用英文介绍英国政府

Unit3:TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomAnIntroductiontotheSystemofGovernmentWhatis“government”? Government: politicalorganizationcomprising theindividualsandinstitutions authorizedtoformulatepublic policiesandconductaffairsof state.Classificationofgovernments:Monarchicgovernments—RepublicangovernmentsDemocraticgovernments—DictatorshipsFederalgovernments—UnitarygovernmentsMonarchyisaformofgovernmentinwhichonepersonhasthehereditaryrighttoruleasheadofstateduringhisorherlifetime.Republicangovernmentisaformofstatebasedontheconceptthatsovereigntyresidesinthepeople.Democraticgovernmentisoneinwhichthesupremeauthorityisexercisedbyrepresentativeselectedbypopularsuffrage.Federalismisanationalorinternationalpoliticalsysteminwhichtwolevelsofgovernmentcontrolthesameterritoryandcitizens.Unitarysystems,withlawsgivingvirtuallyallauthoritytothecentralgovernment.1.TheSystemofGovernmentintheUK:1.ItisamonarchicgovernmentwiththeQueenastheheadofthestate(constitutionalmonarchy).2.Itisademocraticgovernmentwithelectedrepresentativesinitsparliament(ParliamentaryDemocracy).3.Itisaunitarygovernmentwithastrongcentralgovernment.BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernment2.TheSystemofGovernmentintheUSA: TheUnitedStatesisfederalcountrywithapresidentialgovernment. Federalism—thedivisionofthepowersofgovernmentbetweenthenationandthestateintheUnitedStates. TheSeparationofPowers—theseparationofpowersamongthethreedepartmentsoftheFederalGovernment.BranchesoftheU.S.GovernmentTheUnitedStatesgovernmentisdividedintothreeseparatebranches—legislative,judicial,andexecutive—topreventabusesofpower.InparliamentarygovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom,theexecutivebranchissubordinatetothelegislature.InpresidentialgovernmentoftheUnitedStates,theexecutiveisindependentofthelegislature.II.AnIntroductiontoEarlyEnglishHistoryThegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomhasformanycenturiesbeensharedbythreesupremeauthorities: theMonarch(i.e.theQueenorKing)theLords(i.e.thehereditarynobility) theCommons(i.e.theordinarypeople)1. EnglandUndertheNormanandthe GreatCharterWilliamI,theConqueror(1066-1087)WilliamII,thethirdsonofWilliamI(1087-1100)HenryI,theyoungestsonofWilliamI(1100-1135)Stephen,sonofWilliamI’sdaughter(1135-1154)HenryII,sonofHenryI’sdaughter(1154-1189)RichardI,sonofHenryII,crusader(1189-1199)John,sonofHenryII(1199-1216)ThemostimportantprovisionsoftheGreatCharter:1) Notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthecouncil.2) Nofreemanshouldbearrestedorimprisonedunlessconvictedbyajuryofhisfellowcitizens.3) Merchantsshouldbepermittedtomoveaboutfreely.2. TheBirthofParliament KingJohnHenryIII,sonofJohn(1216-1272) SimondeMontfort TheGreatCouncilParliament3.TheHundredYears’War(1337-1453) EdwardI,sonofHenryIII(1272-1307) EdwardII,sonofEdwardI(1307-1327) EdwardIII,sonofEdwardII(1327-1377)4.TheWarsoftheRoses(1455-1485) RichardII,grandsonofEdwardIII(1377-1399) HenryIV,sonofEdwardIII’sson(1399-1413) HenryV,sonofHenryIV(1413-1422) HenryVI,sonofHenryV(1422-1461) HouseofYorkEdwardIV,sonofDukeofYork,descendantofEdwardIII(1461-1483) EdwardV,sonofEdwardIV(murdered)(1483-1483) RichardIII,brotherofEdwardIV(1483-1485) HouseofTudor HenryVII,sonofEdmundTudor(1485-1509) HenryVIII,sonofHenryVII(1509-1547) EdwardVI,sonofHenryVIII(1547-1553) MaryI,daughterofHenryVIII(1553-1558) ElizabethI,daughterofHenryVIII(1558-1603) III.TheCentralGovernmentoftheUKTheBritishGovernmentSystemofthegovernmentthecentralgovernment(thecountygovernment)thelocalgovernmentTheEnglishCentralGovernmentincludestheMonarch,ParliamentandtheCabinet.ThecentralgovernmenttheMonarchParliamenttheCabinetHouseofLords(LordChancellor)HouseofCommons(Speaker)themonarchKingorQueenPrimeMinisterandsomeimportantministersthesymbolofthecountryTheSystemofGovernment---ConstitutionalMonarchyandRepresentativeDemocracy(ParliamentaryDemocracy) Monarch--ConstitutionalMonarch1.TheMonarchQueenElizabethIIRealname:ElizabethAlexandraMaryWindsorBirth:21April1926inLondonChildren:3sons,1daughterChiefoftheState--Queen ElizabethIIElizabethIIElizabethIIbecamequeenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandin1952uponthedeathofherfather,KingGeorgeVI.ThroughoutherreignshehasbeenasymbolofunityandcontinuitywithintheUnitedKingdomandtheCommonwealthofNations.HerMajestyQueenElizabethIIBorn:April,211926-Accession:February6,1952TheCrown1)TheRoleoftheMonarchBeforetheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution:(1) Hepersonallyexercisedsupremeexecutive, legislativeandjudicialpower.(2) HemanipulatedtheelectionoftheArchbishop.(3) Hecouldgrantlandsandwealthtohisfavorites.(4) Hecouldappointhisfollowerstoimportant positions.(5) Heconferrednobletitles.(6) Hecouldhaveanyonearrested,putintoprisonor todeath.TheFullTitleofthePresentQueen:ElizabethII,ByTheGraceOfGod,OfTheUnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIrelandAndOfHerOtherRealmsAndTerritoriesQueen,HeadOfTheCommonwealth,DefenderOfTheFaithQueenElizabethIIisa“constitutionalmonarch”Althoughsheisofficiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrunbythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister.WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave?Superficially,sheis: 1)officialheadofstate, 2)headofthelegalsystemofBritain, 3)headofthejudiciary, 3)commander-in-chiefofthearmedforces 4)headoftheChurchofEngland.--- SheappointsthePrimeMinister,ministers, andimportantofficialsandofficers.--- Shepresidesthegreatstatefunctions--- Shegivesmanyimportanthonorsandawards.--- Sheconcludestreatiesanddeclareswar.--- Sheremitsallorpartofthesentencepassed onacriminalbygrantinga‘royalpardon’.2)Succession1)Sons(oldertoyounger)anddescendants, 2)Daughtersanddescendants 3)Brothersanddescendants3)TheMonarch’sConsortQualifications: (1)fromanoblefamily, (2)withtheconsentofParliament, (3)notaRomanCatholic.TheKing’swife—QueenConsortTheQueen’sHusband— (1)PrinceConsort (2)theDukeofEdinburgh (3)thePrinceoftheUnitedKingdomTheeldestson—thePrinceofWales (CharlesandDiana)4)Coronation--Coronationisaceremonyofcrowningakingoraqueen. A) Time:anintervalafterthedeathoftheold king B) Place:WestminsterAbbey C) Formality:grandandpompous D) Conductor:theArchbishopofCanterbury E)  Participants:VIPsinBritainandforeignguestsWestminsterAbbey,themostfamouschurchinGreatBritain5)Expenditure￡475,000￡5,000,000￡5,180,000(Buttheroyalpalaces,thecrownjewelsandroyalcollectionsoftreasuresarestatepropertyandmustbehandeddowntosuccessors.)ThepoorbehaviorofQueen’schildrenPrinceCharles—extramaritalaffairsand separationwithhiswife,Andrew—jet-settinglifestylesandseparation withhiswife,PrincessAnn—divorcingherhusbandand marryingaformerroyalassistant.1992—“horribleyear”—thegivingupofherprivileges“herexemptionfromincometax.”Tostartpayingtaxes,Toacceptlesspublicmoneytosupportherfamily,ToopenBuckinghamPalacetotouristsinthesummermonths.6)ResidenceBuckinghamPalaceinWestminsteristheofficialLondonresidenceoftheBritishsovereign. TheBuckinghamPalacewasbuiltasahousefortheDukeofBuckinghamin1703.IthasservedastheofficialLondonresidenceofBritain’ssovereignssince1837.TodayitistheQueen’sofficialresidence.BuckinghamPalaceBuckinghamPalace StateDiningRoominBuckinghamPalaceEngland'sRoyalCenterWindsorCastle,32kilometers(20miles)westofLondonontheThames,hasbeentheresidenceofEngland'sroyalfamilyfor900years.Builtasafortressin1070byWilliamtheConqueror,thefirstNorman(French)kingofEngland,WindsorCastlehasbeenthesiteofseveralroyalbirthsandmarriagesoverthecenturies.NearbyisEton,thelargestandbestknownofEngland'sprivateschools.WindsorCastleWindsorCastleGuardsatWindsorCastleWindsorCastle,oneofthemostimportantroyalresidencesinEngland,occupies5hectares(13acres)onthenorthshoreoftheThames,westofLondon.Queen’sReceptionRoominWindsorCastleLeedsCastleHamptonCourtPalace7)PublicOpinionstowardstheMonarchForthelivingsymbol ofnationalunitydemonstratingstabilityandcontinuityembodyingthedevelopmentofEnglishhistoryAgainsta)Tooexpensiveb)Outofdatec)Non-democraticd)Ceremonial2.Parliament 1) thesupremelegislatureoftheUK, 2) consistingofthemonarch,theHouseofLords andtheHouseofCommons, 3) lawmakingbody, 4) functioninginthemakingoflaws,thecontrol ofthepublicrevenue,andtheexaminationof governmentpolicyandpublicadministration.ParliamentParliament—aplaceforargumentanddebateBeforethe13thcentury—King’sCouncilInthe14thcentury—LordsandCommonsBeforethe17thcentury—ruledbytheKingIn1688—shiftingofthepowerfromthemonarchtoparliament.TheHousesofParliament,builtinthe1840's,arefamousfortheirBigBenclocktowerHousesofParliament,London,EnglandThecityofLondon,capitaloftheUnitedKingdom,istheseatofgovernment.Parliament,seenhere,consistsoftheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Builtbetween1840and1850,theneo-GothiccomplexofbuildingsisstillofficiallycalledtheNewPalaceofWestminster.TheStateOpeningofParliamentWednesdayNovember26,2003FromBuckinghamtoWestminsterSovereign’sEntranceatWestminsterQueenElizabethIImakesherwayfromtheSovereign'sentrance.Britain'sformerprimeministersitsalone.TonyBlairalongsideleaderoftheopposition,MichaelHowardTheeducationsecretary,CharlesClarke,andformerTorychairwomanTheresaMayprocessintothechamberoftheHouseofLords.TheQueensetsoutthegovernment'slegislativeprogramme.HermajestypeersoutfromhercarriageassheleavesWestminsterTheQueenandherfootmenreturntoBuckinghamPalace.The50thAnniversaryofElizabethII’sAccessiontotheThrone(2002.6.1—2002.6.4)IntheConcertofJune1IntheAnniversaryofJune31)EnglishNobilityFivetitlesofnobility: Duke(in1337), Marquees(in1385), Earl(in1440), Viscount(in1440) Baron(1006).2)HouseofLordsHoseofLords LordSpiritualLordsTemporal(seniorbishopsoftheChurchofEngland)(lifepeersandhereditarypeers)HouseofLords750Memberswerenotelected.The1999Actreducedthenumberto92.503MembersarecalledlifepeersappointedbytheQueenThepresidentoftheHouseofLordsiscalled“LordChancellor”whowasonceKing’sright-handman.ReformstotheHouseofLordsConstitutionalReformasecondchamberof600membersanendto92hereditarypeersstillintheLords120memberselectedbythepublic120appointedbyastatutoryindependentcommissiontherestwouldbeappointedbypoliticalpartiesinproportiontovotesreceivedbyapartyatthemostrecentgeneralelectionthesecondchamberwouldhavenovetoovergovernmentlegislation-merelytherighttodelayitsintroductionbishopstobereducedfrom25to16aminimumofthoseinthesecondchamberwillbefemale;minoritygroupswillberepresentedthefinaltallyof600willbemetovera10yearperiod3)HouseofCommonsTheHouseofCommonsconsistsof659MembersofParliament(MPs)whoareelectedbythepeopletobetheirrepresentatives.EachMPrepresentsthevotersinanareacalledaconstituency.ThechairmanoftheLowerHouseisofficiallycalledSpeaker.ThemaximumlifeofaParliamentisfiveyears.MembersofParliamentholdtheirseatsonlyforthelife-timeofaParliament.HouseofcommonsTheHouse‘sits’inWestminsterfromMondaystoFridays,usuallyfromabout2.30pmuntil10.30pm,andoftencontinuesthroughthenightwhenimportantdebatesaregoingon.Thestepsforabillbecomingalaw:AnnouncingtotheHousebyamemberAmendmentsanddebatesVoteforthesecondreadingImprovementofwordingbyaspecialgroupPassageofthethirdreadingintheHouseTheapprovalbytheHouseofLordsTheMonarch’ssignaturePrivilegesenjoyedbytheMPs:Theyreceivesalaries.Theyhavetheirownsecretariesandoffices.TheycantravelfreeofchargeontherailwaybetweenLondonandtheirconstituencies.TheyhavefreedomofspeechinParliament.3.TheGovernmentandtheCabinetl    WhatistheothernameoftheBritishGovernment?l    WhatdoestheBritishGovernmentreferto?l    WhatistheCabinetcomposedof?l    WhoarealwaysincludedintheCabinet?1)PrimeMinisterTheleaderofthepartyinpowerBornon6May1953,TonyBlairbecamethePrimeMinisterin1997.TonyBlairandhisfamilyTheFrontDoorEntranceHallCabinetRoomGrandStaircase Officialresidence:No.10DowningStreetWhiteDrawingRoomPillaredRoomSmallDiningRoomStateDiningRoom Officialresidence:No.10DowningStreet2)Cabinetthesupremedecision-makingbodyingovernmentincludingtheheadsofthemostimportantdepartmentsandsomeotherimportantpersonswithoutdepartmentsCabinetministers:theMinisterofDefense,theForeignSecretary,andtheChancelloroftheExchequerMeetingtime:everyThursdaymorningMeetingplace:theCabinetRoomin10DowningStreetCabinetRoom3)TheGovernmentAdministrationExamples:ForeignandCommonwealthOfficeHomeOffice Dept.ofEnvironment Dept.ofEmploymentScottishOfficeCivilServiceDept ThelocalgovernmentCounties(Shires)DistrictsmetropolitancountiesTowns(localcouncils)districtsofthecountyFocusQuestions:1.Whatisthecentralgovernmentmadeupof?2.WhatarethethreebranchesoftheEnglishparliament?3.Whatarethefivetitlesofnobility?4.WhochoosesthemembersoftheBritishcabinet?5.InwhichplaceareKingsandQueenscrowned?6.WhereistheMonarch’sresidenceinLondon?7.What’sthemeaningof“parliament”?8.WhenwastheparliamentarysysteminstitutedinBritain?9.WhatistheChairmanoftheHouseofCommonscalled?10.WhatistheChairmanoftheHouseofLordscalled?11.WhatistheCabinetmadeupof?12.WhoarealwaysincludedintheCabinet?