Subtribe Danaina - Afrotropical Butterflies and Skippers

Subtribe Danaina - Afrotropical Butterflies and Skippers BUTTERFLIES AND SKIPPERS OF THE AFROTROPICAL REGION (PAPILIONOIDEA AND HESPERIOIDEA) AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA ? Seventh edition (2008) (Copyright Reserved) FILE I – DANAINAE, NYMPHALINAE, APATURINAE, LIBYTHEINAE, BIBLIDINAE, CYRESTINAE (NYMPHALIDAE) Compiled by Mark C. Williams 183 van der Merwe Street, Rietondale PRETORIA 0001 E-mail: mark.williams@up.ac.za FAMILY NYMPHALIDAE Swainson, 1827 SUBFAMILY DANAINAE Boisduval, 1833 The danaine clade Subfamily Danainae Boisduval, 1833 Tribe Tellervini Fruhstorfer, 1910 Tribe Danaini Boisduval, 1833 Subtribe Danaina Boisduval, 1833 Subtribe Euploeina Moore, 1880 Tribe Ithomiini Godman & Salvin 1879 TRIBE DANAINI Boisduval, 1833 SUBTRIBE DANAINA Boisduval, 1833 Genus Danaus Kluk, 1780 Hist. nat. poczatki i gospodarstwo 84 (4 vols.). [2:2:11] Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1933. Entomologist 66: 222 (222-225).). A cosmopolitan genus of 12 species, three which are found in the Afrotropical Region. Classification of the genus by Smith et al., 2005. = Danaida Latreille, 1804. Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle 24: 185, 189 (129-200). Type-species: Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, by monotypy. = Limnas Hübner, 1806. Tentamen determinationis digestionis atque denomnationis singularum stirpium Lepidoptorum, peritis ad inspiciendum et dijudicandum communicatum [1] ([2] pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, by monotypy. [Placed on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology; Opinion 278, 1954. Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 6: 137-177.] = Danais Latreille, 1807. Magazin für Insektenkunde (Illiger) 6: 292 (290-295). Type-species: Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, by monotypy. = Danaus Latreille, 1809. Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum.....4: 201 (399 pp.). Parisiis & Argentorati. Type-species: Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1872. Report of the Peabody Academy of Science 1871: 28 (24-82).). = Anosia Hübner, 1816. In: Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 16 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio gilippus Cramer, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 113 (91-293).) [extralimital]. Synonymized with Danaus by Smith et al., 2005. = Festivus Crotch, 1872. Cistula Entomologica 1: 62 (59-71). Type-species: Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, by original designation. = Panlymnas Bryk, 1937. In: Bryk, F., Lepidopterorum Catalogus 28 (78): 56 (1- 432). „s-Gravenhage. Type-species: Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus. [Replacement name for Limnas Hübner.] Synonyms based on extralimital type-species: Tasitia Moore; Danamorpha Kremky. Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) thPapilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10 edition: 471 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Type locality: U.S.A.: “New York State, Kendall”. Distribution: Generally extralimital. Habitat: Early stages: ? Larval food: ? Danaus plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) thPapilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10 edition: 471 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Type locality: U.S.A.: “New York State, Kendall”. Distribution: Generally extralimital. Recorded from Mauritius in 1984 by Dr J.R. Williams of the Sugar Industry Research Institute of Mauritius (Davis & Barnes, 1991) and from Reunion in 1985 (Ackery, et al., 1995: 268). Specific localities: Mauritius – Curepipe (J.R. Williams; April 1984). By 1991 widesperead and fairly common (Davis & Barnes, 1991). Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) th Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10 edition: 471 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Type locality: [China, Canton]: “Aegyptus, America”. [False locality; see Corbet, 1949.] Taxonomy: Talbot (1943) divided the Afrotropical populations of D. chrysippus into three subspecies, viz. ssp. alcippus in West Africa, ssp. dorippus in the horn of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula, and ssp. chrysippus in the rest of Africa. Ackery et al. (1995) do not list this publication in their bibliography and, therefore, apparently missed it. Lushai et al. (2003 and 2005) not only recognize Talbot?s subspecific treatment but suggest that ssp. alcippus should probably be accorded specific status. They do not, however, formally raise it to species level. Smith et al. (2005) recognize three subspecies: chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758), alcippus (Cramer, 1777) and orientis (Aurivillius, 1909). The taxon dorippus (Klug, 1845) has been elevated to a full species (Smith et al., 2005) (see next entry). Distribution: Throughout the Afrotropical Region, including Cape Verde Islands, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Mali, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Macias Nguema = Fernando Po), Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Arabia (Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates), Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Mauritius, Rodriques, Reunion, Bourbon, Seychelles, Aldabra, St Helena. Extralimitally (as the nominate subspecies) in China, Taiwan, Japan, Indo-China, Philippines, Borneo, Malay Peninsula (Kedah & Langkawi Island), Thailand, Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Turkey, Cyprus, Malta, Greece, Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Canary Islands, Arabia, Egypt (Smith et al., 2005). Recently recorded from Great Britain (Jersey) (Long, 2006). Common name: African monarch. Known as the plain tiger or common tiger in the Oriental Region. Habitat: A variety of habitats, excluding dense forest, from sea-level to high mountains. Even dense primary forest can be temporarily penetrated during the dry season (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Because they are distasteful to vertebrate predators, the flight is slow. Both sexes often feed from flowers and males will occasionally mud-puddle; rarely males are also attracted to carnivore dung. Males are often noted imbibing pyrrolizidine alkaloids from suitable plant material (e.g. Heliotropium sp.) (Larsen, 2005a). In Botswana Larsen (1991) saw numbers attracted to scarabs that had been crushed on a road in the Kalahari. Sometimes small clusters can be found roosting on grass or dry plants. Migrations are common; often they form part of mixed migrations (Larsen, 1968, 1978, 1992; Samraoui, 1993). North-bound migrations in West Africa are probably the source of records of numbers of white-hindwing individuals in North Africa and Malta (Larsen, 1986; 2005a). Brower, et al. (1978) found that 40% of Kenyan specimens contained cardenolides. In West African populations this is apparently much lower (Larsen, 1991). Two successful mimics are the females of Hypolimnas misippus and Pseudacraea poggei. Curiously, in West Africa all D. chrysippus have white hindwings, whereas the females of H. misippus usually have brown hindwings (Larsen, 2005a). In Mauritius specimens have been noted imbibing exudations from the ends of broken branches lying on the ground, belonging to the tree Tournefortia argentea L. (Boraginaceae), presumably for the pyrollizidine alkaloids that may be present in the exudations (Davis & Barnes, 1991). There are a number of papers dealing with female-biased sex ratios in east African populations. This is the result of infection by bacteria belonging to the genus Spiroplasma, which specifically kills male embryos (Smith, 1975f, 1976a; Gordon et al., 1999; Jiggins et al., 2000). Flight period: All year. Early stages: Horsfield & Moore, 1857 (Cat. Lep.E.I.C. Mus. Volume 1, plate 4, ff. 7,7a) [Java] Trimen, 1862: 89 and 90 (Rhop. Afr. Aus., Vol. 1). [South Africa] Trimen, 1866: plate 1, figs 3, 3a (Rhop. Afr. Aus., Vol. 2). [South Africa] Moore, 1880 (Lep. Ceylon, p.7, pl. 3, f. 1b) [Ceylon] Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 53 [as Danais Chrysippus (L.)]. “Larva. Pale bluish-grey; on the back transversely barred with bright pale-yellow and rdthstreaked with black. Yellow bar on front of each segment from 3 to 12 (both inclusive), edged with black both anteriorly and posteriorly, and usually divided mesially by a short black streak uniting the black edges; three thin black streaks across each of these segments in its middle and ndposterior portion, and three similar streaks also on 2 and last segments; front of head with a black horseshoe-shaped streak; spiracular stripe bright-yellow, rather suffused; legs bluish-grey barred with black. Three pairs of moderately long, black, flexible filaments, springing from the back of rdthththe 3, 6, and 12 segments respectively, in each case from near the extremities of the transverse yellow bar; all these filaments are crimson just at the base, and the front pair longer than the others. Length, 1 in. 6-9 lin.” “Pupa. Semi-translucent; either green or pinkish, and sometimes of a tint including both hues. A raised golden spot on each eye, at the base of the wings, and about the middle of the costal edge of the wings; also two similar spots on each side of back of thorax. On fourth segment of abdomen, dorsally and laterally, a thin blackish tuberculated ridge, edged posteriorly by a continuous row of golden dots. Attached to twigs of the larva?s food-plant. Usual period of development into imago, fourteen to twenty days.” Rogers and Van Someren, 1925: 28 (J. E. Afr. Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 28). Eggs laid singly on upper- or underside of leaves; occasionally four or five eggs scattered on a single leaf. Sometimes eggs are laid on other vegetation near the foodplant. Egg is oval; rather pointed at top end; flattened at base; longitudinally ribbed with ridges between the ribs. Larvae may emerge in as little as three days. First instar 3 mm long; greyish brown in colour; translucent, with faint indications of cross bars. Growth is very rapid. Second instar coloration similar to final instar but ornamentation less pronounced. Final instar reaches 40-50 mm in length; bluish grey dorsally; finely barred transeversely with black; each segment, except first, dorsally ornamented with two contiguous oval orange or yellow spots; purplish black ventrally, separated from the bluish grey of the upper parts by a somewhat diffuse spiracular line. Head greyish with ndththfrontal horseshoe-shaped line of black. Dorsum of 2, 5 and 11 segments with a pair of long flexible filaments arising from the extremities of the yellow spots; bases of filaments reddish; anterior pair are the longest. Just before pupation the dorsal yellow marks become less pronounced and the yellow body-line becomes more distinct; larvae becomes translucent purplish. Larva suspends itself from the posterior end and pupates within 48 hours. Pupa translucent pale pink or pale green, slightly more opaque in the region of the wing cases; ornamented dorsally with golden spots at the line of angulation of the abdominal segments; abdominal spiracles denoted by faint yellowish dots. Pupal period 10 days to 3 weeks. Larvae heavily parasitised by several species of fly. Clark, in Van Son, 1955: 7. Egg 0.9 mm in diameter; 1.4 mm high; 19-21 longitudinal ribs of which 10-12 reach micropyle; 23-25 (occasionally 30) cross-ridges; pale yellow or white. Five larval instars lasting about one month. First instar dirty yellow or grey, with dull yellow or purplish red protuberances and black head; darkens later to pale olive with protuberances brown; densely setose. Second instar glabrous; protuberances more elongated; colour a little darker and beginning to show variegation apparent in the later instars. Dickson, 1972. Carcasson, 1981 [larva and pupa]. Ackery and Vane-Wright, 1984 [larva]. Larval food: Antirrhinum species (Scrophulariaceae) [Van Son, 1955: 7]. Araujia sericifera Brot. (Asclepiadaceae) (exotic) [Williams, 1996: 131; Onderstepoort, Pretoria district, Gauteng]. Gomphocarpus fruticosus (= Asclepias fruticosa L.) (Asclepiadaceae) [Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 53; Cape Town?, Western Cape, and M. E. Barber, in Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 53; Grahamstown, Eastern Cape]. Asclepias meyeriana (Asclepiadaceae) [Kroon, 1999]. Gomphocarpus physocarpus (= Asclepias physocarpa (E. Mey.) Schltr.) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Aspidoglossum interruptum Bull. (= Schizoglossum massaicum) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Calotropis procera or gigantea [Larsen, 2005a; Accra, Ghana]. Caraluma spp. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Ceropegia barberae Harv. (Asclepiadaceae) [M. E. Barber, in Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 53; Trans-Kei, Eastern Cape]. Ceropegia bulbosa var lushii (Grah.) Hook. F. (Asclepiadaceae) [Patil and Almeida, 1996; India]. Cynanchum abyssinicum Dacnesni (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Cynanchum altoscadens Schum. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Cynanchum obtusifolium L. f. (Asclepiadaceae) [Pringle, et al., 1994: 48]. Dyerophytum indicum (Plumbaginaceae) [Larsen (1975) teste Granville-White. This is probably erroneous (Larsen, 2005a)]. Gomphocarpus kaesneri Brown (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Gomphocarpus semilunata Rich. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Gomphocarpus stenophyllus Oliv. (= leucocarpa) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Huernia species (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Son, 1955: 7]. Huernia hystrix (Asclepiadaceae) [Nichols, 1995]. Huernia zebrina (Asclepiadaceae) [Nichols teste Botha & Botha, 2006]. Kanahia glaberrima (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Kanahia lasiflora Forsk. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Orbea variegata (Asclepiadaceae) [Nichols teste Botha & Botha, 2006]. Pachycarpus dealbatus (Asclepiadaceae) [Kroon, 1999]. Pergularia extensa (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Periploca linarifolia (Periplocaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Rosa species (Rosaceae) [Van Son, 1955: 7]. Secamone platystigma (= africana Oliv.) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Stapelia species (Asclepaidaceae) [Bowker, in Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 53; near King William's Town, Eastern Cape]. Stathmostelma gigantiflorum Schum. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Stathmostelma pedunculatum Decnesi (= macrantha) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Xysmalobium undulatum (Asclepiadaceae) [Nichols teste Botha & Botha]. Relevant literature: Pringle, E. 2003. Metamorphosis 14 (1): 33-34. Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) th Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10 edition: 471 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Type locality: [China, Canton]: “Aegyptus, America”. [False locality; see Corbet, 1949.] Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya (Smith et al., 2005). Extralimitally in China, Taiwan, Japan, Indo-China, Philippines, Borneo, Malay Peninsula (Kedah & Langkawi Island), Thailand, Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Turkey, Cyprus, Malta, Greece, Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Canary Islands, Arabia, Egypt (Smith et al., 2005). Recently recorded from Great Britain (Jersey) (Long, 2006). Specific localities: aegyptius Von Schreber, 1759 (as sp. of Papilio). Novae Species Insectorum 12 (16 pp.). [Available as facsimile in Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 1: 221-240.]. Egypt: “Aegypto”. Synonymized with chrysippus by Lushai et al., 2005. asclepiadis Gagliardi, 1811 (as sp. of Papilio). Atti del Reale Istituto d’Incorraggiamento alle Scienze Naturali di Napoli 1: 160 (155-161). “India Orientali vel Aegypto”. alcippoides Moore, 1883 (as sp. of Limnas). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 238 (201-324). Nepal. [Based on extralimital material, but applied to a form of the African subspecies (Ackery, et al., 1995: 268).] albinus Lanz, 1896 (as ab. of Danais dorippus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 9: 130 (113-147). Tanzania: “Parumbira”. infumata Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, 1898-9 (as ab. of Danaida dorippus). Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 33 (1-561). Sudan: “Nubia”. transiens Suffert, 1900 (as ab. of Danaus dorippus). Berliner Entomologischer Zeitschrift 45: 116 (115-116). Deutsche-Ostafrika bis Arabien”. semialbinus Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Danaida dorippus). Societas Entomologica 25: 5 (5-6). Tanzania: “Amani”. praealbata Froreich, 1928 (as ab. of Danais chrysippus). Societas Entomologica 43: 39 (39). South Africa: “Fort Napier, Südafrika (Kapland)”. impunctata Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Léopoldville”. bipunctata Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo belge”. duplicata Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Léopoldville”. anomala Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Léopoldville”. reducta Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo belge”. subreducta Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kipushi, Haut-Katanga”. completa Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Léopoldville”. duponti Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “les environs de la mission norvégienne de Kikwendi, à environs 100 Km. S-O. De Costermansville, Kivu”. deficiens Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Léopoldville”. radiata Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Danaus (Limnas) chrysippus). Miscellanea Entomologica 45: 50 (49-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kilo-Moto”. witteellus Overlaet, 1955 (as f. of Danaus (Panlymnas) chrysippus liboria). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 7 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ganza”. hypermnestra Stoneham, 1958 (as f. of Danaus chrysippus). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (71): [1] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “Karuna, near Nairobi”; Uganda: “Bombo”. Danaus chrysippus alcippus (Cramer, 1777) Papilio alcippus Cramer, 1777. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America 2: 45 (151 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Danaus chrysippus alcippus Lushai et al., 2003. Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Cote de Guinée, Sierra Leona”. Distribution: Cape Verde Islands, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Mali, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Macias Nguema = Fernando Po), Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Yemen, Oman (Smith et al., 2005). Specific localities: Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon, et al., 2001). Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). chrysippellus Strand, 1909 (as ab. of Danaida chrysippus). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 75 (1.3.): 373 (367-386). Cameroon: “Barombi-Station in Kamerun”. Danaus chrysippus orientis (Aurivillius, 1909) Danaida chrysippus var. orientis Aurivillius, 1909. In: Voeltzkow, A., Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903-1905 2: 310 (309-348). Stuttgart. Danaus chrysippus orientis (Aurivillius); Smith et al., 2005. Danaus chrysippus orientis. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 75mm. Nylsvley, Naboomspruit, Rep. S. Afr. SE 24 28 Da, 1100 m. Savanna Ecosystem Research Project, C.S.I.R. 26/4/84. (Transvaal Museum - TM3717). Type locality: Comoro Islands: “Comoren”; Madagascar: “Madagaskar”; Seychelles: “Aldabra”. Distribution: Gabon, Congo, Angola, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, North West Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State Province, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province), Swaziland, Lesotho, Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Aldabra, Mauritius, Reunion, Bourbon, Rodriguez, St Helena. Specific localities: Limpopo Province – Legalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”). Mpumalanga – Sterkspruit Nature Reserve (Williams); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams) ; Mountain Sanctuary N.R. (Williams). Gauteng – Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson, unpublished checklist, 2001); Buffelsdrif Conservancy (Williams). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Mauritius – Common and widespread (Davis & Barnes, 1991). liboria Hulstaert, 1931 (as ssp. of Danaus chrysippus). Genera Insectorum (193) 28 (213 pp.). “Inde continent, Afrique orientale”. Synonymized with D. chrysippus orientis by Lushai et al., 2005. Danaus dorippus (Klug, 1845) Euploea dorippus Klug, 1845. In Klug, 1829-45. In: Ehrenburg, C.G., Symbolae Physicae, seu icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novarum aut minus cognitorum pl. 48 ([183] pp.). Limnas dorippus (Klug, 1845). Moore, 1883. Danaus chrysippus (L.) aegyptius (Schreber, 1759) f. dorippus (Klug, 1845). Talbot, 1943. Danaus (Anosia) chrysippus (L.) f. dorippus (Klug, 1845). Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984. Danaus chrysippus dorippus (Klug, 1845). Lushai et al., 2003. Danaus dorippus (Klug, 1845). Smith et al., 2005. Type locality: Sudan: “Dongala, Ambukohl”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Arabia. Occasional dispersing individuals are recorded as far south as South Africa (Swanepoel, 1953; Pringle et al., 1994). Extralimitally in Iran, Pakistan (Baluchistan), India (Sind, Kutch) [ssp. dorippus]. Subspecies bataviana (Moore, 1883) occurs in the Oriental Region (see Smith et al., 2005). Habitat: Habits: D. dorippus appears to fly somewhat faster and higher than D. chrysippus (Larsen, 1991). Early stages: Larval food: klugii Butler, 1886 (as sp. of Limnas). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 758 (756-776). Somalia: “Inland, South of Berbera”. evanescens Storace, 1949 (as ab. of Danaus chrysippus dorippus). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacomo Doria 64: 20 (12-29). Somalia: “Belet Amin”. Danaus dorippus dorippus (Klug, 1845) Euploea dorippus Klug, 1845. In Klug, 1829-45. In: Ehrenburg, C.G., Symbolae Physicae, seu icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novarum aut minus cognitorum pl. 48 ([183] pp.). Limnas dorippus (Klug, 1845). Moore, 1883. Danaus chrysippus (L.) aegyptius (Schreber, 1759) f. dorippus (Klug, 1845). Talbot, 1943. Danaus (Anosia) chrysippus (L.) f. dorippus (Klug, 1845). Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984. Danaus chrysippus dorippus (Klug, 1845). Lushai et al., 2003. Danaus dorippus (Klug, 1845). Smith et al., 2005. Type locality: Sudan: “Dongala, Ambukohl”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Arabia. Occasional dispersing individuals are recorded as far south as South Africa (Swanepoel, 1953; Pringle et al., 1994). Extralimitally in Iran, Pakistan (Baluchistan), India (Sind, Kutch) [ssp. dorippus]. Subspecies bataviana (Moore, 1883) occurs in the Oriental Region (see Smith et al., 2005). Specific localities: Limpopo Province – Great Saltpan (Williams, unpublished, 1978). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Trimen & Bowker, 1887). Genus Tirumala Moore, 1880 In: Moore, [1880-2]. The lepidoptera of Ceylon 1: 4 (190 pp.). London. Type-species: Papilio limniace Cramer, by original designation [extralimital]. = Melinda Moore, 1883. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 229 (201-324). Type-species: Danais formosa Godman, by monotypy. [Invalid; junior homonym of Melinda Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.] = Elsa Honrath, 1892. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36: 436 (429-440). Type-species: Elsa morgeni Honrath, by monotypy. An Old World genus of nine species, two of which are Afrotropical. Tirumala formosa (Godman, 1880) Danais formosa Godman, 1880 in Godman and Distant, 1880. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 183 (182-185). Tirumala formosa formosa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 74mm. Volgo F., Boure, 45k SW. Jimma, W. Ethiopia. 11/13.7.95. S. Collins. (Curle Trust Collection - 58). Type locality: Tanzania: “Gnuru Hills, East Africa”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia. Common name: Beautiful tiger; large tiger. Habitat: Semi-montane forest. Rarely found below 1 500 in Kenya and Nigeria (Larsen, 1991; Larsen, 2005a) and up to 2 300 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990). At 1 100 m in Korup, Cameroon. Occasionally as low as 300 m (Sanje, in Tanzania) (Kielland, 1990). Habits: Normally flies high up in the forest canopy, with a slow, gliding flight, unless disturbed. Specimens regularly come down to feed from flowers. Males have been seen imbibing pyrrolizidine alkaloids from species of Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) (Larsen, 1991). Males congregate to mud-puddle (Congdon and Collins, 1998). Kielland (teste Larsen, 2005a) noted a northward migration in Tanzania, but migrations are probably unusual for this species. Mimicked by the much larger Papilio rex, the subspecies even mimicking those of its model (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Rogers and Van Someren, 1925. Larval food: Cryptolepis spp. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Secamone platystigma (= africana (Oliv.( Bull.) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Secamone micranda (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Secamone punctulata Decnesni (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323; Congdon and Collins, 1998: 35; Tanzania; oviposition only; as Secamone punctata]. Secamone zambesiaca (= parvifolia (Oliv.) Bull.) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Periploca linearifolia (Periplocaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Tirumala formosa formosa (Godman, 1880) Danais formosa Godman, 1880 in Godman and Distant, 1880. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 183 (182-185). Tirumala formosa formosa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 74mm. Volgo F., Boure, 45k SW. Jimma, W. Ethiopia. 11/13.7.95. S. Collins. (Curle Trust Collection - 58). Type locality: Tanzania: “Gnuru Hills, East Africa”. Distribution: Kenya (highlands east of Rift Valley), Tanzania (north-east and western highlands), Zambia. Specific localities: Kenya – central highlands; Nairobi; Teita Hills; Chyulu Hills; Namanga; Mt Sagala (Larsen, 1991). Tanzania – Mountains of the north and north-east, south to Mufindi, inland to Rubeho Mountains; Mpanda and Kigoma; Kasoge; Sanje; Lufisi River, in the Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990). Zambia – Known from a single specimen from the Mafinga Mountains, collected by Heath (Heath, et al., 2002). Note: Specimens from Kakamega forest tend to be transitional between the nominate subspecies and ssp. mercedonia (Larsen, 1991). Tirumala formosa mercedonia (Karsch, 1894) Melinda mercedonia Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 225 (209-240). Type locality: Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika, See Kirima, Karewia, Ukondja und Mtarika”. Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies in that, on the forewing upperside, the red basal areas are absent and on the hindwing upperside the hyaline basal areas and spotting are reduced (Congdon and Collins, 1998). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, north Kivu), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya (west of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Kenya – Kitale; Kericho (Larsen, 1991). Tanzania – Minziro Forest; Munene Forest; Rumanyika Game Reserve (Congdon and Collins, 1998). yala Stoneham, 1958 (as f. of Danaus formosa). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (71): [2] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “Yala”. Tirumala formosa morgeni (Honrath, 1892) Elsa morgeni Honrath, 1892. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36: 436 (429-440). Type locality: Cameroon: “Kamerun centr.”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon. Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Tirumala formosa neumanni (Rothschild, 1902) Danaus formosa neumanni Rothschild, 1902. Novitates Zoologicae 9: 596 (595-598). Type locality: Ethiopia: “Kaffa”. Distribution: Sudan (south), Ethiopia, Somalia. Tirumala petiverana (Doubleday, 1847) Danais limniace var. petiverana Doubleday, 1847 in Doubleday and Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 93 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London. Tirumala petiverana (Doubleday, 1847). Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984. Tirumala petiverana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 86mm. Lundi, S. Rh. 12-16.IV.1963. G. van Son. (Transvaal Museum - TM3723). Type locality: “Africa”. Diagnosis: Closest [superficially] to the Oriental species T. limniace (Cramer) (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Namibia (north), Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, to Zimbabwe (north), Mozambique, Botswana, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Gauteng - single records for both provinces). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon, et al., 2001). Cameroon – Rumpi Hills (Helps teste Larsen, 2005a). Tanzania – East, north and west (Kielland, 1990). Zambia – Kabompo River; Mwinilunga; Mpongwe; Mufulira; Mwekera; Ndola; Mumbwa; Chisamaba; Mount Makulu (Heath, et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Dichwe Farm, near Chinhoyi (Pringle, et al., 1994); Hibernian Mine (Stevenson); Hwange (Stevenson); Lomagundi (Stevenson); Mutare (Sheppard); Penhalonga (Pinhey); Harare (Pinhey); Rutenga (Van Son); lower Vumba Mountains (Paré). Namibia – Katima Mulilo in the Caprivi (Pringle, et al., 1994); Kombat (S. Braine); Andara (Gaerdes). Limpopo Province – near Chuniespoort (Stevenson); Pietersburg (Wannenburg). Gauteng – Randburg (Thamm). Common names: Dappled monarch; blue monarch; African blue tiger. Habitat: Open forest, disturbed areas in the main forest zone and moist savanna. In Tanzania, at altitudes from 400 to 1 600 m (Kielland, 1990). Habits: The flight is usually high above the gound, fairly slow and relaxed, and swooping. Males mud-puddle and are sometimes also found on carnivore scats (Pringle, et al., 1994). Together with D. chrysippus, large numbers are sometimes found feeding from flowering acacia trees (Larsen, 1991). A frequent participant in mixed migrations (Larsen, 1968). Stoneham (1960) records regular east-west migrations in Trans-Nzoia, Kenya, in the early months of the year, just before the rains. Gregarious roosting is known to occur (Pringle, et al., 1994). Groups of up to thirty, together with species of Amauris, quasi-aestivate during extended dry periods (Larsen, 2005a). They have sometimes been caught in banana-baited traps, probably in search of water rather than alcohol (Larsen, 2005a). Graphium leonidas and Euxanthe eurinome are probably mimics of Tirumala petiverana (Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: Southern African records are for February to May (Pringle, et al., 1994) but further north it flies in every month of the year. Early stages: Rogers and Van Someren, 1925: 30 (J. E. Afr. Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc. 21: 30). Egg pale creamy white; laid on underside of leaves of a “creeper”; tall, oval; longitudinal ndribs and transverse ridges. Larva from 2 instar whitish with narrow brownish transverse lines; each segment with broad white band at anterior edge; legs blackish, each with a couple of large white spots at their bases; head black with a white trident; two pairs of fleshy filaments, placed on rdndth3 (2, vide Van Son, 1955: 8) and 11 segments, dorsally, as in D. chrysippus (incorrect vide Van Son, 1955: 8 – chrysippus has three pairs of processes). Pupa pale translucent green, similar in shape to other danaines but more angled dorsally; golden spots along the line of the abdominal angle, dorsothoracic ridge, wing cases and head case; once imago has emerged pupal case is clear and transparent. Ackery and Vane-Wright, 1984 [larva]. Larval food: Pergularia extensa (= Daemia extensa) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Hoya species (Asclepiadaceae) [Sevastopulo, cited by Pringle, et al., 1994: 48]. Marsdenia species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Daemia species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. leonora Butler, 1866 (as sp. of Danais). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 51 (43-59). Angola. phrynichus Fruhstorfer, 1910 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as ssp. of Danaida melissa). Die Gross- Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 203 (614 pp.). [Africa]: “Collingwood Bay, in the northern part of British New Guinea”. [False locality.] septentrionides Stoneham, 1958 (as f. of Danais limniace). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (71): [1] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “Malindi, Kenya Coast”. Genus Amauris Hübner, 1816 In: Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 14 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio niavius Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 108 (91-293).). An exclusively Afrotropical genus containing 16 species. Subgenus Amauris Hübner, 1816 In: Hübner, [1816-26]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 14 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio niavius Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 108 (91-293).). Amauris (Amauris) niavius (Linnaeus, 1758) th Papilio niavius Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10 edition: 470 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Amauris niavius niavius. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 84mm. Kinda, Katanga, Congo Belge. April 1959. R. Badham. (Transvaal Museum - TM3723). Type locality: [West Africa]: “Indiis”. [False locality.] Distribution: Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke, et al., 1999). There is also a single record for the Seychelles (Legrand, 1965). Common name: Friar; common friar. Habitat: Drier forest and disturbed areas in the rainforest zone, penetrating savanna in riverine vegetation. Occasionally in primary rainforest (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 600 m and ssp. dominicanus from sea-level to 2 340 m (Kielland, 1990). Habits: The flight is slow and gliding. Males are strongly attracted to Heliotropium indicum (Boraginaceae) from which they imbibe pyrrolizidine alkaloids, especially from the roots of plants that have been dug up (Sevastopulo, 1974; Larsen, 2005a). Gynura (Asteraceae) and Gliricidia (Fabaceae) are also used by males as a source of alkaloids (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (1991; 2005a) notes communal roosting, during dry periods, of a few individuals with larger numbers of A. ochlea in the Shimba Hills, Kenya. Both sexes are strongly attracted to flowers and males sometimes come to water, excrement and carrion. Important mimics are females of Papilio dardanus and both sexes of Hypolimnas anthedon. Flight period: All year. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Bull. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Marsdenia species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 259]. Cynanchum species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 259]. Secamone species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 259]. Tylophora species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 259]. Amauris (Amauris) niavius niavius (Linnaeus, 1758) thPapilio niavius Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10 edition: 470 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Amauris niavius niavius. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 84mm. Kinda, Katanga, Congo Belge. April 1959. R. Badham. (Transvaal Museum - TM3723). Type locality: [West Africa]: “Indiis”. [False locality.] Diagnosis: The subspecies dominicanus is distinguished from the nominate subspecies by the more extensive white markings on the upperside of the hindwing (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west and central), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north), Namibia (north). Specific localities: Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon, et al., 2001). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Tanzania – Western portions of Mpanda, Kigoma and Bukoba (Kielland, 1990). Zambia – Ikelenge; Mufulira; Luongo River; Kalungwishi River; Lake Mweru; Mbala (Heath, et al., 2002). Nambia – Namutoni (Ficq; single record). obliterata Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Amauris niavius niavius). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 17: 193 (192-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo belge”. Amauris (Amauris) niavius aethiops Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 Amauris niavius aethiops Rothschild & Jordan, 1903. Novitates Zoologicae 10: 503 (491-542). Type locality: Ethiopia: “Anderatscha”. Distribution: Sudan (south), Uganda (north), Ethiopia. partita Talbot, 1941 (as f. of Amauris niavius niavius). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 77: 210 (210-216). Sudan: “Didinga Mtns., Nagichot Sta.”. Amauris (Amauris) niavius dominicanus Trimen, 1879 Amauris dominicanus Trimen, 1879. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1879: 323 (323- 346). Amauris niavius dominicanus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 90mm. Durban. 10.8.1906. G.F. Leigh. (Transvaal Museum - TM3724). Type locality: South Africa: “Natal”; Mozambique: “Quilimane”; “Zambesi”. Diagnosis: Subspecies dominicanus is distinguished from the nominate subspecies by the more extensive white markings on the upperside of the hindwing (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: Kenya (east of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (east, north, south-west), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland (Duke, et al., 1999). A single record from the Seychelles (Mahé island) (Legrand, 1965). Specific localities: Kenya – Marsabit; Nairobi; Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991). Tanzania – Eastern, northern and south-western parts (Kielland, 1990). Zambia – Mafinga Mountains (Heath, et al., 2002). Limpopo Province – Legalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Sodwana Bay (Williams). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Note: Specimens in Trans-Nzoia, Kenya are transitional between ssp. niavius and dominicanus (Larsen, 1991). Amauris (Amauris) tartarea Mabille, 1876 Amauris egialea var. tartarea Mabille, 1876. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 1: 199 (194-203, 274-281). Amauris tartarea tartarea. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 81mm. Angola (?). (Transvaal Museum - TM3727). Type locality: Angola [Cabinda]: “Landana”. Diagnosis: The amount of white on the hindwing upperside is extremely variable (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia. Common names: Monk; dusky friar. Habitat: Forest of various types, from wet to dry. Also in woodland (Kielland, 1990). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 700 m; ssp. damoclides from sea-level to 2 000 m; ssp. tukuyuensis is found from 1 100 to 1 600 m (Kielland, 1990). Habits: Not particularly common but not as scarce as A. hecate (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is slow and leisurely but often high up in the tree-tops. Males may be found mud-puddling (Pringle, et al., 1994). Both sexes are attracted to flowers (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (1991) noted hundreds in a communal roost in Nigeria, during the dry season. There were also lesser numbers of two other species of Amauris, Tirumala petiverana and Danaus chrysippus present in this roost. Males imbibe pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium (Boraginaceae), especially from the roots of dug-up plants (Larsen, 2005a). It is mimicked by Hypolimnas anthedon (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Ackery and Vane-Wright, 1984 [larva]. Larval food: Asclepiadaceae [Kielland, 1990: 75]. Brassica species (Brassicaceae) [(Burkina Faso). Probably erroneous (Larsen, 2005a)]. Amauris (Amauris) tartarea tartarea Mabille, 1876 Amauris egialea var. tartarea Mabille, 1876. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 1: 199 (194-203, 274-281). Amauris tartarea tartarea. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 81mm. Angola (?). (Transvaal Museum - TM3727). Type locality: Angola [Cabinda]: “Landana”. Distribution: Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Zambia, Botswana (single record from north-east), Namibia (single record). Specific localities: Ghana – Ankasa (Larsen, 2005a). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon, et al., 2001). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Tanzania – From Mpanda to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990). Nambia – Kombat (Braine; single specimen – probably a dispersant). Botswana – Shakawe (Duke; single specimen – probably a dispersant). Zambia – Ikelenge; Kasangezhi; Mufulira; Ndola (Heath, et al., 2002). psyttalea Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Amauris). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 189 (189-206). Ghana: “Aburi”. gabunica Aurivillius, 1881 (as var. of Amauris damocles). Entomologisk Tidskrift 2: 39 (38-47). Gabon: “Fran Gaboon”. bulbifera Grose-Smith, 1887 (as sp. of Amauris). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 19: 369 (369). Cameroon: “Cameroons”. albidior Staudinger, 1896 (as var. of Amauris damocles). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 8: 368 (366-379). Gabon: “Gabun”. mozarti Suffert, 1904 (as sp. of Amauris). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 13 (12-107). Cameroon: “Ebea, Camerun”. reata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Amauris tartarea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 13 (12-107). Cameroon: “Camerun”; Togo. intermedia Grünberg, 1911 (as ab. of Amauris psyttalea). Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907-1908. 3 (17): 506 (506-560), 4 pls. Leipzig. Uganda: “W. Victoria-Nyanza, Budda-Wald”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kiwu See, Insel Kwidschwi”. bibundana Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Amauris damocles). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 140 (138-151). Cameroon: “Bibundi”. tartaroides Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Amauris damocles). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 140 (138-151). Cameroon: “Unikum von Bibundi”; Equatorial Guinea: “Makomo, Campogebiet, Alen Benitogebiet”. bassana Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Amauris damocles). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 140 (138-151). Cameroon: “Bakoko-Bassagebiet”. psyttaloides Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Amauris damocles). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.7.): 140 (138-151). Cameroon: “Makomo und Bibundi”. vansomereni Bryk, 1937 (as ssp. of Amauris psyttalea). In: Bryk, F., Lepidopterorum Catalogus 28 (78): 203 (1-432). „s-Gravenhage. No locality given. lagai Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Amauris psyttalea vansomereni). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 17: 193 (192-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Djamba, Uélé”. palisotea Stoneham, 1958 (as f. of Amauris tartarea). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (71): [2] ([3 pp.]). No locality given. steropes Stoneham, 1958 (as f. of Amauris tartarea). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (71): [2] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “Malawa Forest”. Amauris (Amauris) tartarea damoclides Staudinger, 1896 Amauris damocles var. damoclides Staudinger, 1896. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 8: 367 (366- 379). Amauris tartarea damoclides. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 81mm. Naching?-Anda, Malawi. 14 Oct 1982. R.J. Dowsett No. 465. (Henning collection - H156). Type locality: Tanzania: “Dar-es-Salam”. Diagnosis: Upperside hindwing white patch larger than in nomonate subspecies and shows little variation in extent (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Kenya (south-east), Tanzania (east and north), Malawi, Zambia (north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Rau Groundwater Forest Reserve, Moshi; Kahe Forest Reserve, south of Moshi (Cordeiro, 1995). Zambia – Mbala; Chinsali; Lufubu River (Heath, et al., 2002). lecerfi Boullet, 1913 (as sp. of Amauris). Bulletin de Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris 19: 342 (342-343). Tanzania: “Afrique orientale allemande”. amplificata Joicey and Talbot, 1925 (as ab. of Amauris damocles damoclides). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 16: 643 (633-653). Tanzania: “Lindi”. Amauris (Amauris) tartarea tukuyuensis Kielland, 1990 Amauris tartarea tukuyuensis Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 75 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: “Tukuyu, Musekera”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. Description: “Male. H.w. white area larger than in ssp. tartarea, and smaller than in ssp. damoclides, extending from one-third to half-way of the length of vein 2 from its base (in tartarea at the most less than one-third; in damoclides in most cases over half-way); the extent of the white area covers less than half the length of vein 4 from its base (in damoclides half the length or over; in tartarea at the most one-third of the length, but usually much less). Androconial patch as in the other races. The narrow white sub-basal spot in space 1b of the f.w. reduced to almost lacking in the males; the long white streak in 1a prominent as in damoclides. Length of f.w. 43.5 mm. Female. As the male, but f.w. white streak in 1a prominent. Length of f.w. 43 mm.” Diagnosis: Extent of upperside hindwing white patch intermediate between the nominate subspecies and ssp. damoclides, and showing very little variation in extent (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Tanzania (south-west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Musekera Tea Plantation south of Tukuyu; Rungwe Mission in Tukuyu Diatrict (Kielland, 1990). Note: Larsen (2005a) states that ssp. tukuyuensis is doubtfully distinct from ssp. damoclides Subgenus Amaura Geyer, [1837] In: Hübner, J., Zuträge sur Sammlung exotische Schmetterlinge 5: 39 (52 pp.). Rennes. Type-species: Danais phaedone Godart, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1943. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 12: 23 (23-30).). = Conoploea Guenée, 1865. In: Vinson, A., Voyage à Madagascar au Couronnement de Radama II 27 (25-48). Paris. Type-species: Danais phaedone Godart, by monotypy. = Cadytis Moore, 1883. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 226 (201-324). Type-species: Danais vashti Butler, by monotypy. = Berethis Moore, 1883. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 228 (201-324). Type-species: Papilio phoedon Fabricius, by monotypy. = Nebroda Moore, 1883. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 228 (201-324). Type-species: Papilio echeria Stoll, by original designation. = Amaurina Aurivillius, 1910. In: Sjöstedt, B. Y., Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schweidischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebeden Massaisteppen Deutsch-OstAfrikas 1905-1906. 2 (9): 2 (56 pp.). Stockholm. Type-species: Amauris ansorgei Sharpe, by subsequent designation (Bryk, 1937. In: Bryk, F., Lepidopterorum Catalogus 28 (78): 183 (1-432). „s- Gravenhage.). [Invalid; junior homonym of Amaurina Kolbe, 1895.] = Panamauris Bryk, 1937. In: Bryk, F., Lepidopterorum Catalogus 28 (78): 183 (1-432). „s-Gravenhage. [Replacement name for Amaurina Aurivillius.] = Egialea Hemming, 1964. Annotationes lepidopterologicae (Part 4): 145 (145-146). Type-species: Papilio damocles Fabricius, by original designation. Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata Butler, 1875 Amauris echeria var. albimaculata Butler, 1875. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 16: 394 (394- 420). Type locality: South Africa: “Natal”. Diagnosis: As the specific name implies, the forewing spots are always pure white; those in A. echeria often have an ochreous tinge. In addition the palps, below, have a white stripe in albimaculata and a white spot in echeria (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland. Common name: Layman; Layman friar. Habitat: Forest. In Tanzania ssp. hanningtoni occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 800 m, ssp. interposita from 1 200 to 2 600 m, and ssp. latifascia from 1 000 to 2 200 m (Kielland, 1990). Habits: The flight is slow and lazy, unless it is disturbed. It normally flies high up but comes down to feed from flowers. Males mud-puddle and are also attracted by animal dung (Larsen, 1991). Males often select perches to which they return following short flights (Pringle, et al., 1994). Flight period: All year. In southern Africa they are commonest in the late summer months (Pringle, et al., 1994). Early stages: Rogers and Van Someren, 1925. Clark, in Van Son, 1955: 14. Egg – laid in neat clusters of 3-40 or more depending on size of foodplant; colour cream, changing to yellow and later to pale brown with a black top; 15-19 longitudinal ribs cross-braced by 16-17 fine ribs; size variable but average 1.0 mm diameter by 1.5 mm high; egg stage about 7 stdays. 1 instar larva – eats way out of shell near top and consumes shell; 3 mm long; pale chocolate with black spines and black head and a pair of dark brown elongated moles on each of segments 2, 3, 5, 10 and 11; shortly after consuming shell larva develops a sudorsal row of yellow nddots; larvae cluster together and feed on surface of leaf; grow to 5 mm in 4 days. 2 instar larva – still gregarious but feed on edge of leaf; black with black head; subdorsal row of spots; spot on first wrinkle small and white, no spot on second; third, fourth an fifth each with a yellow spot; these spots modified or displaced on segments that bear the black processes (which have strddeveloped from the elongated moles of the 1 instar); grow to 8.5 mm in 4 days. 3 instar larva ththgrows to 16 mm in 3-4 days. 4 instar larva grows to 22 mm in 3-6 days. 5 (final) instar larva grows to 33 mm (males) or 36 mm (females) in 6 days. Pupa – 20-22 mm long; pale yellow with greyish brown markings dorsally and a row of brown spots laterally; pupal stage about 15 days. Larval food: Cynanchum chirindense S. Moore (Asclepiadaceae) [Swynnerton, cited by Platt, 1921?]. Tylophora anomala N.E. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) [Platt (1921) cited by Van Son, 1955: 16; Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Tylophora stolzii (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Marsdenia racemosa (= latifolia Schum.) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Marsdenia angolensis N.E. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Gymnema species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 261]. Secamone species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 261]. Cynanchum natalitium Schltr. (Asclepiadaceae) [Williams, in Pringle, et al., 1994: 49]. Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata albimaculata Butler, 1875 Amauris echeria var. albimaculata Butler, 1875. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 16: 394 (394- 420). Type locality: South Africa: “Natal”. Diagnosis: Compared to the nominate subspecies ssp. chirindana has the yellow band on the hindwing a little narrower (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: Mozambique (south), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. Specific localities: Limpopo Province – Legalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata chirindana Talbot, 1941 Amauris albimaculata chirindana Talbot, 1941. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 77: 211 (210-216). Type locality: Zimbabwe: “Gazaland, Melstetter, 3800 ft, Mt Chirinda (forest)”. Diagnosis: Compared to the nominate subspecies ssp. chirindana has the yellow band on the hindwing a little narrower (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: Mozambique (west), Zimbabwe (east). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Trelawney (Pringle, et al., 1994). Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata hanningtoni Butler, 1888 Amauris hanningtoni Butler, 1888. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1888: 91 (91-98). Type locality: Tanzania: “Hills of Terta”. Diagnosis: Hindwing upperside band whitish (seldom yellowish) (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Somalia (south), Kenya (east, south-east), Tanzania (east). Specific localities: Kenya – Teita Hills; Mt Sagala; Chyulu Hills; Kasigau; Dabida; Voi; coast (Larsen, 1991). Tanzania – Usambara Mountains; North and South Pare Mountains (Kielland, 1990). virginalis Köhler, 1923 (as sp. of Hirsutis). Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie 18 (Sonderbeilage): 19 (34 pp.). [East Africa]: “Missiones”. [False locality.] Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata intermedians Hulstaert, 1926 Amauris intermedians Hulstaert, 1926. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 14: 60 (60-63). Type locality: Cameroon: “Kamerun”. Distribution: Cameroon. Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata interposita Talbot, 1940 Amauris albimaculata interposita Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 327 (319-336). Type locality: Tanzania: “West Kilimanjaro”. Diagnosis: Hindwing upperside band yellowish and relatively narrow (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Kenya (central and west), Tanzania (north - Mt Meru and western Kilimanjaro). Specific localities: Tanzania – Northern Highlands, including Mount Kwaraha, the Mbulu Mountains, Oldeani-Ngorongoro, Mount Meru, Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Longido (Kielland, 1990). Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata latifascia Talbot, 1940 Amauris albimaculata latifascia Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 327 (319-336). Amauris albimaculata latifascia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 66mm. N.E. Zambia. Mbala. 29.III.1970. J.C. Little. (Newport Collection). Amauris albimaculata latifascia. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 74mm. Tanzania. Mufindi, Kigoga. 25.III.1982. Jan Kielland. (Newport Collection). Type locality: Malawi: “Mt Mlange”. Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (north). Specific localities: Tanzania – Southern and eastern Tanzania (excluding the Usambara and Pare Mountains), inland to the Rubeho Mountains, Ukaguru Mountains, Nguru Mountains and Nguu Mountains (Kielland, 1990). Zambia – Kundalila Falls; Kanona; Mpika; Shiwa Ngandu; Bwingi Mfumu; Mbala (Heath, et al., 2002). Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata magnimacula Rebel, 1914 Amauris albimaculata f. magnimacula Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 231 (219-294). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Rutschuru-Ebene, Urwalde Beni”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east - Ituri, Kivu), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (north-west). similis Joicey and Talbot, 1921 (as ssp. of Amauris egialea). Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 46 (40-166). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Rutschuri River, N. Kivu”. impar Aurivillius, 1922 (as var. of Amauris ?egialea). In: Rothschild, M., Extrait du voyage de M. le Baron Maurice de Rothschild en Ethiopie et Afrique Orientale Anglaise 335 (333-386). Paris. Uganda. semifascia Talbot, 1941 (as f. of Amauris albimaculata magnimacula). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 77: 212 (210-216). Uganda: “Mabira Forest”. Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata sudanica Talbot, 1940 Amauris albimaculata sudanica Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 328 (319-336). Type locality: Sudan: “South Sudan”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia. Amauris (Amaura) comorana Oberthür, 1897 Amauris comorana Oberthür, 1897. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1897: 191 (188-194). Type locality: Comoro Islands: “Grande-Comore”. First description of female, Turlin, 1994. Lambillionea 94 (2) (Tome I): 193 (189-200). Distribution: Comoro Islands (Grand Comore). Habitat: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Amauris (Amaura) crawshayi Butler, 1897 Amauris crawshayi Butler, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 821 (817-850). Type locality: Malawi: “Kapora, Songwe plain; Nkata Bay, W. coast of Lake Nyasa”. Diagnosis: Differs from A. echeria in that the hindwing upperside pale band reaches much closer to the base and the forewing apex is broadly rounded (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Cameroon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Probably misattributed to the Ghana fauna (see ssp. camerunica, below). Habitat: Forest. In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from 300 to 2 200 m and ssp. oscarus is found from 900 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Tylophora species (Asclepiadaceae) [Kielland, 1990: 74]. Marsdenia species (Asclepiadaceae) [Kielland, 1990: 74]. Cynanchum species (Asclepiadaceae) [Kielland, 1990: 74]. Gymnema species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 261]. Secamone species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 261]. Tylophora anomala (Asclepiadaceae) [Heath, et al., 2002: 49]. Amauris (Amaura) crawshayi crawshayi Butler, 1897 Amauris crawshayi Butler, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 821 (817-850). Type locality: Malawi: “Kapora, Songwe plain; Nkata Bay, W. coast of Lake Nyasa”. Distribution: Malawi (north), Tanzania (south and south-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – South and south-eastern parts of the country, west to Tukuyu and as far north as Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990). alba Neustetter, 1916 (as var. of Amauris echeria). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 96 (95-108). “Ost-Afrika”. Amauris (Amaura) crawshayi angola Bethune-Baker, 1914 Amauris angola Bethune-Baker, 1914. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1914: 336 (314- 337). Type locality: Angola: “[“N?Dalla Tando, N. Angola”]. Distribution: Angola. Amauris (Amaura) crawshayi camerunica Joicey & Talbot, 1925 Amauris lobengula camerunica Joicey & Talbot, 1925. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 16: 643 (633-653). Type locality: Ghana: “Gold Coast”. Probably a false locality (Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984). A co-type is from Cameroon (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Ghana, to Cameroon. The Ghana record is doubtful (Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984). Amauris (Amaura) crawshayi oscarus Thurau, 1904 Amauris echeria var. oscarus Thurau, 1904. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 301 (301-314). Type locality: Uganda: “S. Albert-Nyansa”. Distribution: Kenya (west), Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Kenya – Tiriki; Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991). Tanzania – Ntakatta Forest; Kemfu Forest; Mihumu Forest (rare in all) (Kielland, 1990). Note: Kielland (1990: 75) and Larsen (1991: 261) treat oscarus as a distinct species. prominens Grünberg, 1908 (as var. of Amauris echeria). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1908: 50 (50-62). Uganda. reducta Aurivillius, 1922 (as var. of Amauris crawshayi). Arkiv för Zoologi 14 (5): 3 (27 pp.). Uganda: “Entebbe”. Amauris (Amaura) crawshayi simulator Talbot, 1926 Amauris echeria simulator Talbot, 1926: 226. [? No reference given in Ackery, et al., 1995.] Amauris crawshayi simulator. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 74mm. R. Luena Lubudi, Shaba, Zaire [D.R.C.]. 10/4/82. S.C. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kasango, Katanga, S.E. Congo; Kinda”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east - Shaba, Lulua, Maniema), Zambia. Specific localities: Zambia – A single record, by White, from Nchelenge (Lake Mweru) (Heath, et al., 2002). Amauris (Amaura) damocles (Fabricius, 1793) Papilio damocles Fabricius, 1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 41 (488 pp.). Type locality: [West Africa.] Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Tanzania. Common name: Small monk. Habitat: Dry forest and Guinea savanna, as well as disturbed areas in the rainforest zone (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Dry season roosts containing hundreds of specimens were found at Boabeng-Fiema in Ghana by Larsen. Occasionaly individuals from this roost would come to water or flowers before rejoining the roost (Larsen, 2005a). Males are attracted to shrimp-baited traps (Larsen, 2005a). One of the forms of Hypolimnas anthedon mimics this species. Early stages: Ackery and Vane-Wright, 1984 [larva and pupa]. Larval food: Possibly Pergularia species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 2005a; Oban Hills, Nigeria]. Relevant literature: Vane-Wright, R.I. 2003. Systematics and Biodiversity 1 (1): 3-11. [Key to semi-species] Amauris (Amaura) damocles damocles (Fabricius, 1793) Papilio damocles Fabricius, 1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 41 (488 pp.). Type locality: [West Africa.] Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). egialea Cramer, 1777 (as sp. of Papilio). Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America 2: 146 (151 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Sierra Leone: “la Côte de l?Afrique, à la Sierra Leona”. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Papilio egialea Cramer, [1777] (Pieridae).] punctata Dufrane, 1948 (as race of Amauris hyalites). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 17: 193 (192-194). Guinea: “Macenta”. Amauris (Amaura) damocles makuyensis Carcasson, 1964 Amauris egialia makuyensis Carcasson, 1964. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society & Coryndon Museum 24 (4): 66 (62-67). Type locality: Tanzania: “Makuyu, Kigoma”. Distribution: Tanzania (west). Amauris (Amaura) dannfelti Aurivillius, 1891 Amauris dannfelti Aurivillius, 1891. Entomologisk Tidskrift 12: 196 (193-228). Type locality: [Angola]: “Congo-Gebiete”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Habitat: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Amauris (Amaura) dannfelti dannfelti Aurivillius, 1891 Amauris dannfelti Aurivillius, 1891. Entomologisk Tidskrift 12: 196 (193-228). Type locality: [Angola]: “Congo-Gebiete”. Distribution: Angola. Amauris (Amaura) dannfelti restricta Talbot, 1940 Amauris dannfelti restricta Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 326 (319-336). Amauris dannfelti restricta. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 72mm. Kitwe, Zambia. 64.12.27. A.I. Curle. (Curle Trust Collection - 59). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga, Kambove”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east - Shaba, Maniema), Zambia (north). Specific localities: Zambia – Ikelenge; Mwinilunga; Solwezi; Chingola; Mufulira; Kitwe; Luapula River; Lake Bangweulu; Luwingu; Mbala (Heath, et al., 2002). Note: D?Abrera (1980) records this taxon from Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) but there are no verified records from southern Africa (Pringle, et al., 1994: 49). Amauris (Amaura) echeria (Stoll, 1790) Papilio echeria Stoll, 1790 in Stoll, [1787-90]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America [Supplement]: 135 [184 pp.]. Amsterdam. Type locality: South Africa: “Pais de Caffres”. Diagnosis: In A. albimaculata, as the specific name implies, the forewing spots are always pure white; those in A. echeria often have an ochreous tinge. In addition the palps, below, have a white stripe in albimaculata and a white spot in echeria (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland. Common name: Chief; chief friar. Habitat: Semi-montane and montane forest. In Tanzania ssp. meruensis occurs at altitudes from 1 400 to 2 600 m, ssp. serica from 400 to 2 200 m, and ssp. terrena from 1 200 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990). Habits: Often common where it occurs, flying slowly along forest edges and in clearings (Pringle, et al., 1994). Both sexes come to flowers readily. Males sometimes form large, tightly-packed, assemblages at damp patches and are also attracted to civet scats, horse manure and carrion (Larsen, 1991). It is a model for a number of palatable species, amongst others, Papilio dardanus, Papilio echerioides, Hypolimnas anthedon, and Pseudacraea deludens. Flight period: All year. In southern Africa it is commoner in the summer months (Pringle, et al., 1994). Early stages: Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 58 [as Amauris Echeria (Stoll); matterial ex Little Umhlanga, near Durban, KwaZulu-Natal]. Final instar larva and pupa, based on notes and drawings prepared by W.D. Gooch. “Larva. Black, with narrow blue and orange longitudinal stripes. Median dorsal stripe, ththfrom 5 to 13 segment, very narrow, bright blue; subdorsal lateral stripe interrupted, yellow-orange; spiracular stripe (superior) interrupted, pale-orange, (inferior) festooned on each segment, yellow-orange. Spiracles faintly ringed with light blue. Skin slightly rugose. Head smooth, black. ndFive pairs of rather short, divergent, subdorsal black filaments, springing respectively from the 2, thththth4, 6, 11 , and 12 segments.” “Pupa. Thick, short, gibbous, moderately angulated. Shining silvery-golden; the angles and points defined with markings of red and black. Attached by the tail only; imago disclosed on the sixteenth day.” Rogers and Van Someren, 1925. Clark, in Van Son, 1955: 18. Egg – laid singly; bright pale yellow, darkening slightly, with a black top as the black head of the larva develops; 1.1-1.24 mm in diameter by 1.8-1.95 mm high; 19-20 longitudinal ribs and st23-26 transverse ribs; egg stage about 6 days. 1 instar larva – eats way out near top of egg and consumes shell; 3 mm long; pale yellow with black head and black shield on first and final segments; setae black; five pairs of small conical brown projections on segments 2, 3, 5, 10 and 11 (develop into the long fleshy processes in later instars); setae mostly found on the first wrinkle on the centre of the lateral ridge of each segment; colour darkens and spots develop as instar ndprogresses; grows to 6 mm in 6 days. 2 instar larva – almost black with subdorsal row of yellow spots, those on third and fourth wrinkle very elongate and none present on second wrinkle; a lateral row of yellow spots, one per segment, and on the ridge there are two shoe-shaped spots; ventral portion dull yellow; prolegs with a brown shield; conical projections have now developed into long, fleshy, black processes covered with fine setae, giving them a velvety appearance; larva rdndfeeds on edge of leaf; grows to 9 or 10 mm in 5-7 days. 3 instar larva – very similar to 2 but there are more spots; a very small white spot has developed on the second wrinkle on the thsubdorsal line; grows to 15-16 mm in 5-7 days. 4 instar larva – a further development of the thspots; grows to 23-24 mm in 7 days. 5 (final) instar larva – spots now clearly set out, those on second wrinkle white, the remainder yellow except for two large white spots on the dorsum of segment 1; grows to 35-38 mm in 7-13 days; before pupating larva spins a silk pad, inserts cremastral hooks and hangs down in a loop. Pupa – about 20 mm long (female pupa slightly larger than male pupa); at first watery yellow with pale brown markings but after 2 days yellow portion acquires a mirror-like surface with a slight blue tint; some pupa have a gold colour; pupal stage about 16 days. Larval food: Tylophora anomala N.E. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) [Platt (1921) cited by Van Son, 1955: 18]. Cynanchum chirendense S. Moore (Asclepiadaceae) [Swynnerton, cited by Platt, 1921?]. Tylophora stolzii (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Marsdenia racemosa (= latifolia Schum.) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Marsdenia angolensis N.E. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) Bull. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Secamone africana (Oliv.) Bull. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Secamone parvifolia (Oliv.) Bull. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Gongronema species (Asclepiadaceae) [Heath, et al., 2002: 49]. Hoya species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Amauris (Amaura) echeria echeria (Stoll, 1790) Papilio echeria Stoll, 1790 in Stoll, [1787-90]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America [Supplement]: 135 [184 pp.]. Amsterdam. Type locality: South Africa: “Pais de Caffres”. Diagnosis: Subspecies lobengula has the hindwing yellow band broader than in the nominate subspecies (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province), Swaziland. Specific localities: Limpopo Province – Legalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoutpansberg Forests (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Margate (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953)Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953). Western Cape Province – Knysna (Swanepoel, 1953); George (Bridges). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). vaillantiana Godart, 1819 in Latreille and Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Danais). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 183 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. South Africa: “Cafrerie”. vaal Talbot, 1940 (as ssp. of Amauris echeria). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 328 (319-336). South Africa: “Eastern Transvaal”. Amauris (Amaura) echeria abessinica Schmidt, 1921 Amauris lobengula abessinica Schmidt, 1921. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 35: 32 (32-51). Type locality: Ethiopia [Eritrea]: “Asmara, Erytraea”. Distribution: Ethiopia (north), Eritrea. Amauris (Amaura) echeria chyuluensis van Someren, 1939 Amauris echeria chyuluensis van Someren, 1939. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 137 (130-151). Type locality: Kenya: “Chyulu Hills”. Distribution: Kenya (south-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Chyulu Hills; Teita Hills; Mt Sagala; Emali; Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Larsen, 1991). Amauris (Amaura) echeria contracta Talbot, 1940 Amauris echeria contracta Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 330 ( 319-336). Type locality: Kenya: “Hoey?s Bridge, nr. Cherangani Hills”. Distribution: Kenya (north-west). Specific localities: Kenya – Mt Elgon; Cherangani Hills; Nandi Escarpment; Kitale district (Larsen, 1991). Amauris (Amaura) echeria fernandina Schultze, 1914 Amauris fernandina Schultze, 1914. Entomologische Rundschau 31: 47 (47-48). Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Meeresstrande bei San Carlos im Süden der Insel Fernando-Poo”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). Amauris (Amaura) echeria jacksoni Sharpe, 1892 Amauris jacksoni Sharpe, 1892. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 633 (633-638). Type locality: Kenya: “Sotik, Kavirondo”. Distribution: Kenya (south-west), Uganda. Specific localities: Kenya – South Kavirondo; Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991). luxuriosa Talbot, 1940 (as f. of Amauris echeria jacksoni). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 329 (319-336). Uganda: “Lake Niri”. Amauris (Amaura) echeria katangae Neave, 1910 Amauris lobengula katangae Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 8 (2-86). Amauris echeria katangae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 70mm. Biano, Shaba, Zaire [D.R.C.]. 5/86. Th. Bouyer. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kambove, Katanga”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south - Shaba), Zambia. Specific localities: Zambia – Only known form a sight record by Heath, 100 km west of Kitwe (Heath, et al., 2002). Amauris (Amaura) echeria kikuyu Talbot, 1940 Amauris echeria kikuyu Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 329 (319-336). Type locality: Kenya: “Mt. Kenya, Manyuki to Meru”. Distribution: Kenya (central highlands). Specific localities: Kenya – Mt Kenya; Aberdares; Katamayu; Meru Forest; Nyambeni Hills (Larsen, 1991). Amauris (Amaura) echeria lobengula (Sharpe, 1890) Nebroda lobengula Sharpe, 1890. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 6: 346 (346-350). Type locality: Zimbabwe: “Matabele Land”. Diagnosis: Subspecies lobengula has the hindwing yellow band broader than in the nominate subspecies (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: Zimbabwe, Botswana (single record), Mozambique (south), Malawi (south - Mlanje). Amauris (Amaura) echeria meruensis Talbot, 1940 Amauris echeria meruensis Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 330 (319-336). Type locality: Tanzania: “Mt. Meru”. Distribution: Tanzania (north-central). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kilimanjaro; Mount Meru; Oldeani-Ngorongoro Highlands; Mbulu forests; Mount Kwaraha; Mount Lolkisale; Mount Longido (Kielland, 1990); Arusha; Moshi. Amauris (Amaura) echeria mongallensis Carpenter, 1928 Amauris lobengula mongallensis Carpenter, 1928. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 76: 35 (25-54). Type locality: Sudan: “Didinga”. Distribution: Sudan (south), Uganda (extreme north). imatongensis Talbot, 1941 (as ssp. of Amauris echeria). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 77: 213 (210-216). Sudan: “Lotti Forest”. Amauris (Amaura) echeria mpala Talbot, 1940 Amauris echeria mpala Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 329 (319-336). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mpala, west of Lake Tanganyika”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Tanganika). Amauris (Amaura) echeria occidentalis Schmidt, 1921 Amauris echeria occidentalis Schmidt, 1921. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 35: 33 (32-51). Type locality: Cameroon: “Nordwest-Kamerun, Babanki und Babungo”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (St Leger teste Larsen, 2005a). Amauris (Amaura) echeria septentrionis Poulton, 1924 Amauris lobengula septentrionis Poulton, 1924. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1924: 26 (25-29). Type locality: Kenya: “Marsabit, S.E. of Lake Rudolph”. Distribution: Kenya (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Mt Marsabit; Mt Kulal; Mt Nyiro (Larsen, 1991); Ewaso Ngiro River. Amauris (Amaura) echeria serica Talbot, 1940 Amauris echeria serica Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 332 (319-336). Amauris echeria serica. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 71mm. Kasyaola, Nyika, Malawi. 18 Jan 1982. R.J. Dowsett No. 255. (Henning collection - H161). Type locality: Tanzania: “Itumba”. Distribution: Tanzania (east and south), Malawi (north), Zambia (extreme north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Eastern parts, south to Songea and west to the Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990). Zambia – Nyika; Mafinga Mountains; Makutu Mountains (Heath, et al., 2002). Amauris (Amaura) echeria steckeri Kheil, 1890 Amauris steckeri Kheil, 1890. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 33: 393 (393-394). Type locality: Ethiopia: “Abessynia”. Distribution: Ethiopia (southern and western highlands), Sudan (adjoining Ethiopia). Amauris (Amaura) echeria terrena Talbot, 1940 Amauris echeria terrena Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 330 (319-336). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Masisi, N.W. Kivu”. Distribution: Uganda (west), Democratic Republic of Congo (east - Ituri, Kivu), Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Bukoba Region; Kigoma District; Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990). Amauris (Amaura) echeria whytei Butler, 1894 Amauris whytei Butler, 1894. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 644 (643-684). Type locality: Malawi: “Zomba”. Distribution: Malawi (south - Zomba Plateau). Amauris (Amaura) ellioti Butler, 1895 Amauris ellioti Butler, 1895. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 16: 122 (122-123). Type locality: “Ruwenzori, 5000-6000 feet”; “from Salt Lake to Wawamba Co.”. Diagnosis: Characterized by four conjoined spots beyond the end of the cell (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Habitat: Semi-montane forest. In Tanzania ssp. junia is found at altitudes from 1 100 to 2 400 m (Kielland, 1990). Habits: The flight is said to be characteristically buoyant (Larsen, 1991). Early stages: Van Someren, 1935. Larval food: Tylophora stolzii (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Tylophora anomala N.E. Brown (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Marsdenia racemosa (= latifolia Schum.) (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Cynanchum spp. (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Gymnema species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 261]. Secamone species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 261]. Gongronema latifolium (Asclepiadaceae) [Heath, et al., 2002: 49]. Amauris (Amaura) ellioti ellioti Butler, 1895 Amauris ellioti Butler, 1895. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 16: 122 (122-123). Type locality: “Ruwenzori, 5000-6000 feet”; “from Salt Lake to Wawamba Co.”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda (west), Rwanda, Burundi. styx Rebel, 1914 (as ab. of Amaurina ellioti). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 231 (219-294). Rwanda?: “Nordwesten des Tanganyika-Sees”. duponti Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Amaurina ellioti). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 17: 193 (192-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “mission norvégienne de Makawendé à environ 100 km. S.O. Costermansville, Kivu, 2500 à 3000 m altitude”. Amauris (Amaura) ellioti altumi van Someren, 1936 Amauris ansorgei altumi van Someren, 1936. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 12: 44 (147-199). Type locality: Kenya: “Katamyio River, Uplands”. Distribution: Kenya (east of the Rift Valley), Tanzania. Specific localities: Kenya – Nairobi; Aberdares; Mt Kenya (Larsen, 1991). Note: Larsen (1991: 261) is unsure to which subspecies of ellioti the populations on Ol?Doinyo Orok (near Namanga, Kenya) belong. Amauris (Amaura) ellioti ansorgei Sharpe, 1896 Amauris ansorgei Sharpe, 1896. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 18: 158 (158-159). Type locality: Uganda. Distribution: Uganda? (western slopes of Mt Elgon), Kenya (west of the Rift Valley). Specific localities: Kenya – Lumbwa; Nandi; Mt Elgon (Larsen, 1991). torrefacta Le Cerf, 1920 (as ab. of Amaurina ansorgei). Bulletin de Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris 26: 39 (39-40). Kenya: “Afrique Orientale britannique, Molo”. Amauris (Amaura) ellioti junia (Le Cerf, 1920) Amaurina ansorgei var. junia Le Cerf, 1920. Bulletin de Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris 26: 39 (39-40). Amauris ellioti junia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 80mm. Tanzania. Ukaguru Mtns, Mandege. 1900 m. 5.I.1986. Jan Kielland. (Newport Collection). Amauris ellioti junia. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 82mm. Tanzania. Uluguru Mtns, Bondwa. 1800 m. 4.I.1982. (Newport Collection). Type locality: Tanzania: “Afrique Orientale germanique, Mts. N?Guru”. Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies in that all the pale markings are white (orange in the nominate subspecies) (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Tanzania (north, central and southern highlands), Malawi (north), Zambia. Specific localities: Tanzania – Oldeani-Ngorongoro; Mount Meru; Mount Kilimanjaro; Uluguru Mountains; Songea; Mount Rungwe; Tukuyu (Kielland, 1990). Zambia – Mafinga Mountains; Nyika (Heath, et al., 2002). neavei Poulton, 1929 in Eltringham, et al., 1929 (as f. of Amauris echeria jacksoni). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 77: 475 (475-504). Tanzania: “Irungu, foot of Kifulufulu Mtn., Usanga Distr., Kilosa Rd.”. Amauris (Amaura) hecate (Butler, 1866) Danais hecate Butler, 1866. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 44 (43-59). Type locality: Ghana: “Ashanti”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia. Common name: Scarce monk. Habitat: All types of forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a scarce species, at least in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). Males are known to mud-puddle on forest roads (Congdon and Collins, 1998). Both sexes come to flowers (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Amauris (Amaura) hecate hecate (Butler, 1866) Danais hecate Butler, 1866. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 44 (43-59). Type locality: Ghana: “Ashanti”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Ghana – Aburi Botanical Gardens (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Kaduna (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Kenya – Kakamega Forest; South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991). Tanzania – Near Kere Hill, Minziro Forest (Congdon and Collins, 1998). dira Neave, 1904 (as sp. of Amauris). Novitates Zoologicae 11: 324 (323-363). Kenya: “Nyangori, Tiriki”. reducta Bartel, 1905 (as female f. of Amauris hecate). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 129 (129-152). Cameroon: “Kamerun (Victoria)”. bedoci Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Amauris hecate). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 17: 193 (192-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo belge”. lagai Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Amauris hecate). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 17: 193 (192-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Djamba, Uélé”. draedada Stoneham, 1958 (as f. of Amauris hecate). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (71): [2] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “Kakamega”. tenebrosa Stoneham, 1958 (as f. of Amauris hecate). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (71): [3] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “Kakamega”. expansa Stoneham, 1958 (as f. of Amauris hecate). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (71): [3] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “Kakamega”. Amauris (Amaura) hecate stictica Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 Amauris hecate stictica Rothschild & Jordan, 1903. Novitates Zoologicae 10: 504 (491-542). Type locality: Ethiopia: “Anderatscha”. Distribution: Ethiopia (south). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Anderatscha (TL). Amauris (Amaura) hyalites Butler, 1874 Amauris hyalites Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 209 (209-217). Amauris damocles hyalites Butler, 1874. Ackery et al., 1995: 273. Amauris hyalites Butler, 1874. Kielland, 1990: 74. Amauris hyalites Butler, 1874. D?Abrera, 1997: 188. Amauris hyalites. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 74mm. Mbunya, Zambia. 10 Nov 71. (Henning collection - H158). Type locality: Angola: “Ambriz”. Distribution: Cameroon (south), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania (west), Zambia (west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kigoma District, from Mahale Mountains in south to Mihumu Forest in north (Kielland, 1990). Kielland (1990: 74) treats the populations of A. hyalites in western Tanzania as belonging to ssp. makuyuensis Carcasson, 1964. Note: this taxon is not listed in Ackery, et al. (1995). Zambia – Ikelenge; Kazombo (Heath, et al., 2002). Habitat: Low to medium altitude forest. In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 600 m (Kielland, 1990). Habits: Males are attracted to wet sand (Kielland, 1990). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Asclepiadaceae [Kielland, 1990: 75]. difficilis Aurivillius, 1891 (as sp. of Amauris). Entomologisk Tidskrift 12: 194 (193-228). Gabon: “Gabun”. fenestrata Aurivillius, 1907 (as sp. of Amauris). Archiv för Zoologi 3 (19): 1 (7 pp.). Congo: “Französisches Congogebiet”. schubotzi Schultze, 1914 (as sp. of Amauris). Entomologische Rundschau 31: 47 (47-48). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Duma (Ubangi-Distrikt)”. lygia Hulstaert, 1924 (as sp. of Amauris). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 12: 476 (476-481). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Région de Sasa (Uele)”. Amauris (Amaura) inferna Butler, 1871 Amauris inferna Butler, 1871. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871: 79 (79-83). Type locality: “West Africa”. Diagnosis: Differs from A. hecate in that the androconial patch is pale (not blackish); forewing upperside with the two large hyaline spots always separate and the long axis of the larger spot at an angle to the inner margin, pointing down towards tornus (in hecate parallel to the inner margin) (Congdon and Collins, 1998). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Misattributed to the Ghana fauna by Berger (1981) (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Males are known to mud-puddle (Congdon and Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Amauris (Amaura) inferna inferna Butler, 1871 Amauris inferna Butler, 1871. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871: 79 (79-83). Type locality: “West Africa”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa). semvitrea Mabille, 1876 (as race of Amauris egialea). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 1: 198 (194-203, 274-281). No locality given. [Provisionally placed here by Ackery, et al., 1995: 275.] hecatoides Aurivillius, 1901 (as sp. of Amauris). Entomologisk Tidskrift 22: 113 (113- 128). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Banzyville, M?Boko, Roubi”. reuteri Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Amauris hecate). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 29: 29 (29-35). Cameroon: “Kamerun”. infernalis Strand, 1912 (as ab. of Amauris inferna). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 108 (107-123). Cameroon: “Ekona, Nlohe, Bodongo, Manjo, Bombe und Bakossu”. Amauris (Amaura) inferna discus Talbot, 1940 Amauris inferna discus Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 325 (319-336). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Upper Kasai District”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (west and central - Kwilu, Sankuru, Kisangami). Amauris (Amaura) inferna grogani Sharpe, 1901 Amauris grogani Sharpe, 1901. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 8: 278 (278-286). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mushari, 8000 feet”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east - north Kivu, Ituri), Uganda (extreme west). torleyi Hulstaert, 1926 (as sp. of Amauris). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 14: 61 (60-63). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Lulenga (Kivu)”. Amauris (Amaura) inferna moka Talbot, 1940 Amauris inferna moka Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 325 (319-336). Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Moka Bubi”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). Amauris (Amaura) inferna uganda Talbot, 1940 Amauris inferna uganda Talbot, 1940. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 325 (319-336). Type locality: Uganda: “Between Seziwa River and Kampala”. Distribution: Uganda (except extreme west), Tanzania (north-west - single specimen from Kere Hill). Specific localities: Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Kielland, vide Congdon and Collins, 1998; single male). aurivilliana Bryk, 1937 (as f. of Amauris egialea). In: Bryk, F., Lepidopterorum Catalogus 28 (78): 191 (1-432). „s-Gravenhage. Uganda. Amauris (Amaura) nossima (Ward, 1870) Danais nossima Ward, 1870. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 6: 225 (224-228). Type locality: Madagascar. Taxonomy: The different forms of this species on Madagascar require re-examination from a geographic, genetic and conservation perspective. Some phenotypically distinctive populations may be highly threatened, if not already extinct (Lees et al., 2003). Distribution: Madagascar, Comoro Islands (Mayotte). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. interrupta Boullet, 1912 (as var. of Amauris nossima). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1912: 381 (381-382). Madagascar: “Vohémar, Madagascar”. conjuncta Boullet, 1913 (as var. of Amauris nossima). Bulletin de Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris 19: 343 (342-343). No locality given. defasciata Röber, 1937 (as ssp. of Amauris nossima). Entomologische Rundschau 54: 298 (298). Madagascar: “Madagaskar, Tananarive. disjuncta Talbot, 1940 (as f. of Amauris nossima). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 323 (319-336). Madagascar. Apparently this form is confined to the 800-1000 m elevational belt of Montagne d?Ambre (Turlin, 1994: 192). This appears to represent the only extant population of this form (Lees et al., 2003). antsingyi Paulian, 1956 (as f. of Amauris nossima). Faune de Madagascar 2: 7 (102 pp.). Madagascar: “Madagascar Ouest: Antsingy, 63 km Est de Maintirano, July 1949”. Lees et al., 2003 state that this taxon requires critical re-examination. Amauris (Amaura) ochlea (Boisduval, 1847) Euploea ochlea Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 589 (585-602). Type locality: South Africa: “Baie de Port-Natal”. Distribution: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke, et al., 1999), Comoro Islands. Common name: Novice; novice friar. Habitat: Forest and coastal woodland. In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from sea-level to 1 000 m and ssp. bumilleri from 600 to 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990). Habits: The flight is slow, and often high up. Both sexes are very fond of flowers (Pringle, et al., 1994). Large numbers of individuals sometimes roost communally (Larsen, 1991). Flight period: All year. In southern Africa it is scarce during the winter months (Pringle, et al., 1994). Early stages: Rogers and Van Someren, 1925: 35. Egg creamy white; tall, oval; pointed at upper end; longitudinal ribs and numerous transverse ridges. Clark, in Van Son, 1955: 12. Egg laid singly on underside of leaf; 1.0-1.2 mm diameter by 2.0-2.3 mm high; 18-20 longitudinal ribs connected by 23-25 cross-ridges; pale cream changing to pale yellow, then brown stwith black top; egg stage 3-8 days. 1 instar larva – eats way out near top of egg and consumes shell; 3 mm long; pale brown; feeds on surface and later on edge of leaf; grows to 7 mm long; group of six setae on first wrinkle but may have an additional small seta in front of no. 5 from top; may also be an additional small seta to the general group of three on the ridge; duration 4 days; ndwhite spots of next instar develop towards end of first instar. 2 instar larva – blackish with subdorsal row of white spots, one on each wrinkle except second, on central segments, but these spots interrupted on sements 2, 3, 5, 10 and 11; a single white spot on the third wrinkle on the lateral line; two white spots at extremes of each segment on a spiracular line and two elongated spots on the ridge; ventral portion brown to dull yellow; prolegs with black shields and jet-black rdspines; cuticle velvety, furry; duration 4-5 days; grows to 11 mm. 3 instar larva – more white spots develop on each line; lateral line wavy; upper portion of body blackish, ventral portion light thbrown, interrupted by lighter cross stripes; duration 3-4 days; grows to 17 mm. 4 instar larva – rdstill more development of spots, otherwise as in 3 instar; duration 4-6 days; grows to 23-25 mm. thth5 (final) instar larva – very similar to 4 instar but paler ventrally; fleshy processes on segments st2, 3, 5, 10 and 11, which have developed from small brown moles of 1 instar, are now long, tapered, flexible projections coated with fine fur similar to to that on upper portion of the body, where there are a few scattered small black setae; spiracles and head jet-black; duration 9 days; grows to 38-40 mm. Pupa – 20 mm long; at first translucent golden yellow, developing yellow-brown markings which turn brown after 2 days; remainder turns to mirror-like silver, sometimes with a touch of gold; twin black spots develop on each side and those on upper abdominal portion have a half-moon of salmon; markings turn black before emergence; pupal stage 17 days. Larval food: Tylophora anomala N. E. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) [Platt (1921) cited by Van Son, 1955: 16]. Cynanchum chirindense S. Moore (Asclepiadaceae) [Swynnerton, cited by Platt, 1921]. Tylophora stolzii (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Cynanchum abyssinicum Decnesi (Asclepiadaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324; as C. abyssinica]. Gymnema species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 259]. Marsdenia species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 259]. Secamone species (Asclepiadaceae) [Larsen, 1991: 259]. Cynanchum natalitium Schltr. (Asclepiadaceae) [Pringle, et al., 1994: 49]. Amauris (Amaura) ochlea ochlea (Boisduval, 1847) Euploea ochlea Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 589 (585-602). Type locality: South Africa: “Baie de Port-Natal”. Diagnosis: Differs from other subspecies in that the forewing upperside discal band is not divided (Kielland, 1990). Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (eastern border), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland (Duke, et al., 1999). Specific localities: Tanzania – Coastal parts, inland to Uluguru Mountains, Nguru Mountains and Uzungwa scarp (Kielland, 1990). Zimbabwe – Bulawayo (M. Gardiner; single record); Ngundu Halt (Mullin); Pungwe Bridge (Mullin); Chiredzi River (Mullin); Shamva (Paré) (Pringle, et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Pafuri (Pringle, et al., 1994); Mpaphuli N.R. Mpumalanga – KwaZulu-Natal – Margate (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Mtubatuba (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Amauris (Amaura) ochlea affinis Aurivillius, 1911 Amauris ochlea var. affinis Aurivillius, 1911 in Seitz, 1908-25. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 75 (614 pp.). Type locality: Comoro Islands: “Gross-Comoro (Comoren); Anjouan (Comoren)”. Distribution: Comoro Islands (except Mayotte). comorana Aurivillius, 1909 (as var. of Amauris ochleides). In: Voeltzkow, A., Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903-1905 2: 312 (309-348). Stuttgart. Comoro Islands: “Gross- Comoro (Comoren); Anjouan (Comoren)”. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Amauris comorana Oberthür, 1897 [Danainae].] valens Talbot, 1940 (as f. of Amauris ochlea affinis). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 323 (319-336). Comoro Islands. spatiosa Talbot, 1940 (as f. of Amauris ochlea affinis). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 90: 323 (319-336). Comoro Islands: “Des Comores”. Amauris (Amaura) ochlea bumilleri Lanz, 1896 Amauris bumilleri Lanz, 1896. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 8: 380 (380). Amauris ochlea bumilleri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 66mm. Tanzania. Masukulu, Tukuyu. 650 m. 28.V.1984. Jan Kielland. (Newport Collection). Type locality: Tanzania: “Nyasa-See, Tanganjika-See, Parumbira”. Distribution: Malawi (north), Tanzania (south-west), Zambia. Specific localites: Tanzania – Tukuya; lower slopes of Mount Rungwe (Kielland, 1990). Zambia – A single record from “Kawambwa” (near Lake Mweru) (Heath, et al., 2002). Note: Heath, et al. (2002: 48) doubt that ssp. bumilleri Lanz is subspecifically distinct from the nominate subspecies but make no formal taxonomic change. Amauris (Amaura) ochlea darius Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 Amauris ochleides darius Rothschild & Jordan, 1903. Novitates Zoologicae 10: 503 (491-542). Type locality: Ethiopia: “Anderatscha”. Distribution: Ethiopia (south), Somalia (south), Kenya (north - Meru, Mt Kulal). Specific localities: Kenya – Meru; Mt. Kulal; Marsabit (Larsen, 1991). Amauris (Amaura) ochlea moya Turlin, 1994 Amauris ochlea moya Turlin, 1993 and Turlin, 1994. Lambillionea 93 (4) (Tome I): 361 (345-361) and Lambillionea 94 (2) (Tome I): 190 (189-200). Type locality: Comoro Islands: “Lac Dzialandzé, Anjouan, Comores (VI.1998 R. Viossat).” Holotype in MNHN, Paris. Distribution: Comoro Islands. Amauris (Amaura) ochlea ochleides Staudinger, 1896 Amauris ochleides Staudinger, 1896. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 8: 366 (366-379). Type locality: Ethiopia [Eritrea]: “Erythraea, Abessinien”. Distribution: Ethiopia (north), Eritrea. Amauris (Amaura) phoedon (Fabricius, 1798) Papilio phoedon Fabricius, 1798. Supplementum entomologiae systematica 423 (572 pp.). Hafniae. Type locality: Mauritius: “Isle de France”. Distribution: Mauritius. Recorded, erroneously, from Madagascar by Viette, 1995 (Lees et al., 2003). Diagnosis: More closely resembles a species of Euploea than a species of Amauris. Habitat: Found all over the island but especially common in the south-west, near the Le Morne peninsula (Davis & Barnes, 1991). Most plentiful in areas of coastal vegetation containing the tree Tournefortia argentea, which it appears to utilize as a source of pyrollizidine alkaloids (Davis & Barnes, 1991). Habits: In Mauritius specimens have been noted imbibing exudations from the ends of broken branches lying on the ground, belonging to the tree Tournefortia argentea L. (Boraginaceae), presumably for the pyrollizidine alkaloids that may be present in the exudations (Davis & Barnes, 1991). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Tylophora asthmatica Wight (Asclepiadaceae) [Vinson, 1938]. phaedone Godart, 1819 in Latreille and Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Danais). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 183 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. [An unjustified emendation of Papilio phoedon Fabricius.] phaedon Doubleday, 1847 in Doubleday and Westwood, [1846-52] (as sp. of Danais). The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 91 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London. [An unjustified emendation of Papilio phoedon Fabricius.] Amauris (Amaura) vashti (Butler, 1869) Danais vashti Butler, 1869. Cistula Entomologica 1: 1 (1-16). Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL); Okwangwo (M. Newport teste Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Democratic Republic of Congo – Aruwimi River in central DRC (Kielland, 1990). Tanzania – Kasye Forest at 900 m (Kielland, 1990; single male). Common name: Priest; odd friar. Habitat: Lowland forest. Habits: A scarce and localized species, which appears to fly high up in the forest (Larsen, 2005a). Schultze (1916) reports males mud-puddling for long periods and Birket-Smith (1960) saw specimens imbibing moisture from drying hides. It serves as a model for some forms of Hypolimnas dinarcha and H. anthedon (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. unipuncta Dufrane, 1948 (as ab. of Amauris vashti). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 17: 193 (192-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Go, Uélé”.