takefluforexample,itmaybecausedbywind-cold，wind-heat,summer-heatanddampnessorotherpathogens.Soisadvisabletoadoptdispersingwind-cold,eliminatingwind-heat,clearingawaysummer-heatanddampnessrespectively.Theotheriscalled"treatingdifferentdiseaseswiththesametherapy",bywhichismeantthatdifferentdiseasesmanifestingthemselvesinthesamesyndromemaybetreatedwiththesametherapy.Forexampleprolapseoftherectumduetoprotracteddiarrheaandhysteroptosisaretwodifferentdiseases.However,iftheyarebothmarkedbythemselvesinthesamesyndromeofqiofsinkingofthemiddleenergizer,theycanbetreatedinthesametherapybyliftingqiofthemiddieenergizer.FromtheaboveitbecomesobviousthatTCMdoesnotfocusitsattentiononsimilaritiesordissimilaritiesbetweendiseasesbutonthedifferencesbetweenthesyndromes.Generallyspeaking,thesamesyndromesaretreatedwithbasicallysametherapies,whiledifferentsyndromeswithdifferentones. 关于疾病和治疗的关系，中医在辨证论治的基础上存在两种治疗途径。一种是“同病异治”，即同一疾病在不同环境、不同阶段下会显示出不同的证候，因此，对同一疾病应根据患者的体质、地理环境的不同和天气季节的变化采取不同的治疗措施。例如流感可以由风寒、风热、暑湿之邪造成，所以治疗应相应的采取祛风散寒、疏散风热和清暑化湿的方法。另一种是“异病同治”，即不同的疾病出现相同的证候可以采取相同的治疗。例如泻泄引起的脱肛和子宫下垂是两种不同的疾病，然而，如果它们都是以中焦之气下陷引起相同的证候为特征的话就可以采取相同的治疗——升提中焦之气。从以上，显而易见，中医并不是注重疾病之间的相似和不相似，而是重视证候的相同与否。总而言之，相同的证候采取相同的治疗方法，不同的证候采取不同的治疗方法。 Tosumup,theprinciplethatdifferentcontradictionsinessencearehandledbydifferentmethodsinthecourseofdevelopmentofadiseaseisthecoreofTDS. 总之，原则是在疾病的发展过程中不同的本质矛盾应采取不同的方法，这就是辨证论治的核心。 YINANDYANG-THELAWOFNATURE阴阳－自然界的法则 Yinandyang,whichcomefromancientChinesephilosophy,areageneraltermfortwooppositesofinterrelatedthingsorphenomenainthenaturalworld.Atfirst,theirconnotationswerequitesimple,referringtothetwooppositesidesofanobject.Thesidefacingthesunisyangandthereversesideisyininthecourseoflongpracticeandobservation,theancientChinesepeoplecametounderstandthattheoppositionandwax-waneofyinandyangareinherentinallthings.YiZhuansays,"YinandyangarewhatiscalledDao",(Daomeansthebasiclawoftheunityofoppositesintheuniverse).Inotherwords,"Everythingintheuniversecontainsyinandyang."Andtheyfurtherbelievedthatyinandyangcannotonlyrepresenttwooppositeobjectsbutalsobeusedtoanalyzetwooppositeaspectsexistinginasingleentity.Generallyspeaking,thingsorphenomenawhicharedynamic,bright,hot,functional,etc...,pertaintothecategoryofyang,whilethosethatarestatic,dark,cold,substantial,etc.,pertaintothatofyin.Theyin-yangtheoryholdsthatthedevelopmentandchangesofeverythingintheuniverseresultfromtheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyang.SuWensays:"yinandyangarethelawofheavenandearth,theprinciplesofallthings,theparentsofallchanges,theoriginoflifeanddeath..."Theyin-yangtheoryisanimportantconstituentofthetheoreticalsystemofTCMandrunsthrougheveryaspectofthesystem.Itisusedtoexplainphysiologyandpathologyofthebodyandtoguideclinicaldiagnosisandtreatment.Thebasiccontentofyin-yangtheorycanbesummarizedasfollows. 阴阳来自古代中国哲学，是自然界中相联系的事物和现象中相互对立面的总称。最初，它们的内涵很简单，指的是事物的对立两方。向阳为阳，背阳则为阴。在长期的观察实践中，古代中国人民开始认识到阴阳的对立和消长存在于一切事物中。《易传》曰：一阳一阴谓之道（道代表宇宙中对立统一的基本规律）。换言之，“宇宙中的每个事物都包含阴阳两方面”。并且他们进一步认为阴阳不仅代表两个对立的事物而且可用于分析一个单独实体中存在的两个对立面。总之，动态的、明亮的、热的、功能的事物或现象属于阳；反之静止的、黑暗的、冷的、实质的事物和现象属于阴。阴阳理论认为宇宙中一切事物的变化发展来自于阴阳的对立统一。《素问》曰：阴阳者，天地之道也，万物之纲纪，变化之父母，生杀之本始。阴阳理论是中医理论系统的重要组成部分并贯穿于该系统的各个方面。它用于解释人体的生理和病理现象并指导临床的诊治。阴阳理论的基本内容可总结为以下几方面。 l.TheUnityofOppositionBetweenYinandYang 1.阴阳的对立统一 Bytheoppositionbetweenyinandyangismeantthatallthingsorphenomenainnaturehavetwooppositeaspects-yinandyang,suchasheavenandearth,motionandquiescence,ascendinganddescending,exitingandentering,dayandnight,heatandcoldnessandsoon.Theformerbeingyangandthelatteryin（P29）ineverypairabove.Theunityistheoutcomeofmutualoppositionandrestrictionbetweenyinandyang.Withoutopposition,therewouldbenounity;Withoutmutualopposition,therewouldbenomutualcomplement.Itisonlythroughthiskindofoppositionandrestrictionthatthedynamicequilibriumcanbeestablished.Forinstance,inthenatureworld,themotionsofcelestialbodies,thevariations ofthefourseasons,thealternationsofdaysandnights,aswellassproutinginspring,growinginsummer,reapinginautunmandstoringinwinter,arealltheconcretemanifestationsoftheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyang. 阴阳对立指的是自然界中所有的事物和现象都存在对立两面—阴阳，如天地、动静、升降、进出、日月、寒热等等。以上的每对现象中前者为阳，后者为阴。统一是阴阳对立制约的结果。没有对立就没有统一，没有相互对立就没有相互补充。正是这种对立统一，阴阳才能达到动态平衡。例如，天体运动、四季变迁、昼夜交替、以及春生、夏长、秋收、冬藏的变化，皆为阴阳对立统一的具体表现。 TCMbelievesthatthenormalphysiologicalfunctionsofthehumanbodyresultfromtheoppositeandunifiedrelationshipbetweenyinandyang.Bothofthemarealwaysinastateofdynamicbalance.Evenundernormalphysiologicalconditionsofthehumanbody,yinandyangcannotbeinastateofabsolutebalance,butinastateofrelativebalance.If,foranyreason,therelativebalanceisdestroyed,thereisboundtobeexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang,andthenadiseasewillarise.AsisstatedinSuWen,"Yininexcesscausingyangdisease,whileyanginexcessleadingtoyindisease."Itispreciselyduetotheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyangthatallthingscandevelopandchangeceaselesslyandthenaturalworldisperpetuallyfulloflife. 中医认为人体的正常生理功能是阴阳对立统一的结果。阴阳总是处在动态平衡的状态。甚至在人体正常的生理条件下，阴阳也不可能达到绝对平衡，而是处于相对平衡的状态。一旦阴阳的相对平衡被打破就一定会导致阴阳的偏实偏虚，疾病也就随之产生了。正如《素问》所指出的“阴胜则阳病，阳胜则阴病”。也正是由于阴阳的对立统一万物才得以发展变化，自然界才得以永生。 2.Interdependencebetweenyinandyang 2.阴阳相互依存 Yinandyangareopposedtoandyet,atthesametime,dependoneachother.NeithercanexistinisolationwithoutitsOpponent'sexistence.Inotherwords,withoutyintherewouldbenoyang,andit'sthesametheotherwayround.Soeitheryinoryangistheprerequisitefortheother'sexistence.AndthiskindofcoexistentrelationshipisstatedinTCM,"solitaryyinoryangfailingtolive."Thisinterdependenceisalsoreflectedintherelationshipbetweensubstancesandfunctions.Thesubstancecorrespondstoyinandthefunction,toyang.Thefunctionistheresultofmaterialmotion,andnothingintheworldisnotinastateofmotion.Thereby,thereisnotanysubstancewhichcan'tproduceitsfunctionandthereisalsonotanyfunctionwhichdoesn'toriginatefromthemotionofitssubstance.Therefore,Neijingsays:"Yinintheinterioristhebasisforyang;whileyangintheexterioristheactivityforyin.""Yin"referstothematerial，basisoffunctionalactivityofyangand"yang"referstofunctionalactivity.Thesubstanceandfunctionareinterdependentandinseparable.Hereisjustanimaginableandvividfigureofspeech.However,whentheinterdependentrelationshipsbetweensubstances,betweenfunctionsaswellasbetweensubstancesandfunctionsareabnormal,lifeactivitieswillbebroken,thusbringingaboutdissociationofyinandyang,depletionofessence-qi.andevenanendofone'slife. 阴阳是对立的但同时又是相互依存的。缺了对立方，任何一方都不能独立存在。换言之，无阴则阳无以生，反之亦然。所以无论阴或阳都是其对立方存在的先决条件。这种共存关系中医称为“独阳则阴无以化，独阴则阳无以生”。这种相互依存也可在物质于功能的关系上被反映。物质对应阴，功能对应阳。功能是运动的结果，世上的万物都处于运动之中。从而，没有不能产生功能的物质，也没有不从物质产生的功能。因此，《内经》曰：阴在内，阳之守也；阳在外，阴之使也。“阴”指的是物质，是阳功能活动的基础；“阳”指的是功能活动。物质和功能之间是相互依存、不可分离的。这仅仅是一种可以想象的、逼真的言语表述。然而，当物质之间、动能之间或物质和功能之间相互依存的关系异常时，正常的生命活动就会被破坏，从而导致阴阳离绝、元气损耗，甚至生命的终结。 3.Waningandwaxingofyinandyang 3.阴阳消长 Yinandyangalwayscoexistinadynamiceqilibriuminwhichonewaxeswhiletheotherwanes.Inotherwords,waningofyinwillleadto（因果关系的词：causing，inducing，leadingto，bringon，giveriseto，produce，make，generating）waxingofyangandviceversa.Taketheseasonalandclimaticvariationsforexample,itgetswarmfromwintertospring,andhotfromspringtosumner.Thisistheprocessof"yangwaxingandyinwaning,"Conversely,itgetscoolfromsummertoautumn,andcoldfromautumntowinter-theprocessknownas"yinwaxingandyangwaning".Undernormnlconditions,thewaning-waxingrelationofyinandyangisinastateofrelativebalance.Ifthisrelationgoesbeyondnormallimits,therelativcbalanceofyinandyangwillnotbemaintained,thusresultingineitherexcessordeficiencyofyinoryangandtheoccurrenceofdiseasc,sofarastoendangerone'slife. 阴阳总是共存于此消彼长的动态平衡中。换言之，阴消会导致阳长，反之亦然。以四季和天气的变化为例，冬去春暖、春去夏热是阳盛阴衰的过程。相反，夏去秋凉、秋去冬寒是阴盛阳衰的过程。在正常的条件下，阴阳的消长处于动态平衡的状态中。如果这种关系超出了正常范围，阴阳的相对平衡就无法维持，结果就会导致阴或阳的偏盛偏衰和疾病的发生，更甚者致危及生命。 4.Transformationofyinandyang 4.阴阳转化 Ingivenconditions,eitheryinoryangmaytransformintoitsopposite,i.e.yinmaybetransformedintoyangandyangintoyin.Ifthewaning-waxingofyinandyangissaidtobeaprocessofquantitativechange,thenthatoftheirinter-transformationpertainstoaqualitativechangebasedonthequantitativechang.Suchaprocessismostlyagradualonefromquantitativetoqualitativechange.SuWenstates:"Extremeyingivesrisetoyang,whileextremeyanggivesrisetoyin.""Extremecoldbringsonheat,whileextremeheatbringsoncold".Thisistermed"Thingswilldevelopintheoppositedirectionwhentheybecomeextreme."Pathologically,theyinsyndromescanbetransformmedintoyangsyndromes,andviceversa.Itmustbepointedoutthatthedecisivefactorofthemutualtransformationistheconditions,includinginternalandexternalconditions,withoutwhichsuchtransformationwillbebynomeanslikelytooccur. 在特定条件下，阴或阳都可以向其对立方转化。如阴可以转化成阳，阳也可以转化成阴。如果说阴阳消长是个量变的过程，那么阴阳的相互转化便属于基于量变上的质变。这种过程大多是由量变渐致质变的过程。《素问》曰：重阴必阳，重阳必阴。寒极生热，热极生寒。这就是物极必反。在病理上，阴证可以转化成阳证，反之亦然。必须指出的是阴阳相互转化的决定性因素是条件，包括内部和外部条件，不然，转化便不可能发生。 Theabovestatementisthebasiccontentofyin-yangtheory,whichisalsoillustratedby"Taijitu"(Yin-YangDiagram)below.Inthediagramthewhitepartindicatesyang,andtheblackpartyin.Therelationshipsbetweenthetwoarebothoppositeandcomplementarytoeachother.Thewhitespotwithinyinshowstheyangwithinyin,whiletheblackspotdoesyinwithinyang.Meanwhile,theycontainthepotentialforIntertransformationandinter-wane-waxbetweenyinandyang. 以上所述为阴阳理论的基本内容，它也可以用以下的太极图来说明。在图中，白色部分代表阳，黑色代表阴。他们之间存在相互对立、相互补充的关系。阴中的白点表示阴中之阳，黑点表示阳中之阴。同时，他们还包含了阴阳相互转化、此消彼长的意义。 Fromtheabove,wecanseethatthecontentofyin-yangtheoryiscomposedoffouraspects,amongwhichtheoppositionandwaxing-waningcontaintheoppositeofcontradiction;theinterdependenceandtransformationcontaintheunityofcontradiction;waxing-waningandtransformationcontainquantitativechangeandqualitativechange.Theformeristhepreconditionforthelatter,thelatteristheoutcomeoftheformer. 从以上我们可以知道阴阳理论的内容由四部分组成。其中阴阳对立和消长代表矛盾对立面，阴阳的相互依存和转化代表矛盾的统一面。消长和转化代表量变和质变。前者为后者的前提，后者为前者的结果。 THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEYIN-YANGTHEORY 阴阳学说的应用 Theyin-yangtheorypermeatesallaspectsofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.Thetheoryisusedtoexplaintheorganicstructure,physiologicalfunctionandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbody.Italsoservesasaprincipletoguideclinicaldiagnosis 阴阳理论渗透于中医理论系统的各个方面。该理论可用于解释人体的组织结构、生理功能和病理改变，也是指导临床诊断的原则之一。 l.ExplainingtheTissuesandStructureoftheHumanBody 1.解释人体组织结构 Thehumanbodyisanintegratedwhole.Allitstissuesandstructuresareorganicallyconnectedandmaybeclassifiedastwooppositeaspects-yinandyang.ThatiswhySuwenstates,"Man,havingaform,cannotdeviatefromyinandyang."Intermsoftheanatomicallocations,theupperpartofthebodyisyangandthelowerpartisyin;theexteriorisyangandtheinterior,yin;thebackisyangandtheabdomen,yin;thelateralaspectsoftheextremitiesareyangandthemedicalaspects,yin.Concerningthezang-fuorgans,thezang-organsstorebutnotdischargeessence-qiand,therefore,theyareyin;whilethefu-organstransmitandtransformfoodintoessence-qibutnotstoreit,and,forthisreason,theyareyang.Furthermore,eachofthezang-orfu-organscanberedividedintoyinandyang.Forexample,heart-yinandheart-yang,kidney-yinandkidney-yang,stomach-yinandstomach-yang,etc.Asconcernsyinandyangofthemeridian-collateralsystem,therearetwocategories:yinmeridiansandyangmeridians;yincollateralsandyangcollaterals.Allofthemareoppositepairs.Thus,inlinewiththeyin-yangtheory,theunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyangexistintheupperandlower,internalandexternal,frontandbackpartsofthehumanbody,andwithinalltheinternalorgansaswell. 人体是一个完整的整体。所有的组织结构都存在着有机联系，并可被分为阴阳相反的两类。这就是为什么《素问》说：人生有形，不离阴阳。就解剖位置而言，人体上部为阳，下部为阴；外为阳，内为阴；背为阳，腹为阴；四肢末端为阳，躯干为阴。就脏腑组织而言，脏藏而不泄，故为阴；而腑泄而不藏，故为阳。再者，脏腑的每一部分又可分阴阳。例如，心阴和心阳，肾阴和肾阳,胃阴和胃阳等等。就经络系统之阴阳而言，可分为两类：阴经和阳经，阴络和阳络。以上都属于阴阳的对立两面。以此而知，阴阳理论贯穿存在于人体的上下、内外、前后部分和内部组织之间。 2.ExplainingthePhysiologicalFunctionsoftheHumanBody 2.解释人体的生理功能 Theyin-yangtheorybelievesthatthenormallifeactivitiesofthehumanbodyresultfromtheharmoniousrelationoftheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyang.Taketherelationshipbetweenfunctionandmatterforexample,functionpertainstoyangwhilematter,toyin.Physiologicalactivitiesofthebodyarebasedonmatter.Withoutmatter,therewouldbenosustentationforfunctionactivities.Andfunctionalactivitiesarethemotivepowerforproducingmatter.Inotherwords,withoutfunctionalactivities,themetabolismofmatterwouldnotbeperformed.Inthisway,yinandyangwithinthehumanbodydependoneachotherforexistence.Ifyinandyangcan'tcomplementeachotherandbecomeseparatedfromeachother,lifewillcometoanend.SoSuWensays:"Theequilibriumofyinandyangmakesthevitalitywell-conserved;thedivorceofyinandyangessence-qiexhausted." 阴阳理论认为人体的正常生命活动来自于阴阳对立统一关系的协调。以功能和物质的关系为例，功能属阳，物质属阴。人体的生理活动以物质为基础。没有物质，功能活动就无法维持。功能活动是物质形成的动力。换言之，没有功能活动，物质形态就无法形成。因此，人体阴阳是相互依存的。如果阴阳不能相互补充而是相互分离，生命就将告终。故《素问》曰：阴平阳秘，精神乃治；阴阳离决，精气乃绝。 3.ExplainingthePathologicalChanges 3.解释病理改变 TCMconsidersthattheimbalancebetweenyinandyangisoneofthebasicpathogenesisofadisease.Theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadiseasearerelatedtoboththevital-qiandpathogenicfactors.Althoughthepathologlicalchangeswhichoccurindiseasesarecomplicatedandchangeable,theycanstillbesummarizedasexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang.Tobemoreconcrete,"yangexcessleadstoheatsyndromewhileyinexcesscausescoldsyndrome";"yangdeficiencyresultsincoldsyndromewhileyindeficiencycausesheatsyndromes";"yangdeficiencyaffectsyinwhileyindeficiencyaffectsyang." 中医认为阴阳不调是疾病的基本病理改变之一。疾病的发生和发展与正邪两方面因素有关。尽管疾病的病理改变变幻复杂，但始终能归结为阴阳的虚实。更具体的说就是“阳盛则热，阴盛则寒；阳虚则寒，阴虚则热；阳损及阴，阴损及阳”。 4.ServingastheGuidetoDiagnosisandTreatment 4.指导诊断与治疗 Astheimbalancebetweenyinandyangistherootcausefortheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadisease,allclinicalmanifestations,nomatterhowcomplicatedandchangeabletheyare,canbeexplainedwiththeaidofyin-yangtheory.SoTCMholds,"Askilleddiagnostician,firstofall,differentiatesbetweenyinandyangwhenobservingthecomplexionandfeelingthepulse."Indifferentiatingsyndromes,althoughtherearetheeightprincipalsyndromes,namely,yin,yang,interior,exterior,cold,heat,deficiencyandexcess.Yinandyangareregardedasthegeneralprinciplesamongtheeightones.Accordingtotheyin-yangtheory,exterior,heatandexcesspertaintoyang;whileinterior,coldanddeficiencypertaintoyin.Whentreatingadisease,TCMfirstdeterminesthetherapeuticprinciples,andthenpreponderanceofyangbelongstoexcess-heatsyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedwithcold-natureddrugsinordertoinhibitexcessiveyang,i.e,tocooltheheat.Coldsyndromecausedbypreponderanceofyinbelongstocold-excesssyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedwithhot-natureddrugssoastorestrainexcessiveyin,i.e.,toheatthecold.Asbothsyndromesaboveareexcesssyndromes,thistherapeuticprincipleiscalled"treatingexcesssyndromeswiththepurgation".Deficiency-coldsyndromecausedbyyangdeficiency,shouldbetreatedwiththedrugswarmandtonicinnaturetorelieveexcessiveyin.ThisissaidinTCM,"restrainingpredominantyinbyreinforcingyang,"alsoknownas"treatingyangforyindiseases."TheinteriorheatsyndromeresultingfromyindeficiencybelongstoDeficiency-heatsyndrome,whichshouldbetreatedwiththedrugsofnourishingyinandreplenishingfluidssoastorestrictexcessiveyang,thisiswhatisknowninTCM,"restrainingpredominantyangbystrengthening(renal肾)yin,"alsocalled"treatingyinforyangdiseases." 由于阴阳不调是疾病发生和发展的根源，所有的临床症状，无论其有多么变幻复杂,都能用阴阳理论加以解释。所以中医认为“善医者，必先察色按脉，以别阴阳”。在辨证中，虽然有八纲即阴阳、表里、寒热、虚实，但总以阴阳为总纲。根据阴阳理论，表、热、实属于阳，里、寒、虚属于阴。中医治疗疾病时首先确定治疗原则。阳盛则产生实热证，应投以寒性药以抑亢阳，如热者寒之。阴盛导致的寒证属于实寒证，应投以热性药，以化实阴，如寒者热之。以上的证候属于实证，治疗原则为“实者泄之”。阳虚导致的虚寒证应投以温补之药以化实阴。这在中医称为“益火之源，以消阴翳”，亦为“阴病治阳”。阴虚引起的内热证属于虚热证，应投以滋补阴液之药以抑亢阳，这就是中医所说的“壮水之主，以制阳光”，亦称为“阳病治阴”。 ZhangJingyuethoughtthat,intreatingdeficiencyofyinoryang,drugstonifyingbothyinandyangshouldbeused,becauseyinandyangareinterdependent.Therefore,reducingtheexcessiveandreplenishthedeficientcanadjustexcessordeficiencybetweenyinoryangandrestorethebalancebetweenthem. 张景岳认为，治疗阴虚或阳虚应该同时应用滋阴和扶阳的药物，因为阴阳是相互依存的。因此，补虚泻实适用于阴虚或阳虚之证，从而使阴阳重新建立平衡。 Theyin-yangtheoryisusedinnotonlydeterminingdiagnosticprinciplesbutsummarizingthenature,flavorandactionofmedicinalherbs.Thusprovidingatheoreticalbasisfortheclinicalapplicationofherbs. 阴阳理论不仅可用于诊断原则的确立，并可用于对药物的性质、气味和功效进行总结，从而为临床用药提供理论基础。 Intermsofthemedicinalnature,herbswithcoldnaturebelongtoyinandthosewithwarmandhotnaturepertaintoyang.Asconcernstheflavors,herbsthataresour,bitterandsaltybelongtoyinandthosethatareacrid,sweetandblandpertaintoyang.Intermsofactions,herbswithastringent,descendingandsinkingactionsbelongtoyin,whilethosewithdispersing,ascendingandfloatingactionspertaintoyang. 就药物的性质而言，寒性药属于阴，温热药属于阳。就气味而言，酸、苦、咸味药属于阴，辛辣、甜、淡味药属于阳。就药物的功效而言，具有收敛、沉降功效的药物属阴，具有发散、升浮功效的药物属阳。 Tosumup,theprincipleoftreatmentshouldbeestablishedinthelightoftheexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang,andthenrelevant（相关的）herbsshouldbeselectedaccordingtotheattribution（归因）ofyinoryangandtheirfunctions.Soandsoonlycanimbalanceofyinandyangbeputright,andeventually,theaimofcuringdiseasesisattained. 总而言之，治疗原则的确立必须以阴阳虚实为根据，相应药物的选择也必须依其阴阳归属及功效而定。所以，只有明确阴阳不调，才能最终达到治愈疾病的目的。 Specialphrases 特殊词组 treating...with... “治法＋证名”＝“……者……之” treatingexcesssyndromewithpurgationpurgingexcess 实者泄之 treatingdeficiencysyndromewithinvigoration，（orinvigoratingdeficiency） 虚者补之 treatingcoldsyndromewithhot-natureddrugs，（orheatingthecold） 寒者热之 treatingheatsyndromewithcold-natureddrugs，（orcoolingtheheat） 热者寒之 THEFIVE－ELEMENTTHEORY—NATURALPHILOSOPHYINANCIENTCHINA 五行学说-中国古代自然哲学观 Thefiveelementsrefertowood,fire,earth,metal,andwaterandtheirmotions.ThefiveelementtheoryresultedfromtheobservationsandstudiesofthenaturalworldbytheancientChinesepeopleinthecourseoftheirlivesandproductivelabor.Sinceancienttime,wood,fire,earth,metalandwaterhavebeenconsideredasbasicsubstancestoconstitutetheuniverseandtheyarealsoindispensableforlife.Zuo'sInterpretationoftheSpringandAutumnAnnals(ZuoZhuan)says:"Thefivekindsofmaterialsinnatureareallusedbypeople.Noneofthemcannotbedispensedwith".AnotherclassicalworkShangshustates:"waterandfireareusedforcooking,metalandwoodareusedforcultivatingandearthgivesbirthtoallthings,whichareusedbypeople."Thesefivekindsofsubstancesareoftherelationshipsofgenerationandrestrictionandareinconstantmotionandchange.InTCMthefive-elementtheory,asatheoreticaltool,isusedtoexplainandexpound differentkindsofmedicalproblemsbyanalogizinganddeducingtheirpropertiesandinterrelations.Italsousedtoguideclinicaldiagnosisandtreatment.Thetheory,likethetheoryofyin－yang,hasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM. 五行指的是木、火、土、金、水和它们的运动。五行理论来自于古代中国人民在生活和生产劳动中对自然界的观察和学习。自古代以来，木、火、土、金、水就被认为是宇宙组成的基本物质，也是生命不可缺少的物质。《左传》曰：天生五材，民并用之，废一不可。另一部经典著作《尚书》曰：水火用于炊煮，金木用于耕耘，土壤用于孕育万物，一切皆为民所用。这五种物质存在相生相克的关系，并处于持续的运动变化之中。中医的五行理论，作为一种理论工具，通过分析和推理用于详细说明五种不同医学问
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快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题
的性质和它们之间的关系。它也用于指导临床的诊断与治疗。该理论如阴阳理论一般已称为中医理论系统的重要组成部分。 ClassificationofThingsinLightoftheFive-ElementTheory. 根据五行理论进行归类 InancientChina,thefive-elementtheorywasunceasinglydevelopedandgraduallybecameperfected.Intimeitcametorecognizethateverythinginnaturemightberespectivelyattributedtooneofthefiveelements.Forinstance,woodhasthenatureofgrowingfreelyandunfolding.So,anythingthatissimilartothecharacteristicsisattributedtothecategoryofwood.Firehasthenatureofflaringup.Therebythethingssimilartothenatureoffireareclassifiedintotheattributeoffire.Earthhasthenatureofgivingbirthtoallthings.Thus,thosethatpossessthenatureofearthareattributedtoearth.Metalhasthenatureofpurifyinganddescending.Hence,thosewiththenatureofmetalcanbeattributedtometalcategory.Waterhasthenatureofmoisteningandflowingdownwards.Forthisreason,thethingsthathavemoistening,downwardmovementandcoldnesscorrespondtowater.Thefollowingtableshowstheclassificationofpartialthingsaccordingtothefive-elementtheory.(SeeTab.1) 在古代中国，五行理论不断发展渐致完善。后来，人们认识到自然界中的所有事物都能归属于五行中的一种。例如，木有生发伸展的性质，所以，任何有相似特性的物质都归属于木。火性炎上，因此，任何有相似特性的物质都归属于火。土有孕育万物的性质，因此，具有该性质的物质都属于土。金有净化和沉降的性质，因此，有金的性质的物质都归于金。水曰润下，因此，具有湿润、向下、寒冷性质的物质都属于水。以下的表格根据五行理论将部分物质进行了归类。（见表1） Amongthefive-elements,thereexisttherelationshipsofgeneration,restriction,subjugationandcounterrestriction,andmutualaffectionbetweenmother-organandchild-organ.Generationimpliesthatonekindofthingcanpromote,aidorbringforthanother,i.e.,woodgeneratesfire,firegeneratesearth,earthgeneratesmetal,metalgenerateswater,andwater,inturn,generateswood.Eachofthefiveelementscontainsthedualnature-"beinggenerated"and"generating".Thisrelationshipofthefiveelementsiscalledthe"mother-child"relationship.Theelementthatgeneratesiscalledthe"mother",whiletheelementthatisgeneratediscalledthe"child".Takewoodforexample,becausewoodproducesfire,itisthemotheroffire;butitisproducedbywater,soit'swater'schild. 五行当中存在生、克、乘、侮和母子相互影响的关系。生意味这一种物质可以促进、援助、产生另外一种物质，例如，木生火、火生土、土生金、金生水、水生木。五行中的任何一行都有生我和我生的双重性质。五行的这种关系叫做“母子”关系。五行中生我者为“母”，我生者为“子”。以木为例，因为木生火，故木为火之母；但是它由水所生，故又为水之子。 Tab.1theClassificationofThingsAccordingtotheFiveElements 表1.事物的五行归类 Restrictionmeansbringingundercontrolorrestraint.Theorderofrestrictiongoesasfollows:woodrestrictsearth,earthdoeswater,waterdoesfire,firedoesmetal,andmetal,inturn,doeswood.Anyoneofthefiveelementshastwoaspects-beingrestrictedandrestricting.Forexample,theelementrestrictingwoodismetal,andtheelementthatisrestrictedbywoodisearth. 相克意味着控制或抑制。相克的原则如下：木克土、土克水、水克火、火克金、金克木。五行中的任何之一都有克我和我克两方面性质。例如，克木者为金，被木克者为土。 Generationandrestrictionhavethecorrelationsinseparableinthefiveelements.Andtheyopposeeachotherandyetalsocomplementeachother.Withoutgeneration,therewouldbenogrowthanddevelopmentofthings;withoutinterrestrictiontherewouldbenobalanceandcoordinationduringdevelopmentandchange,andexcessivegrowthwouldbringaboutharm.Forexample,ontheonehand,woodgeneratesfire,and,ontheotherhand,itrestrainsearth;whileearth,inturn,generatesmetalandrestrictswater.Preciselybecausegenerationresidesinrestrictionandrestrictionresidesingeneration,thenaturalworldandlifeprocessesarefullofvitality,ontheonehandandexcessivegrowthwillnotbringaboutharmontheotherhand.Thus,therelativebalancemaintainedbetweengenerationandrestrictionensuresnormalgrowthanddevelopmentofthings. 五行中的生克关系是不可分离的。它们相互对立，也相互补充。没有生就没有事物的成长和发展；没有克就没有在发展变化中的协调平衡，过渡生长会造成危害。例如，一方面，木生火；另一方面，木克土；同时土又生金及克水。正因为克中有生和生中有克，自然界和生命才拥有旺盛的生命力,这是一方面；另一方面，过度生长会造成危害。因此，生克之间维持相对平衡是事物生长和发展的保证。 Thatis,ecologicalequilibriuminnatureandphysiologicalbalanceinthehumanbodyresultfromsuchrelationshipsofgenerationandrestriction.Theserelationshipsareillustratedinthefollowingfigure. 这就是自然界中的生态平衡，人体的生理平衡来自于生克关系的平衡。这些关系将在以下的数据中阐述。 Fig.2Relationshipofgenerationandrestriction(orsubjugation)oftheFiveElements 表2.五行中的生克关系 However,onceanyoneofthefiveelementsbecomesexcessiveorinsufficient,therewouldappearabnormalintergenerationandcounter-restrictionknownassubjugationandcounter-restriction(orreverserestriction).Bysubjugationismeantthatoneofthefiveelementsoveractsuponanotheronewhenthelatterisweak.Therefore,itisalsocalled"doublerestriction".Forinstance,excessivewoodmayover-restrictearth,resultingininsufficiencyofearth,socalledwoodsubjugatesearth.Thisistheabnormalmanifestationofdisorderofinter-restrictionamongthings. 然而，一旦五行中的任何一行变得过剩或不足，就会出现异常的相生和相克称作乘和侮。“乘”指的是指五行中的一行会对较弱一行进行过度制约。因此，也称为“双重压制”。例如，木过剩会过度抑制土，造成土的不足，叫做木乘土。这是事物之间相克失常的异常表现。 Counter-restrictionmeansthatthestrongbulliestheweak.Itisalsoamorbidconditioninwhichoneelementfailstorestricttheotherintheregularorder,butinreverseorder.Itisclearthattheorderofcounter-restrictionisjusttheoppositetothatofinter-restriction.Forexample,undernormalconditions,metalshouldrestrictwood,butincaseofwood-qiexcess,ormetal-qideficiency,woodwillcounter-restrictmetalinsteadofbeingrestrictedbymetal,whichisknownas"woodcounter-restrictsmetal."Therefore,SuWenstates:"Whenqiofacertainelementissufficient,itwillencroachtherestrictedelementandcounter-restricttherestrictingelement.Whenqiofacertainelementisinsufficient,itwillbesubjugatedbytherestrictingelementandcounterrestrictedbytherestrictedelement,"Thisisanothermanifestationofthedisturbanceoftheequilibriumbetweensubstances(seeFig.3). 侮指强制弱，这是一种病态表现，是一行失去对另一行的正常克制，而反被其克制。很显然，侮是相克关系的相反表现。例如，在正常情况下，金克木，但在木气过剩或金气不足时，就会出现木反克金而不是金克木，这就是“木侮金”。因此，《素问》中说：“气有余，则制已所胜而侮所不胜；其不及，则已所不胜，侮而乘之，已所胜，轻而侮之”。这是事物之间平衡失调的另一表现。（见表3） Fig.3RelalionshipofsubjugationandCounterrestrictionoftheFiveElements 表3.五行的乘侮关系 "Affectingbetweenmotherandchild"referstoabnormalintergenerationinthefiveelements.Thegeneratedelementisconsideredasthechild,andthegeneratingelementasthemother.Here"affecting"meanshavingharmfulinfluence,includingboth"thediseasedmother-organaffectingthechild-organ"and"thediseasedchild-organinvolvingthemother-organ."Theformerissameastheorderofintergeneration,andthelatterisjustthereverseorderofintergeneration.Forinstance,normally,watergenerateswood,whichiscalled"motherorgan'sdisorderaffectingitschild-organ";butabnormally, waterinvolveswood,whichiscalled"childorgan'sdisorderinvolvingitsmotherorgan"whenwoodaffectswater.(Seethefollowingfigure). “母子相及”指的是五行中的异常相生。我生者为子，生我者为母。这里的“及”意味着有害的影响包括“母病及子”和“子病及母”。前者与相生的规则同，后者则与其规则相反。例如，正常情况下，水生木。当水病及木时,叫“母病及子”；当木病及水时便叫做“子病犯母”。（见下表） Fig.4SubjugationandCounter-restrictingAmongTheFiveElements 表4. Specialphrases 特殊词组 1.reinforcingthespleen(earth)tostrengthenthelung(metal) 1.培土生金 2.failureofwater(kidney)tonourishwood(orfailureofthekidneytonourishtheliver) 2.水不涵木 3.fivemovementsandsixclimates 3.五运六气 4.woodtendingtospreadoutfreely 4.木喜条达 5.Depressionoftheliver(wood)generatingfire 5.木郁化火 6.fireoftheliver(wood)impairingthelung(metal) 6.木火刑金 7.firetendingtoflare/flameupward 7.火性炎上 8.excessivefireimpairingthelung(metal) 8.火盛刑金 9.failureoffiretogenerateearth 9.火不生土 10.coordinationbetweenwater(kidney)andfire(heart) 10.水火相济 11.incordinationbetweenthekidney(water)andtheheart(fire) 11.水火不济 12."beingrestricted"and"restricting" 12.“克我”和“我克”《内经》称“所不胜”与“所胜” THEFIVEZANG-ORGANTS-THEORGANSOFPRODUCINGANDSTORINGESSENCE-QI 五脏－生化和储存元气的器官 Theheart,Lungs,spleen,liverandkidneysaretogetherknownasthefivezang-organs,whosecommonphysiologicalfunctionispreducingandstoringessence-qi.Theystorebutnoteliminateessence-qi. 心、肺、脾、肝、肾合称为五脏，其共同生理作用是化生和贮藏精气，藏而不泄。 1.Heart 1.心 Theheartissituatedinthechest,abovetheDiaphragm,andisenvelopedbypericardiumexternally.TCMbelieves（holds,think,find,consider,deem,judge,feel,take,make）thattheheartgovernsalltheotherzang-fuorgansand,therefore,isa"monarchorgan".Theheart,pertainingtofireinthefiveelements,consistsofheart-yin,thematerialstructurescontainingtheheart-blood,andheart-yang,thefunctionalactivities.Asforphysiologicalfunctions,theheartisthoughtto,first,dominatebloodandvesselssinceitisthemotiveforceforbloodcirculation.Thebloodvesselsarethephysicalstructurescontainingtheblood.Thebloodvesselsarelinkedwiththehearttoformaclosedsystem,andbloodcirculationisperformedbythecooperationoftheheartandthebloodvessels.Undertheimpulseofheart-qi,bloodistransportedtoallpartsofthebodyfornutritiveprupose.Therebytheconditionofheart-qiandthebloodvolumemaybeshowninboththepulseconditionandthecomplexion.That'swhyBasisQuestions(SuWen)says,"Thehearthasitsoutwardmanifestationinthefaceorcomplexion".Asaresult,whetherheart-qiandheart-bloodaresufficientornotcanaffectthestrength,rateandrhythmoftheheart. 心位于胸中，膈之上方，外为心包所包绕。中医认为心统治所有的脏腑组织，是“君主之官”。心在五行中属火，由心阴和心阳组成。心阴为包括心血的物质结构，心阳为功能活动。就生理功能而言，因为其是血液循环的动力，因此认为心主血和血管。血管是承载血液的物理结构。血管和心相连形成一个密闭系统，血液循环在心和血管的配合下完成。在心气的推动下，血液被运送到人体各部分起营养作用。因此，心气的状况和血液量可以从脉象和面色中体现。这就是《素问》为什么说“心其华在面”。所以，无论是心气还是心血的充足与否都会影响心的搏动力、速度、和节律。 Thehearthousesthemind,alsoknownastheheartdominatingthementalactivities.Themind,initsbroadmeaning,referstotheoutwardmanifestationsofthelifeactivitiesofthewholebody,and,initsnarrowsense,tomentalactivitiescontrolledbytheheart,includingconsciousness,spirit,thinking,etc.Thezang-futheoryholdsthatmentalactivitiesandthinkingaretotaketheheart'sfunctionsastheirbasis.Spirit,consciousness,thinking,memoryandsleepareallrelatedtothefunctionoftheheartinhousingthemind.Therefore,MiraculousPivot(LingShu)says,"Theheartistheresidenceofthemind"andalso,"Thehearttakesontheperformanceofactivities."Theheartopensinto（haveone'sspecificbodyopening；...bereflectedon...）thetongue."Resuscitation",inTCM,meansthecloserelationshipbetweenaparticularzang-organandoneofthesenseorgansinthestructure,physiologyandpathology.Sotheheart,thoughbeinginthebody,isconnectedwiththetonguebytheheart-meridians.Throughsuchaconnection,whethertheheartfunctionsnormallyornotcanbeclearlylearntfromthetonguecondition.Inotherwords,thetongueconditionmayshowthephysiologicalandpathologicalchangesoftheheart.SoTCMholds:"Thetongueservesasthemirror(orbodyopening)oftheheart".Inaddition,thehearthasitsoutwardmanifestationsintheface.Theheartcorrespondstojoyintheemotions.（openinto；haveone'sspecificbodyopening；...bereflectedon...）Anditsmeridiansconnectwithassociatewith,berelatedto）thesmallintestinewithwhichtheyareinternally-externallyrelated. 心主神志，也叫做心主精神活动。神，广义上指的是整个人体活动的外在表现；狭义上指的是心所控制的精神活动包括意识、精神、思想等。脏腑理论认为精神活动和思考都以心的功能为基础。精神、意识、思考、记忆和睡眠都以心主神志的功能有关。因此，《灵枢》曰：“心为神之宅”且“所以任物者谓之心”。心开窍于舌。“开窍”在中医指的是脏和器官在结构、生理和病理上的紧密联系。所以心虽然在体内，但通过心经与舌联系。通过这种联系，无论心的功能正常与否都可以有舌象表现出来。换言之，舌象可以体现心的生理和病理改变。所以，中医认为：舌为心之镜。此外，心其华在面，在志为喜，且通过经脉与小肠相表里。 Appendix:Pericardium 附注：心包 Thepericardium,servingastheperipheraltissuesurroundingtheheart,playsapartinprotectingtheheartWhenexogenouspathogenicfactorsattacktheheart,thepericardiumisalwaysthefirsttobeattacked.Theheart,ifinvadedbythepathogens,willbeimpairedanddiseaseswillensue.Forexample,highfever,comaandredtonguearedescribedas"heat-pathogenattackingthepericardium,"and,infact,theclinicalmanifestationsofthepericardiuminvadedbyexogenouspathogensarethesameasthoseoftheheart.Forthisreason,thepericardiumisusuallyregardedasanattachmenttotheheart. 心包是包绕心脏的外周组织，外邪犯心时首先侵袭心包，起到保护心脏的作用。心如被邪气所伤将会使功能受损，疾病也就随之发生了。例如，高热、昏迷、舌红被描述为“热入心包”的表现，事实上，外邪侵犯心包的临床表现与外邪犯心是一样的。因此，心包通常被认为是心的附属。 2.Lungs 2.肺 Thelungs,includingthetwolobes,oneontheleftandrightseparately,aresituateinthethorax.Theyarecomparedtothe"canopy"becauseaofitsuppermostpositionamongallthezang-fuorgans.Theyarealsotermed"delicatezangorgans". 肺有两个位于胸腔，左右各一，彼此分离。因为其位置在所有脏腑器官之上，所以被喻为“华盖”，也被称为“娇脏”。 Thelungsdominateqiandrespiration.Theyaretheplaceofexchangebetweenthegasesinsideandoutsidethebody.BasicQuestion(SuWen)says,"atmospherecommunicatingtothelungs".Thelungsalsogoverndispersinganddescending,andregulateswaterpassage,andcommunicatewithnumerousvesselstocoordinatefunctionalactivitiesofthewholebody,assistingthehearttoadjustnormalcirculationofqiandblood.Thelungscorrespondstomelancholyintheemotionsandarerelatedtotheskinandhairexternally.Theyopenintothenoseandtheirconditionsarereflectedonvellum（牛皮纸）hairs.Inthemeridian-collnteralrelation,thelungsandthelargeintestineareexteriorly-interiorlyrelatedbecauseofinterconnecting-interpertainingoftheLungMeridianofHand-TaiyinandtheLargeIntestineMeridianofHand-Yangming. 肺主气司呼吸。它是气体体内外交换的场所。《素问》曰：大气通与肺.同时，肺还主升降、通调水道，朝百脉助心调节血及气的正常循环功能。肺在志为忧,主皮毛。肺开窍于鼻，他们都是肺的外在表现。在经络关系上，因为手太阴肺经与手阳明大肠经相联系、相附属，故肺与大肠相表里。 3.Spleen 3.脾 Thespleenislocatedinthemiddleenergizer,belowthediaphragm.Thespleen'smeridiansconnectwiththestomach,withwhichitisexteriorly-interiorlyrelated.TCMiswidelydivergentfromWesternmedicineintheunderstandingofthespleen.TCMholdsittruethatthespleenisdividedintospleen-yin,itsmaterialstructures;spleen-yang,itsfunctions;andspleen-qiwhichmerelyreferstoitsfunctions,andthatthespleenmaybethemainorganofthedigestivesystem.Thespleenisofgreatimportancebecause,foronething,itcontrolstransportingandtransformingfoodandwaterand,foranother,itcontrolsthebloodofthewholebody.Thereby,keepingthebloodcirculatingnormallywithinthevesselstopreventitfromextravasating.Thespleenisalsoviewedasthesourcefortheproductionandtransformationofqiandblood,asissaidinTCM,"Thespleenisthefoundationofpostnatallife". 脾位于中焦，膈之下，通过经络与胃相连，与胃相表里。在对脾的认识上，中医与西医有很大的不同。中医认为脾分为脾阴和脾阳，脾阴为物质结构，脾阳为功能，脾为消化系统的主要器官。脾非常重要，一方面运化水谷；另一方面还统血，因此能维持血液在脉管中运行，防止其从脉管中溢出。脾还是气血生化之源，正如中医所说的“脾为后天之本”。 4.Liver 4.肝 Theliverisattherighthypochondriacregionbelowthediaphragmintheupperabdomen.Theliverandgallbladdermakeapairofzang-fu.Thelivermeridianconnectswiththegallbladdertoformanexteriorinteriorrelationship. 肝位于腹上膈下，右胁之中。肝胆构成脏腑关系。肝经与胆经相连形成表里关系。 Peopleareapttoassociatethelivcrwithitsfunctionsofstoringbloodandgoverningnormalflowofqi.Theformerisconcernedwiththeliver'scapabilityinstoringbloodandregulatingthebloodvolume.Acertainamountofbloodstoredinthelivercanrestrictliver-yanghyperactivitysoastomaintainthenormalflowofqi.Iftheliverfailstofunctionnormallyinstoringblood.Suchpathologicalchangesasliver-blooddeficiencyorbleedingwilloccur.Theliveralsoplayaprincipalroleinregulatingthebloodvolume，especiallythevolumeintheperipheralportionofthebody.Thelatter,governingthenormalflowofqi,isanimportantlinkinregulatingqimovement,promotingthecirculationofbloodandbody,aswellasharmonizingemotionalactivities.Theliver'sanotherfunctionisincarnatedinitsregulatingemotionalactivities,promotingdigestionandabsorptionandkeepingqiandbloodflowingnormally.Besidestheabove,theliverarealsocloselyrelatedtothetendons,nailsandtheeyes.Ithasitsspecificbodyopeningin theeyesanditsoutwardmanifestationonthenails. 人们易于将肝与藏血和理气功能联系在一起。前者与肝的储藏血液和调节血量有关。肝内储藏一定的血量可以防止肝阳上亢从而维持气的正常运行。如果肝的藏血功能异常将会引起肝血虚或出血等病理改变。肝同样对血量的调节起作用，特别是外周血量。后者和维持气的正常运行有关，与气的运动、提高人体血液循环和调节情志有重要关系。肝的另外一个功能表现在调节情志活动、促进消化吸收和维持气的正常运行上。除此之外，肝与筋、爪和眼紧密联系。肝开窍于眼，其华在爪。 5.kidney 5.肾 Thekidneys,situatedinthelumbarzone,oneoneithersideofthespinalcolumn,storethecongenitalessenceandare,therefore,consideredasthe"foundationofprenatallife".Theirmainphysiologicalfunctionsare:storingessence;dominatinggrowth,developmentandreproduction;regulatingwatermetabolismandreceivingqi.Thekidneysalsotakechargeoftheboneandmanufacturcmarrow.Meanwhile,thekidneyshavetheirconditioiasrevealedon hairsandopenintotheearsand,thetwo"privateparts"-urethraandanus.Thekidneys'meridiansconnectwiththeurinarybladder,withwhichtheyareinternally-externallyrelated. 肾位于腰部，脊柱两旁各一，储藏先天之精，因此被认为是“先天之本”。肾的主要生理功能为：藏精、促生长、主水、纳气。肾还司骨、髓。同时，肾其华在发，开窍与耳及两个隐秘部位—前后二阴。肾经与膀胱经相联系，构成表里关系。 THESIXFU-ORGANSANDTHEEXTRAORDINARYFU-ORGANS 六腑和奇恒之腑 TCMrefersthegallbladder,thestomach,thelargeintestine,thesmallintestine,theurinarybladderandthetripleenergizertothesixfu-organs.itisnotonlythat,besidesthefunctionsoftheirown,theyarecharacterizedbytheircommonroleofdecomposinganddigestingwaterandfood,anddischargingthewastes,butthat,intheprocessofdigestingandabsorbingfoodandexcretingthewastes,theyarecloselyrelatedtoeachotherbothphysiologicallyandpathologically.Theirfunctionalfeatherisexcretionwithoutstorageandtakingdescendingandunobstructionastheirnormalfunctionalstate.TCM'srationalknowledgeoftheinterrelationshipofthesixfu-organsiswellgroundedonancientanatomicalknowledge,theobservationofthephysiologicalandpathologicalchangesofthesixfu-organsandthesummarizationoflong-termandrichmedicalexperience. 中医的六腑指的是胆、胃、大肠、小肠、膀胱和三焦。这不仅是因为除了其自身功能之外，它们具有腐熟、消化水谷和传化糟粕的共同功能特点，而且是因为在食物的消化、吸收及排除残渣的过程中，它们在生理和病理上是密切相关的。它们的特点是泄而不藏，以通降为合。中医对六腑关系的理性认识来自于对六腑生理和病理改变的认识和长期丰富的临床经验。 Foodenteringthestomachisdecomposedintochymewhichafterdigestedbythestomach,istransportedtothesmallintestineinwhichitisfurtherdigestedbymeansofbileexcretedbythegallbladder.Thesmallintestine"separatestheclearfromturbid".Theclear,referstofoodessence,istransportedanddistributedtoallpartsofthebodybythespleen;whiletheturbidistheresiduesofwaterandfood.Ofthemwastewatergoesintothekidney,andthenintotheurinarybladderwhereitisturnedintouruietobeexcretedfromthebody.Andtheotherisconveyedtothelargeintestinewhereitischangedintofecesandleavesthebodyviatheanus.Inthewholeprocessofthetransportationandtransformationofwaterandfood,thetripleenergizerdominatesqitransformationandqimovementofthewholebody. 食物进入胃内经胃的消化变为食糜后转运至小肠，在小肠内由胆汁进一步消化。小肠有分清别浊的功能。清指的是食物精华，它有脾运送分散到人体的各个部分。而浊指的是水谷残渣。浊水经过膀胱转化成尿液排出体外。另外的部分则运送到大肠，在大肠内转化成粪便由肛门排出体外。在水谷运化的整个过程中，三焦调节气的运化和整个人体的气的运动。 Thetripleenergizerisoneotthesixfu-organs,andamongallthezang-fuorgans,itisthelargestfu-organinthehumanbody.Huangdi'sClassiconMedicineholds:"Thetripleenergizerisseparatedfromthezang-fuorgansandyetiswithinthebody.Itenclosesallorgansandisthelargestone."Andthebookalsoadvancedaviewpointthat"Thetripleenergizerexistsinnameonlybutisnottheentity".Tripleenergizerhasnoexterior-interiorrelationshipswiththezang-organs,itisthereforecalled"solitaryfu-organ".Itsmainfunctionsaretopassvariouskindsofqiandtoserveasthepathwayforbodyfluid.Itisdividedintothreeparts:theupperenergizer,middleenergizerandlowerenergizer.Thetripleenergizerwiththerelatedzang-fuorgans,eachhavingitsownfunctiontoperform,accomplishjointlyacomplicatedphysiologicalprocessinthedigestion,absorption,distributionandexcretion. 三焦是六腑之一，在所有的脏腑器官中，它是人体中最大的腑。《黄帝内经》认为：“三焦与脏腑分离但位于体内。它围绕所有的器官，是人体最大的器官”。该书亦提出一个观点即“三焦有名无实”。三焦和脏之间没有表里关系，因此也称为“孤腑”。它的主要功能是运行各种气体并是体液运行的通道。它分为三个部分：上焦、中焦、下焦。三焦与相关脏腑，各自执行其功能共同完成消化、吸收、分散、排泄这个复杂的生理过程。 Theupperenergizerrefersusuallytothepartabovethediaphragm,includingtheheart,lungsandheadaswell.Itsmainphysiologicalfunctionistodistributeessence-qithroughoutthebody.Inotherwords,incombinationwiththeheartandthelung,theupperenergizerdistributesessence-qitothewholebodytowarmandnourishtheskinandmuscles,tendonsandbones.ThisfunctionisdescribedinMiraculousPivot"Theupperenergizerresemblesasprayer."Thisisametaphor,whichisusedtodescribethefunctionoftheupperenergizertosprinklefog-likecerealessence. 上焦通常指的是膈以上的部分包括心、肺和头。它的主要生理功能是散精至身体的各个部分。换言之，通过心肺结合，上焦散精至全体以温养肌肤筋骨。这个功能在《灵枢》中被喻为“上焦如雾"，这是一种隐喻法，通常用于描述上焦散精的功能。 Themiddleenergizerrefersmainlytotheabdorminalpartbetweenthediaphragmandumbilicus,andincludessuchzang-fuorgansasthespleen,stomach,liverandgallbladder.Itsmainphysiologicalfunctionsaretodecomposefoodandtransformnutrientsubstancesintoqiandblood,andtodischargethewastesandsteambodyfluid.ThisfunctionismentionedinMiraculousPivot:"Themiddleenergizerislikenedtoafermentationtun."By"fermentationtun"ismeanttheplacewherefoodisdecomposedanddigested. 中焦主要指的是位于膈和脐之间的腹部部分，包括脾、胃、肝、胆。它的主要生理功能是腐熟水谷将精微物质转化胃气血，泌糟粕、蒸津液。这个功能在《灵枢》中被喻为“中焦如沤”。“沤”指的是食物腐熟消化的地方。 Thelowerenergizerrefers,generally,totheportionlocatedbelowthestomach,includingthesmallintestine,largeintestine,kidneys,urinarybladder.etc.Itsmainfunctionistodischargefoodresiducesandurine.SothereisalsoasayinginMiraculousPivot,"Thelowerenergizerworkslikeasewer."Here"sewer"isusedtodescribethefunctiontoexcretethewastes.However,withthedevelopmentofvisceralmanifestations(zangxiang),essenceandbloodoftheliverandkidneyaswellasprimordialqiaregenerallyattributedtothelowerenergizerbylatergenerations. 总的来说，下焦指的是位于胃以下的部分包括小肠、大肠、肾、膀胱等。它的主要生理功能是排泄糟粕和尿液。所以《灵枢》将其喻为“下焦如渎”。“渎”是用于描述排泄废物的功能。然而，随之脏象学说的发展，后人多认为肝肾之精血和元气也来自下焦。 Inshort,thetripleenergizerdominatesallkindsofqiandqitransformationofthehumanbody,andservesasthepathwayforwater.Therefore,BasicQuestionssays:"Thetripleenergizer,asthewaterways,isanorganinchargeofthewatercirculation,flowingalongthewaterways." 简而言之，三焦主司各种气体调节体内气体的运化并是水运行的通道。因此，《素问》曰：三焦者，决渎之官，水道出焉。 Whilethesixfu-organstransportandtranformwaterandfood,theprocessofreception,digestion,transportationandexcretionarealsoinprogress.Thesixfu-organsareusuallyinastateofthealternationsbetweenemptinessandfullness.Andtheytransformfoodintoessencebutnotstoreit.That'swhyTCMbelieves:"thesixfu-organsfunctionwellwhentheyareunobstructruction,theunobstructedisthenormalfunctionalstateforthesixfu-organs;wheretheregulardescentistheirnormalfunctionalactivities."Pathologically,disordersamongthesixfu-organsoftenaffecteachother.Forinstance,whenbodyfluidisconsumedbecauseofexcessiveheatinthestomach,thelargeintestineisboundtohavetroubleintransportation,and,inconsequence,constipationoccurs.Adisturbanceofthelargeintestineintransmissionandtransformationnotonlyleadstotheobstructionofthelargeintestineitself,butalsoaffectstheregulardescentofstomach-qi,causingrepeatedvomiting.Adominantgallbladderfireofteninterfereswiththestomachandresultsinvomitingbitterfluid.Dampnessandheataccumulatedinthestomachandspleenburnandsteamtheliverandthegallbladder.Thismaycausethebiletooverflow,andgiverisetojaundice. 六腑在运化水谷中，依次进行受纳、消化、传输、排泄的过程。六腑常处于更实更虚之中,传化物而不藏。这就是为什么中医认为六腑以通为用，以降为和。病理上六腑功能的失调会相互影响。例如，当胃实热证时，体液被消耗，大肠的传输功能也一定会出现问题而导致便秘的发生。大肠传输功能异常不仅会导致大肠气滞，也会影响胃气沉降而导致反复呕吐。胆火炽盛，常犯及胃造成呕吐苦水。脾胃实热常熏蒸肝胆，这便会导致胆汁外溢返流。 Apartfromthesixfu-organs,therearethebrain,marrow,bones,vessels,gallbladderanduterustermedthe"extraordinaryfu-organs".Likethefuorgansmorphology,theextraordinaryfu-organsaremostlyhollowbutnotthepathwaysforthedigestionandexcretionofcerealfoodand,likethezangargansfunctionally,theyalsostoreessence-qi.Withtheexceptionofthegallbladder,theyhavenoexterior-interiorrelationships. 六腑之外，尚有脑、髓、骨、脉、胆、女子胞称为“奇恒之腑”。它在形态上与六腑相似，大多为空，但不是水谷消化和排泄的通道；在功能上与脏相似，它们也可藏精。除了胆，其他的都没有表里关系。 Thebrainislocatedintheskullandconnectswiththespinalmarrow.Itistheorganofspirit,consciousnessandthinking.BasicQuestionsays:"Theheadisthehouseofintelligence".（，theheadistheresidenceofintelligence）LiShizhenoftheMingDynastypointeeout,"Thebrainistheseatofthemind",andtheheartgovernsallfuncctionsofthewholebody,includingmentalactivities.IntheQingDynasty,WangQingrenstated:"Theintelligenceandmemoryonginatefromthebrainbutnotfromtheheart."Andhealsoconsidered:"Thinking,memory,vision,hearing,smellingandspeakingareallcontrolledbythebrain."AlthoughTCMhassomeknowledgeofthebrain'sphysiologyandpathology,itstillascribesthefunctionsofthebraintotheheart,theliverandrespectivelytothefivezang-organs,andholdsthatspirit,consciousnessandthinkingarerelatedtothefivezang-organs. 脑位于头颅，与髓相联系。它是精神、意识、思考的器官。《素问》曰：头者，精明之府。明代的李时珍指出：脑为元神之府。心统管全身功能包括精神活动。清代王清任指出“智力和记忆来自于脑而非心”。他认思考、记忆、视力、听力、嗅觉和言语都由脑控制。虽然中医对脑的生理和病理有了一些认识，胆始终将其归于心、肝和其他的五脏的功能里，认为魂、意识、思考于五脏相关 Theuterus,orwomb（wu：m）,situatedinthelowerabdomenposteriortotheurinarybladderinwomen,isaninvertedpear-shapedorganwheremenstruationoccursandthefoetusisbred.Theyaretwocomplexphysiologicalprocessesinwhichtiangui,akindofrefinednutritioussubstancetransformedfromthekidney-essence,playsthemostimportantrole.BothChongandRenmeridiansoriginatefromtheuterus.Theuterusisalsocloselyrelatedtotheheart,liverandspleen,becausenormalmenstruationandthenourishmentofthefoetusrelyontheblooddominatedbytheheart,storedbytheliverandcontrolledbythespleen.Thereforethedysfunctionoftheaboveorganswillaffectthenormalfunctionsoftheuterus,bringaboutmenstrualdisorderandsterility. 女子胞是女性位于下腹膀胱之后的器官，是个倒置梨形的器官，是月经发生和孕育胎儿的场所。它们是两个复杂的生理过程，由肾经化生的精微物质－天暌在其中起了非常重要的作用。冲任二脉都起于女子胞。女子胞同样与心、肝、脾有着紧密的联系。因为，月经的正常和胎儿的营养要依靠心的主血、肝的藏血和脾的摄血功能。因此，以上脏器的功能失调将会影响女子胞的正常功能，造成月经鼻不调和不孕。 Itshouldbepointedoutthataccordingtothetheoryofvisceralmanifestation,thenamesofthezang-fuorganscorrespondtothoseofthemodernhumananatomyandreferstothesubstantialinternalorgans.However,inthephysiologyandpatholoty,theknowledgeofTCMdiffersgreatlyfromthatofwesternmedicine,whichhasbeenlearntalotfromtheabove. 需要指出的是根据脏象理论，脏腑器官的名字与现代人体解剖学的器官相对应指的是内脏器官的物质形式。然而，在生理和病理上，中医和西医的认识却大相径庭，这在以上的阐述中能明显体现。 THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEZANG-ANDFU-ORGANS 脏腑器官的相互关系 Whiletherelationshipamongthezang-fuorgansisquiteacomplicatedmatter--somuchsothat（sosuchanextentthat）itdeservestobedevopedalotofpages,yet,thankstoTCM'sconciseandbrilliantsummarization,itmayjustaswellbebriefedinabroadoutline.InTCM,thezangorganspertaintoyinandarethoughtofasinterior,whilethefu-organstoyangand,naturallyenough,asexterior.Theinterior-exteriorrelationshipbetweenthemisformedbytheconnectionsoftheirmeridians.Thisrelationshipaswellastheirphysiologicalcooperationandpathologicalinteractioncanbeclearlyseenintheinterrelationsbetweentheheartandthesmallintestine,thelungandthelargeintestine，thespleenandthestomach,theliverandthegallbladderandthekidneyandtheurinarybladder. 尽管五脏与六腑之关系如此之复杂，需要大量篇幅加以论述；但由于中医学精辟的概括性，这种关系仍可以简要概述如下。中医认为，脏属阴、属里，而腑则属阳、属表。它们之间的表里关系以经脉相连。它们的这种关系及其之间在生理上的协调和病理上的相互影响可以清楚的体现于心和小肠、肺和大肠、脾和胃、肝和胆及肾和膀胱之间的相互关系中。 Theheartandthesmallintestineareconnectedbytheheartmeridianandthesmallintestinemeridiantoformanexterior-interiorrelationship.Thusmakingthetwopathologicallyrelatedtoeachother.Theexcessiveheart-firetendstogointothesmallintestineresulitnginoliguria,burningpainsduringurination,etc.Conversely,theexcessiveheatinthesmallintestinemaygoupwardalongthemeridiantotheheartandcauseinternalhyperactivityofheart-fire.Leadingtodysphoria,crimsontongue,oralulcerationandsoon. 心和小肠由心经和小肠经相连形成表里关系。因此，也使它们在病理上互相关联。心有实火，可移热于小肠，引起尿少，尿痛等症。反之，小肠有热，亦可循经上炎于心，使心火内炽，引起心烦，舌赤，口舌生疮等症。 Thelungandthelargeintestineformanexterior-interiorrelationshipbymutualconnectionsoftheirmeridians.Thedispersinganddeseendingfunctionsofthelunghelpthelargeintestinetoperformitstransportingtask.Whenthelungfunctionsnormally,thelargeintestinedoeswell.Converselywhenthedescendingfunctionofthelungqidonotworkwell,itwillaffectthefunctionofthelargeintestineintransportation,causingdifficultbowelmovements.Ontheotherhand,loosestoolsandthestoppageoffu-qimayaffectthedescentoflung-qi,givingrisetoasthmaticcoughandchestdistress. 肺和大肠通过它们的经脉相互联系形成表里关系。肺的宣发和肃降功能助大肠完成传输的任务。肺的功能正常则大肠的功能也正常。相反，当肺的肃降功能异常时，大肠的传化功能将会受到影响，使肠运动困难。另一方面，便溏和腑气郁滞可以影响肺气的肃降造成喘咳和胸闷。 Boththestomachandthespleenlieinthemiddleenergizerandareconnectedbytheirmeridianstoformanexterior-interiorrelationship.Thestomachgovernsthereception,whilethespleengovernsthetransportationandtransformation.Therelationshipbetweenthetwoisthat"thespleenconveysthebooyfluidforthestomach".Ifpathogenicdampattacksthespleen,itwillinjurethetransportingandtransformingfunctionsofthespleenandaffectthereceptionandthedescendingactionofthestomach,resultinginpoorappetite,vomiting,nauseaandgastricdistention.Sothespleenandthestomachshareouttheworkandcooperatewitheachothertojointlyaccomplishthetaskofthedigestion,absorptionanddistributionoffood.Onthecontrary,intemperanceoffoodintake（improperdiet）anddyspepticretentionofthestomachwillbringaboutboththedysfunctionofthestomachindescentbutthatofthespleen'stransportationandtransformation,causingsuchsymptomsasabdominaldistention,diarrhea. 脾胃位于中焦，通过它们的经脉相连形成表里关系。胃主受纳，脾主运化。两者的关系为“脾为胃传其津液”。湿邪犯脾时，脾的运化功能受损会影响胃的受纳和沉降，导致纳呆、呕吐、恶心和气滞。因此，脾胃共同协调完成饮食的消化、吸收和散布任务。相反，饮食不节、食滞于胃不仅会影响胃的沉降功能，脾的运化功能也会受到影响，产生腹胀、腹泻的症状。 Thegallbladderisattachedtotheliver,andtheyareconnectedbytheirmeridianstoformanexterior-interiorrelationship.Bilederivesfromsurplusqioftheliver.Itisstoredandexcretedbythegallbladderlocatedundertheliver.Onlywhentheliverperformsitsfunctionsuccessfullycanbilebesecreted,storedandexcretednormally.Ontheotherhand,whenbileisexcretedproperly,thelivercangivefullplaytoitsfunctioninregulatingthenormalflowofqi.Conversely,whenbilefailstobeexcretednormally,theliverfunctionwillbeaffected,too.Therefore,theliverandgallbladderarecloselyrelatedphysiologicallyandpathologically.Thediseasesofliverofteninvolvethegallbladderandthecontraryisalsotrue.Therefore,theliverandgallbladdercannotbecompletelyseparatedphysiologicallyandpathologically.Forexample,excessivefireofboththeliverandthegallbladdermaypresentsuchsymptomsasqi-stagnationandheat-dampness. 肝胆相连，它们通过经脉形成表里关系。胆汁来自于过剩的肝气。它储藏、排泄自位于肝下的胆。只有肝的功能正常，胆汁的分泌、储藏和排泄才能正常。另一方面，只有胆汁的排泄正常，肝才能充分执行其正常的理气功能。相反，当胆汁排泄异常时，肝的功能也会受影响。因此，肝胆在生理和病理上紧密联系。肝病通常影响及胆，反之亦然。因此，肝胆在生理和病理上不能完全分离。例如，肝胆实火都会出现气滞、湿热的症状。 Thekidneyandurinarybladder,liketheotherzang-fuorgans,formanexterior-interiorrelationshipthroughtheirmeridians.Thekidneyscontrolopeningandclosing,whiletheurinarybladdergovernsstoringandexcretingurine.Botharerelatedtowatermetablism.Whetherthefunctionoftheurinarybladderisnormalornotdependsonthesufficiencyordeficiencyofkidney-qi.Whenkidney-qiissufficientanditsastringencyisright,theurinarybladderwillopenandcloseregularly,thusmaintainingnormalwatermetabolism.Incasekidney-qiisdeficient,therewillbethedisturbanceofitsqitransformationandastrictiveaction,causingtheirregularopeningandclosingoftheurinarybladder,manifestedasdysuria,incontinenceofurine,enuresisandfrequencyofmicturition. 肾和膀胱与其它的脏腑一样通过经脉形成表里关系。肾主开合，膀胱则是储藏和排泄尿液。两者都与水液代谢有关。膀胱的功能正常与否依赖肾气的充足与否。肾气充足，则固摄有权，膀胱开合有度，从而维持水液的正常代谢。如果，肾气不足，一方面可使肾气化无常，固摄无权，则膀胱开合失度，即可出现小便不利，失禁，遗尿，尿频等病症。 Sofarthetexthasjustbrieflydiscussedtherelationshipbetweenthefivezang-andthesixfu-organs.Tohaveathoroughunderstandingoftheirinterrelationsandthezang-futheory,itisalsoimportanttoknowtherelationshipbetweenthefivezang-organsandthatbetweenthesixfu-organsaswell,which,asspaceislimited,havetobereluctantlypartedwithhere. 至此，该篇已简要讨论了五脏六腑之间的关系。要想彻底理解它们的关系及脏腑理论，重要的是要了解五脏和六腑的关系，限于篇幅，这些关系只好于此割爱。 Inshort,althoughthezang-andfu-organshavedifferentphysiologicalfunctions,thereisacloserelationshipbetweentheminmaintainingthenormalfunctionsofthebody,anditisthemeridian-collateralsystemthatmakestheminternally-externallyinterconnected.Withouttheinterconnectingpathwaysofthemeridiansandcollaterals,eachofthezang-fuorganswouldbecomeanisolatedandstaticorganandunabletoperformitsfunctionalactivities.AcaseinpointtoshowtherelationshipiswhatissaidinBasicQuestions."Thezang-organsareallconnectedwiththemeridianstoperformthecirculationofqiandblood." 简而言之，虽然脏与腑的生理功能不同，但是它们之间的密切关系却维持了人体功能的正常，通过经络系统使它们形成了表里联系。没有经络这一联系通道，脏腑就会变得孤立静止，不能执行其功能活动。《素问》中说：“五脏之道，皆出于经遂，以行血气”。这便是一个表明这种关系的很好的例证。 THEROOTOFLIFE-Qi 元气之根 InTCMbooks,qiisalwaysmentionedinthesamebreathwithbloodandbodyfluid,fortheyareallthefundamentalsubstancesconstitutingthehumanbodyandmaintainingitslifeactivities.However,amongthemqiisparticularlyimportantforthehumanbody.ThatiswhyTCMoftenexplainsthelifeactivitiesofthehumanbodyintheviewpointofqi.Forthisreason,ZhangJingyuesaid:"Man'slifereliesentirelyuponthisqi."ClassiconMedicalProblemsstates:"qiisiherootofthehumanbody;oncetherootisdamaged,thestemandleaveswouldturnwithered".And,also,BasicQuestionspointsout:"One'slifeisthecombinationofqiofheavenandearth". 在中医书中，气总是与血和津液相提并论，因为它们都是构成人体和维持生命活动的基本物质。然而，它们之中，气对于人体尤为重要。这就是中医为什么要用气的观点来解释生命活动。因此，张景岳说：“人之有生，全赖此气”。《难经》则指出：“气者，人之根本也；根绝则茎叶枯矣”。《素问》还指出：“天地合气，命之曰人”。 Qiinthehumanbodyiscomposedofcongenitalqiandacquiredqi.Theformerisinheritedfromone'sparentsbeforebirth,thelatterisderivedfromcerealessencetransformedbythespleenandstomachandfreshairinhaledfromthenaturalworldbythelung.Therefore,qiisacombinationofthreekindsoffactors.Itiseasytoseethatthesourceorproductionofqiisrelatedtoinnateendowment,acquirednutritionandenvironmentalconditions,andtheactionsofthekidney,spleen,stomach,lungaswell. 人体之气由先天之气和后天之气组成。前者为出生之前秉承父母之气，后者来自与脾胃生化的水谷精微及肺从自然界吸入的清气。因此，气是以上三种因素的结合。很显然气的根源与产生与先天禀赋、后天营养和周围的环境有关，也与肾、脾、胃、肺共同活动有关。 Congenitalqiandacquiredqicomplementeachother.Congenitalqiisthematerialfoundationfortheproductionofacquiredqi,andacquiredqicontinuouslysupplementscongenitalqiwithnourishments.Bothofthemare,therefore,describedasaninterdependentrelation-congenitalqipromotingacquiredqi,which,inturn,nourishingcongenitalqi.Thereareallkindsofqiand,theirfunctionsaretoointricatetobeexpoundedinafewwords.Toprovideapreciseexposition,let'sdiscussthemundersixheads. 先天之气与后天之气互相补充。先天之气是后天之气产生的物质基础，后天之气则补充和营养先天之气。因此，两者之间是互相依赖的关系—先天之气是后天之气的基础，后天之气营养先天之气。各种气和它们之间的功能极其复杂，不是三言两语可以讲清的。让我们用以下的六个标题来讨论，以提供一个精确的解释。 1.PromotingActionofQi 1.气的推动功能 Qi,asasortofrefinedsubstancefullofvigour,playsapromotingandactivatingroleinthegrowthanddevelopmentofthehumanbody,thephysiologicalactivitiesofthezang-fuorgansandmeridians,theproductionandcirculationofblood,aswellastheproduction,distributionandexcretionofbodyfluid.Iftheabovefunctionsareweakenedduetoqi-deficiency,thefollowingpathologicchangeswilloccur:tardygrowthanddevelopmentofthehumanbody,hypofunctionofthezang-fuorgansandmeridians,stagnationofblood,fluidretention,etc. 气，一种充满活性的精微物质，对人体的生长发育、脏腑经络的生理活动、血液的产生和循环、津液的产生、散布和排泄都起到促进和推动作用。如果因为气虚而使以上的功能减弱，就会发生以下的病理改变：人体生长发育的停滞、脏腑经络功能减弱、血液凝滞和津液停滞等。 2.WarmingActionofQi 2.气的温煦功能 Whetherman'sbodytemperatureisnormalornotdependsonthewarmingactionofqi.ClassiconMedicalProblernssays:"Qiisresponsibleforwarming."Onlythroughthewarmingactionofqicanallzang-fuorgans，meridiarnsandotherstructuresperformtheirnormalfunctionalactivities,andcansuchliquidsubstancesasbloodandbodyfluidcirculatenormally.Asthesayinggoes:"Bloodflowsinwarmth,whileitcoagulatesincold."Forexample,theinsufficiencyofyang-qimayimpairthewarmingactionofqi,causinganaversiontocold,coldlimbs.Loweredbodytemperatureandsoon.Conversely,qiexcessmayresultinthefailureofqitodisperseheat,markedbypreferenceforcold,fever,etc.BasicQuestionsstates,"Qiexcesspreducesheat,whileqideficiencyproducescold." 人体体温正常与否依赖于气的温煦作用。《难经》曰：气者，温也。只有通过气的温煦作用，脏腑经络和其它组织结构才能行使其正常的功能活动，血液和体液等津液物质才能正常循环。语云：“血得温而运，得寒而凝。”例如：阳气不足会导致气的温煦作用减弱，引起恶寒、四肢冰冷、体温降低等等。相反，如气过剩则会导致气无法散热，引起喜冷、发热等症状。《素问》指出：“气实者，热也；气虚者，寒也”。 3.DefendingActionofQi 3.气的防御功能 Qihasdefendingfunctiontodefendthebodysurfaceagainsttheexogenouspathogensandtocombatwiththeinvadedexogenouspathogenstodrivethemoutofthebody.ThebookBasicQuestions,therefore,states:"Whenvitalqiexistsinthebody,theexogenouspathogenscannotattackthebody."And"Ifthepathogensinvadeandoccupythebody,qi-deficiencyisboundtoensue."Therebyleadingtoillness. 气的防御功能为防卫外邪袭表并将外邪驱除至体外。因此，《素问》指出：“正气存内，邪不可干”和“邪气所凑，其气必虚”疾病也随之产生。 4.ControllingActionofQi 4.气的固摄功能 Qialsohascontrollingaction,bywhichismeanttheabilitytocontroltheliquidsubstancesandfixtheinternalorgansinthebody.Thisisshowninthefollowingaspects:(1)Keepingthebloodflowingwithinthevesselstopreventitfromextravasatingwithoutreason.(2)Controllingandregulatingthesecretionandexcretionofsweat,urine,sperm,saliva,gastrointestinaljuices,etc,tomaintainarelativebalanceofwatermetabolism.(3)Firmingtheinternalorgansintheirnormalpositionswithoutprolapse. 气也有固摄的作用，这意味着气有固摄液体和人体内脏器官的能力。这可以从以下几方面体现： （1）维持血液在脉管中运行，防止其无故外溢。 （2）控制和调节汗液、尿液、精液、唾液、胆汁等的储存和排泄，以维持水液代谢的相对平衡。 （3）维持内脏器官在正常的位置不至于下垂。 Ifthisactionisimpaired,hemorrhage,prematureejaculation,spontaneoussweating,urinaryincontinence,andspermatorrheawilloccur.Ifthisactionfailstoworknormally,suchprolapsesasgastroptosis,nephroptosis,hysteroptosiswillbebroughtabout. 如果此功能受损，将会出现出血、早泄、自汗、遗尿和遗精。如果该功能不能正常运行，则会出现胃下垂、肾下垂、子宫下垂等下垂症状。 Thepromotingandcontrollingactionsofqiarethetwoaspectsofmutualoppositionandmutualcomplement.Providedthesetwoactionsworkharmoniously,bloodcirculationandwatermetabolismcanbenormallycarriedon. 气的促进和固摄功能是相互对立、相互补充的两方面。如果这两种功能能协调运行，则血液循环和水液代谢就会正常。 5.ActionofQiTransformation 5.气的气化功能 Qitransformationmaybedefinedasvariouskindsofchangesbroughtaboutbythemovementofqi.Concretelyspeaking,itreferstotherespectivemetabolismofessence,qi,bloodandbodyfluidandtheirreciprocaltransformation.Forinstance,foodistransformedintoqi,bloodandbodyfluid;bodyfluidareconvertedintosweatandurinebymetabolizing,andtheresiduesoffood,afterdigestionandabsorption,areturnedintofecestobedischargedfromthebody.Alltheseprocessesareallthespecificmanifeatationsoftheactionofqitransformation.Ifqitransformationisoutoforder,itwillaffectthedigestion,absorpiionoffood,themetabolismandtransformationofessence,bloodandbodyfluid,theexcretionofsweat,urineandfecesandsoon.Toputitbriefly,qitransformationisactuallytheprocessinwhichthesubstancesinthebodyaremetabolizedandintertransformed.Althoughtheabovefiveactionsofqidifferfromoneanother,theyareindispensabletomaintaininghumanlife.Theirharmoniouscooperationandmutualsupportensurethatthephysiologicalactivitiesarecompletedsmoothly. 气的气化功能可以定义为各种不同的变化来自于气的运动。具体的说，它指的是精、气、血和体液的独立代谢和它们彼此的相互转化。例如，食物转化成气、血和体液；体液通过代谢转化成汗和尿液，而食物残渣经过消化和吸收后则转化成粪便排除体外。所有的这些过程都是气化功能的特殊表现。如果气化功能失常则会影响食物的消化和吸收，精、血、体液的代谢和转化，汗液、尿液和粪便的排泄等等。简要的说，气化实际上是体内物质代谢和转化的过程。虽然以上五种气的功能各不相同，但它们在生命的维持上是不可分离的。它们之间的协调合作和相互支持是生理活动顺利完成的保障。 TheMovementofQiisknownas"qiji",qiactivity.Qiinthehumanbodytravelsthroughoutthebodyandreachallthezang-fuorgansandmeridianstopromoteandactivatethephysiologicalactivitiesofthehumanbody. 气的运动叫做“气机”。气运行于全身到达所有的脏腑组织和经络，促进和推动人体的生理活动。 Qihasfourbasicforms:ascending,descending,exitingandentering.Thesefourformsarethebasisofhuman'slifeactivities.Oncethesemovementsstop,itmeansthatthelifeactivitiesceaseanddeathensues. 气有四种运动形式：升、降、出、入。这四种形式是人类生命活动的基础。一旦这些运动停止了，便意味这生命活动的终止和死亡的发生。 Theascending,descending,exitingandenteringofqiaremainlyembodiedinthephysiologicalactivitiesofthezang-fuorgans,meridiansandotherprocessesofmetabolism.Forexample,thelunggovernsrespiration,exhalingpertainstoexiting,inhalingtoentering;anddispersingpertainstoascending,loweringtodescending.Thespleensendstheclearupwardandthestomachpassestheturbiddownward.Soallkindsofphysiologicalactivitiesinthehumanbody,essentially,arereflectedinthefourmovementsofqi. 气的升、降、出、入具体表现在脏腑组织、经络和其它代谢过程的生理活动中。例如，肺主呼吸，呼气为出，吸气为入；宣发为升，肃降为降。脾的升清和胃的降浊。人体的各种生理活动都必将在气的四种运动形式中体现。 Accordingtothesources,functionsanddistributions,qiisdividedintofourtypes:primordial(yuanqi),genuineqi(zhenqi),pectoralqi(zongqi),nutritiveqi(yingqi)anddefensiveqi(weiai) . 根据根源、功能和分布，可以将气分为四类：元气、真气、宗气、营气和卫气。 l.Primordialqi,alsoknownasgenuineqi(zhenqi)isthemostimportantofthefourkindsofqi.Itistheprimarymotiveforceoflifeactivities.Primordialqiderivesfromthecongenitalessencestoredinthekidney,anddependsontheacquiredessenceregeneratedbythespleenandstomach.ThebookMiraculousPivotmakesitclearbysaying,"Genuineqi(Zhenqi)isinheritedfromheaven(theparents)andcombinedwithcerealessencetoreplenishthebody." 1.元气，也叫做真气是四种气中最重要的一种。它是人体活动的原动力。元气源于先天之精，储藏于肾中，依赖脾胃化生的后天之精滋养。《灵枢》中明确说：“真气者，所受于天，与谷气并而充身者也.。” 2.Pectoralqiisformedfromacombinationofthefreshairinhaledbythelungandthecerealessenceconveyedbythespleenandstornach.Pectoralqiperformstwomainfunctions.Oneistravelingthroughtherespiratorytracttoprormoterespirationandthesufficiencyorinsufficiencyofpectoralqiinfluencestheconditionsthevoice.speechorbreathandsoon.Theotherisrunningthroughtheheart-meridianstopromotethecirculationofqiandblood.ThevicissitudeofPectoralqiisrelatedtotheflowofqiandblood,thebodytemperatureandtheactivitiesofthetrunkandlimbs,thevisualandauralperceptibility,aswellasthestrengthandrhythmoftheheartbeat. 2.宗气由肺吸入的清气和脾胃化生的谷气混合而成。宗气主要执行两种功能。一种是走息道以行呼吸,宗气的充足与否会影响到声音、言语和呼吸的状态。另一种是贯心脉以行气血,宗气的充足与否与气血的运行、体温、四肢活动、视觉、听觉能力以及心脏搏动的力量和节律有关。 3.Nutritiveqiistheqithatcirculatestogetherwithbloodinthevessels.Nutritiveqioriginatesfromthepurepartofcerealessencetransformedbythespleenandstomachandbearsresponsibilityforthebloodproductionandthenutritionofthewholebody.Nutritiveqiisconsideredasyin,soitisalsocallednutritiveyin(ying-yin). 3.营气是与血共同运行脉中的气。营气源于脾胃运化的水谷精微的纯净部分，并承担着血液的产生和濡养全身的职责。营气属于阴，所以也称作营阴。 4.Defensiveqi,likenutritiveqi,comesfromcerealessence,but,unlikenutritiveqi,itrunsoutsidethebloodvessels.Defensiveqihasthefollowingfunctions:protectingthebodysurfaceagainstexogenouspathogens,controllingtheopeningandclosingofthepores,adjustingtheexcretionofsweat,warmingandnourishingthezang-fuorgans.musclesandtheskinwithhairs,etc.,maintainingarelativelyconstantbodytemperature.Itisgiventhename"defensiveqi"preciselybecauseofitsantiexogenouspathogenicaction.Defensiveqibelongstoyang,soithasanothernamedefensiveyang(wei-yang),"whichpresentsastrinkingcontrastwithying-yinasmentionedabove. 4.卫气，如营气一般，来自水谷精微，但是却行于脉外，这与营气不同。卫气有以下功能：保护体表免受外邪侵犯，司毛孔的开合，调节汗液排泄，温养脏腑组织、肌肤毛发等和维持体温的恒定。“卫气”这一名字正是因为它有抗御外邪的功能。卫气属阳，所以别名叫“卫阳”,这正好与以上提及的营阴形成鲜明的对比。 THETYPESOFQIANDTHEIRMOVEMENTS 气的分型与运动 TypesofQi Movement 气的分型 运动 YuanQi(PrimordialQi) startingfrombetweenthetwokidneys,passingthroughtri-energizerandcirculatingthroughthewhilebody,inwardtozang-andfu-organsandoutwardtothemusclesandskin. 元气 始于两肾之间，行于三焦，周行全身，内至脏腑，外达肌肤。 ZongQi(PectoralQi) storedinthechestandpouredintothemeridiansoftheheartandthelung. 宗气 藏于胸中，注于心肺两经。 YingQi(NutritiveQi) originatingfromtri-energizer,enteringthemeridiansbywayofthelung,andcirculatingalloverthebody. 营气 源于三焦，由肺入脉，周行全身。 WeiQi(DefensiveQi circulatingoutsidebutleaningagainstthemeridians,vaporizedtothediaphragmandscatteredinthechest,travellingbetweentheskinandflesh. 卫气 行于脉外，上行至膈，散于胸中，周行肌表。 Specialphrases 特殊短语 Asthesayinggoes,As=inthewaythat，asthestorygoes/runs 或云；相传 asthematterstands 照目前情形 asthecasemaybe 依照情况 asthingsare 照此情况 asthingsrun 照通常顺序、情形、性质等 BLOODANDBODYFLUID-THEMATERIALBASISOFLIFEACTIVITIES 血、津液－人体生命活动的物质基础 Blood,circulatinginthevessels,isaredliquidsubstancerichinnutrients.Itisoneoftheindispensablesubstancesthatconstitutethehumanbodyandmaintainitslifeactivities.Bloodoriginatesfromcerealessencetransformedbythespleenandstomach,andhasthefunctionsofnourishingandmoisteningthewholebody. 血液行于脉管之中，是一种富含营养的红色液体物质。它是构成人体和维持生命活动不可缺少的物质。血源于脾胃化生的水谷精微，具有营养和滋润全身的功能。 Nutritiveqiandbodyfluidarethoughtofasthematerialbasisofbloodformation.Asbothofthemderivefromcerealessence,thequalityofthefoodintakeandtheconditionsofthespleenandthestomachareboundtohaveadirectbearingonbloodformation.Eitheralong-termmalnutritionoralastinghypofunctionofthespleenandstomachmaycauseinsufficientbloodformation,resultinginblooddeficiency.That'swhyTCMstates"Reinforcingthespleenandthestomachenablesbloodtodevelopspontaneously." 营气和津液被认为是形成血液的物质基础。因为它们都来自水谷精微，所以摄入饮食的质量和脾胃的状态与血液的形成直接相关。无论是长期的营养不良或脾胃损伤都会使血液产生不足，导致血虚。这就是为什么中医认为“补脾肾，血自生”。 Normalbloodcirculationcomesofthejointactionoftheheart,thelung,thespleenandtheliver.Theheart-qiisthefundamentalmotivepowertopropelbloodcirculation.Thelungisinchargeofqiofthewholebodyand,therefore,hasanimportantbearingontheformationofzongqi.Whenzongqigetsintheheartmeridian,itmaypromotethemovementofqiandblood.Thespleenmaykeepbloodflowingwithinthevesselsandpreventitfromextravasating.Andtheliver,besidesitsfunctionofstoringblood,adjuststhevolumeofbloodflowandmaintainthenormalflowofqiandblood.Incaseanyoneoftheaboveorgansfailstoworkproperly,abnormalbloodcirculationiscertaintooccur.Theheart-qideficiency,forinstance,mayleadtoheart-bloodstagnation.Thespleen-qideficiencyfailstocontrolblood,leadingtobleeding,etc.Thedisturbanceofqiflowoftheliverandbloodcirculationmaybringaboutsuchpathologicalchangesasbloodstasisorswelling,abnormalmenstruation,dysmenorrheaoramenorrheainwomen. 正常的血液循行来自于心、肺、脾和肝的共同作用。心气是推动血液循行的原动力。肺主司一身之气，因此，与宗气的形成有重要的关系。当宗气注入心经便可以促进气血的运行。脾使血液流于脉管之中，防止其外溢。肝除了有储藏血液的功能外，还可以调节血量，维持气血的正常运行。如以上所说的任何一脏不能正常行使其功能的话，就会发生异常的血液循行。例如，心气不足可以导致心血凝滞；脾气不足无法收摄血液导致出血等；肝气不调、血液循行紊乱则会出现血瘀、血肿、女性月经不调、痛经、或闭经。 Bloodcirculateswithinthevessels,bywhichitiscarriedtothezang-fuorgansinternallyandtotheskin,muscles,tendonsandbonesexternally.ItcirculatesceaselesslyLikearingwithoutendtonourishandmoistenalltheorgansandtissues.Inthis,normalphysiologicalactivitiesaremaintained.BasicQuestionssays:"Theliverwithbloodisabletoensurenormalvision.thefeetwithbloodareabletowalk.thepalmswithbloodareabletogripthings,thefingerswithbloodareabletograsp"."Whendiscussingtherelationshipbetweenbloodandthetendons,thebonesandthejoints,MiraculousPivotpointsout:"Whenbloodisnormal,thetendonsandthebonesarestrongandthejointsarenimble."Thus,itcanbeseenthatthesensationthethemovementofthebodyneverforamomentdeviatefromthenutrientsprovidedbyblood. 血在血管中循行，内至脏腑，外达皮肉筋骨，如环无端，运行不息，营养滋润所有脏腑组织。这样，正常的生理活动才得以维持。《素问》云：“肝受血而能视，足受血而能步，掌受血而能握，指受血而能摄。”对于血和髓、骨节之间关系的探讨，《灵枢》指出：“血常则髓骨坚，骨节敏。”故此，足见人体之感觉、运动均不能须臾离开血液提供的营养。 Bloodisalsothematerialbasisofmentalactivities.Soundmentalactivityresultsfromnormalcirculationandasufficientsupplyofblood.Soanybloodtrouble,whateverthecausesmaybe,willbringaboutsymptomsofmentalactivitiesvaryingindegrees.BasicQuestionsadvisespeople:"Qiandbloodarethefoundationforhumanmentalactivitiesandhavetobenursedwithcaution."AndMiraculousPivotinformsus,"Harmoniousbloodvesselsensureavigorousspirit."Thesefamousremarksshowthecloserelationshipbetweenbloodandmentalactivities.Deficiencyofblood,therefore,willcausementaldisorder.Forexample,heart-bloodorliver-blooddeficiencywillleadtosuchsymptomsaspalpitation,insomniaanddreaminess. 血液也是精神活动的物质基础。健全的精神活动来自于正常的血液循行及充足的血液供应。所以不论什么原因导致的血液问题都会引起不同程度上的精神症状。《素问》建议：“气血者，人之神，不可不慎养。”《灵枢》则提醒我们：“血脉安，精神乃治。”这些著名的鉴言都体现了血和精神活动之间的密切关系。因此，血虚会导致精神错乱。例如，心血或肝血不足会导致心悸、失眠和多梦的症状。 BodyfluidiscalledjinyeinTCM,includingallkindsoffluidsintheorgansandtissuesandtheirsecretions,suchasgastricjuice,intestinaljuice,nasaldischarge,tears,sweat,urineandsoon.Justlikeqiandblood,bodyfluidisalsooneoftheessentialsubstancesconstitutingthehumanbodyandmaintainingitslife 体液在中医称为津液，包括存在于脏腑组织和它们之间间隙的各种液体如胆汁、肠液、鼻涕、眼泪、汗液、尿液等等。与气血一样，津液也是构成人体和维持生命活动的必要物质之一。 jinandyearealwaysmentionedinthesamebreathbecauseofthefactthat,foronething,bothofthemderivefromfoodandwatertransportedandtransformedbythespleenandstomach.andforanother,theycantransformintoeachother.Buttheyareactuallydifferentinthickness,property,functionanddistribution.Byandlarge,jinisthefluidwhichisclearandthinandflowseasily.Itisdistributedintheskin,musclesandorifices,furthermore,itpermeatesthebloodvesselstokeepthemmoistened.Ye,onthecontrary,isthickfluidwithflowinglesseasily.Itisdistributedinthejoints,brain,marrowandinternalorganstonourishthem.Jinandyemaytransformintoeachother.Thesetwofluidsarehardtobeseparatedcompletelyand,forthisreason,theyarejointlyreferredtoas"jinye"(bodyfluid).Incaseoftheimpairmentofjinorexhaustionofye,thetwomustbeidentifiedinTDS. 津与液总是相提并论，因为一方面，它们都来源于脾胃化生的水谷精微；另一方面是由于它们可以互相转化。但是，实际上它们在稀薄、性状、功能和分布上是不同的。总的来说，津是一种清、稀、易于流动的液体。它分布于肌肤官窍，可以进一步渗透到脉管使其保持湿润。相反，液是一种质稠、不易流动的液体。它分布于关节、脑髓和内脏，使其得到滋养。津和液可以互相转化。这两种液体很难完全区分，因此，它们合称“津液”。在津或液的枯竭上，两种必须辨证的区分。 Theformation,distributionandexcretionofbodyfluidarethecomplexphysiologicalprocessinwhichtheyareaccomplishedbythejointactionofmanyorgans.AsispointedoutinBasicQuestions:"Afterfoodanddrinkenterthestomach,theyaredigestedandtransformedintofoodessenceandthen,transmittedupwardtothespleen,whichdispersestheessenceupwardtothelungandthelungregulateswaterpathwaysdownwardtotheurinarybladder.Andbydoingsobodyfluidisfinallydisseminatedtoallpartsofthebodyalongallthemeridiansandcollaterals."Thisdescriptionsuggeststhat,1)bodyfluidisformedfromfoodandwaterbydigestionandabsorptionofthestomach,separatingtheclarityfromtheturbidityofthesmallintestineandtramformationofthespleen;2)thedistributionandexcretionofbodyfluidareaccomplishedbythejointactionofmanyzang-fuorgan,suchasthetransformingfunctionofthespleen,thedispersinganddescendingfunctionofthelung,thesteamingandascendingfunctionofthekidney;and3)bodyfluidtakestripleenergizerasitspassagewayfordistributionandexcretion. 津液的形成、分布和排泄是一个由许多脏腑组织共同完成的复杂过程。正如《素问》所指出的：“饮入于胃，游溢精气，上输于脾，脾气散精，上归于肺，通调水道，下输膀胱，水精四布，五经并行。”这段描述提示了：（1）津液由胃中消化吸收、小肠进行分清别浊、脾运化的水谷中形成。（2）津液的分布和排泄由许多脏腑组织共同完成，如脾的运化功能、肺的宣发肃降功能、肾的蒸发沉降功能。（3）津液以三焦为通道进行分布和排泄。 Bodyfluidbearstwophysiologicalfunctions:moisteningandnourishing：bodyfluiddistributedtothebodysurfacemoistensandnourishesthemusclesandskinwithhairs;bodyfluidpermeatedthroughthebodyorificesmoistensandprotectstheeyes,nose，mouthandotheropenings;bodyfluidinfiltratedintothebloodvesselsnourishesandsmoothsthemandisalsothebasiccomponentofblood;bodyfluidpouredintotheinternalorgansnourishesandmoistensthem,andbodyfluidinthebonenourishesandmoistensthebonemarrow,spinalcordandbrainmarrow. 津液有两种生理功能：滋润和营养。津液分布于肌表滋养肌肤毛发；渗透于体窍滋润和保护眼、鼻、嘴和其它官窍；津液渗透至脉管起到营养和滑利的作用，也是血液的基本组成成分；津液注入内脏使其得到滋养；骨中的津液对骨髓、脊髓和脑髓起到滋养作用。（专业文档是经验性极强的领域，无法思考和涵盖全面，素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。可复制、编制，期待你的好评与关注）
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