电子类专业英语电子教案第十课

null10 Microcontrollers and Their Applications10 Microcontrollers and Their Applications学习重点： （1）掌握有关微控制器及其应用的基本单词、词组和缩略语的基本含义及用法 （2）培养阅读翻译有关微控制器及其应用的科技文献和产品说明书的能力 （3）学习动名词短语在科技英语中的应用null生词 access [ 'ækses ] n. 通路；进入 v. 存取 appliance [ ə'plaiəns ] n. 器具；器械；装置 Passage A Microcontrollersnullarithmetic [ ə'riθmətik ] n. 算术 assembly [ ə‘sembli ] n. 集合；装配 cost-effectiveness [ kɔst i'fektivnis ] n. 成本效益 debug [ di:'bʌg ] vt. 调试；排除故障 derivative[ di'rivətiv ] n. 引出之物；衍生物 embedded [ em‘bedid ] a. 嵌入的 emulator [ ‘emjuleitə ] n. 仿真器 peripheral [ pə'rifərəl ] a. 外围的 trade [ treid ] n. 贸易； 交换 self-sufficiency [ .selfsə'fiʃənsi ] n. 自给自足 volatile [ ‘vɔlətail ] a. 挥发性的；易失性的 watchdog [ 'wɔtʃdɔg ] n. 看门狗 wiring [ 'waiəriŋ ] n. 布线；线路；电线2. 课文翻译讲解2. 课文翻译讲解 Microcontrollers (or MCU) are special purpose computers, which do one thing only and emphasize self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC, for example). In addition to all arithmetic and logic elements of a general-purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller usually also integrates additional elements such as read-only and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces. 翻译：微控制器（MCU）是具有特殊用途的计算机，它只有单一用途，与通用微处理 器相比较（用于PC机中的那一类），它更强调自给性和成本效益。除了具有通用处理 器所有的算术和逻辑单元外，微控制器通常也集成了另外的部件，如只读和读写存储 器以及输入/输出接口 。nullA microcontroller is a single integrated circuit; its internal architecture is typically diagramed in Figure 10-1, Fig. 10-1 a typical architecture of a microcontroller翻译：微控制器是一个单 个的集成电路，其内部结 构如图10-1所示，nulland it commonly has the following elements: （1）central processing unit, ranging from small and simple 4-bit processors to complex 32- or 64-bit processors. （2）discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic state of an individual package pin.动名词短语作补足语翻译：且通常有以下部件： （1）中心处理单元—从小 而简单的8位处理器到复杂 的32位或64位处理器。 （2）分离的输入输出二进 制位，对每个单独的引脚 的逻辑状态进行控制或监 测。null(3) serial input/output such as serial ports (UARTs) (4) other serial communications interfaces like I²C, Serial Peripheral Interface and Controller Area Network for system interconnect (5) peripherals such as timers and watchdog (6) volatile memory (RAM) for data storage (7) ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program and operating parameter storage (8) general registers. 翻译: （3）串行输入输出，例如串行端口（UART）。 （4）其它的串行通信接口，例如I²C总线，串行外设接口和用于系统内连的控制器 局域网。 （5）外设，如定时器和看门狗电路。 （6）用于数据存储的易失性存储器（RAM）。 （7）用于程序和操作参数存储的ROM，EPROM，EEPROM或Flash。 （8）通用寄存器null This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and produces equivalent systems to that using separate chips, but much less PCB space. Microcontrollers have proved to be highly popular in embedded systems since their introduction in the 1970s. 翻译：微控制器的这种集成特点大大地减少了芯片数量和布线量，生产出等效于 用分立芯片构建的系统，但它占用小得多的印刷电路板空间。自从二十世纪七十 年代微控制器出现以来，已验证它在嵌入式系统里非常普及。null In addition to the key features listed above, most microcontrollers today take further advantage of not needing external pins for memory buses. They can afford to use Harvard architecture: separate memory buses for instructions and data, allowing accesses to take place concurrently. 翻译：除了上面所列的关键特点 外，今天的大部分微控制器进一 步利用了不需要用于存储器总线 的外部引脚的优点。它们能够使 用哈佛结构：将存储器总线分开 ，用于指令和数据存储，并允许 并行地访问。动名词短语作介词宾语 null Microcontrollers are frequently used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. Billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are embedded each year in a myriad of products. For example, the cell phone might contain a Z-80 processor, which is an 8-bit microprocessor developed in the 1970s and originally used in home computers of the time. 翻译：微控制器常常应用在自动控制的产品和设备中，如汽车发动机控制系统、办公 设备、器械、电力工具和玩具。每年，数以亿计的微控制器单元被嵌入到大量的产品 中。例如，蜂窝电话可能包含Z-80处理器，它是在二十世纪七十年代研制出的8位的 微处理器，最初应用在当时的家用计算机上。nullThe Garmin GPS might contain a low-power version of the Intel 80386. By reducing the size, cost, and power consumption compared to a design using a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to electronically control many more processes. 翻译：Garmin的GPS可能 包含低功耗的英特尔80386 。与利用分立的微处理器、 内存和输入输出设备做设计 相比，微控制器通过减小尺 寸、降低成本和功耗，使它 在电子控制处理中更经济适 用。 动名词短语作介词宾语动名词短语作状语null Microcontrollers are inside many kinds of electronic equipment. Over 50% are simple controllers, and another 20% are more specialized digital signal processors (DSPs). A typical home in a developed country is likely to have only one or two general-purpose microprocessors but somewhere between one and two dozens microcontrollers. 翻译：许多种类的电子设备内部都有微控制器。百分之五十多的电子设备使用简 单的控制器，另外百分之二十是更专业的数字信号处理器（DSP）。发达国家普 通家庭里可能只有一两个通用微处理器，然而可能会有一二十打微控制器。nullA typical mid range vehicle has as many as 50 or more microcontrollers. They can also be found in almost any electrical device: washing machines, microwave ovens, and telephones, etc. 翻译：一般的中等汽车有50多个或更多的微控制器。人们几乎在任何电器中都能 看到它们：洗衣机、微波炉、电话，等等。null In many products, such as microwave ovens, the demand on the CPU is fairly low and price is an important consideration. In these cases, manufacturers turn to dedicated microcontroller chips, which were originally designed to be low-cost, small, low-power, embedded CPUs. The Motorola 6811 and Intel 8051 are both good examples of such chips. 翻译：许多像微波炉这样的产品，对CPU的要求相当低，价格成为重要的考虑因素。 在这些情况下，生产者转向专用微控制器芯片，它最初设计的是低成本、小尺寸、低 功耗、嵌入式CPU。摩托罗拉6811和英特尔8051芯片是这样设计的两个好例子。nullThere is also a line of popular controllers called "PIC microcontrollers" created by a company called Microchip. By today's standards, these CPUs are incredibly minimal, but they are extremely inexpensive when purchased in large quantities and can often meet the needs of a device's designer with just one chip翻译：也有一种应用广泛的控制器，称为“PIC微控制器”，它是由Microchip公司研 制的。发展到现在的标准，无法想像这些CPU是多么的小型化；当大量购买时价格 相当便宜，并常常能够满足设备设计者只用一个芯片设计的需要。null Originally, microcontrollers were only programmed in assembly language, or later in C code. Recent microcontrollers integrated with on-chip debug circuitry accessed by In-circuit emulator via JTAG enables a programmer to debug the software of an embedded system with a debugger. Some microcontrollers have begun to include a built-in high-level programming language interpreter for greater ease of use. The Intel 8052 and Zilog Z8 were available with BASIC very early on, and BASIC is more recently used in the popular BASIC Stamp MCUs. 翻译：最初，微控制器只是用汇编语言编程，后来用C语言代码。现在的微控制器 集成了芯片调试电路，此芯片调试电路可以由电路内的仿真器通过JTAG访问，从 而使程序员可以用调试器来调试嵌入式系统的软件。有些微控制器已开始包含内置 高级程序语言解译器，从而大大地方便了使用。英特尔8052和Zilog Z8很早就用 BASIC语言了，并且近来BASIC语言在流行的BASIC Stamp微控制单元中的应用 更多了。 nullA typical low-end microcontroller chip might have 1,000 byte of ROM and 20 bytes of RAM on the chip, along with eight I/0 pins. In large quantities, the cost of these chips can sometimes be just pennies. You certainly are never going to run Microsoft Word on such a chip; Microsoft Word requires perhaps 30 megabytes of RAM and a processor that can run millions of instructions per second. 翻译：常规的低端微控制器芯片上可含有1,000字节的ROM和20字节的RAM，拥 有8个I/0引脚。在大批量购买时，这些芯片有时只须几便士。当然，你永不能在这 样的芯片上去运行Microsoft Word——Microsoft Word大概需要30兆字节的RAM ，它所用的处理器能每秒需运行上百万条指令。nullBut then, you don't need Microsoft Word to control a microwave oven, either. With a microcontroller, you have one specific task you are trying to accomplish, and low-cost, low-power performance is what is important. 翻译：但是，你不需要用Microsoft Word来控制微波炉。用微控制器就可以完成需 要做的专门任务，低成本、低功耗才是重要的。null Microcontroller’s trade speed and flexibility is against ease of equipment design and low cost. Manufacturers have to balance the need to minimize the chip size against additional functionality. Finally, it must be mentioned that microcontroller architectures are available from many different vendors in so many varieties that they could rightly belong to a category of their own. Main among these is the 8051, Z80 and ARM derivatives. 翻译：微控制器的交换速度和灵活性支持仪器设备设计的简易性和低成本。生产商 必须平衡好既要缩小芯片尺寸，又要增加额外的功能两者间的矛盾。 最后，必须要提示的是，从不同的生产商那里可以得到各种结构的微控制器， 但它们的基本类型是相同的。其中主要的类型是8051、Z80及ARM衍生系列。3.疑难解析3.疑难解析1) Microcontrollers (or MCU) are special purpose computers, which do one thing only and emphasize self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC, for example). 微控制器（MCU）是具有特殊用途的计算机，与通用微处理器相对比（用于PC机中的那一类），它用途比较单一，使它强调自给性和成本效益。 in contrast to/with意为“和….形成对比（相反）” 比较： by contrast (with) 意为“对比起来，与之相比”；null例如： Tom’s marks by contrast with Harry’s marks were excellent. 相比之下，汤姆的成绩比亨利的优秀的多。 2) In addition to the key features listed above, most microcontrollers today take further advantage of not needing external pins for memory buses.除了上面所列的关键特点外，今天的大部分微控制器进一步利用了不需要用于存储器总线的外部引脚的优点。 take advantage of 意为“利用”。例如： We should take advantage of every chance to improve our general ability. 我们应当利用每一个机会提高我们的综合能力。4 语法应用4 语法应用动名词短语在科技英语中的应用 动名词具有名词的特点，它可以在句子中作主语、宾语和 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语。但它也具有动词的某些特点：要求宾语且可带有状语，这是就构成了动名词短语。正因为如此，它可以使句子简洁，逻辑性强。动名词也有主动和被动、一般时和完成时等形式。 1) 动名词作主语 It required a 20 MHz channel, which is why analog HDTV broadcasting is not feasible in most countries. 它需要20MHz的频道，这也是为什么模拟HDTV节目在大部分国家不可行的原因。null2) 动名词作宾语 Modern devices may use digital signal processing to synthesize waveforms, followed by an digital to analog converter, or DAC, to produce an analog output. 现代设备可以用数字信号处理合成波形，后面跟一个数模转换器，或DAC，以产生模拟输出。 3) 动名词短语作介词宾语 Such devices contain an electronic oscillator, a circuit that is capable of creating a repetitive waveform. 这种设备包含一个电子振荡器，它是能够产生重复波形的电路。null4) 动名词短语作表语 You can tell if a malfunctioning component is distorting the signal. 你可以说出一个工作不正常的部件是否正在使信号失真。 5) 动名词的进一步名词化 动名词可进一步名词化，使之具有更多名词特点，即它可以有自己的冠词，可用作定语形容词，有时还可以有复数形式。 例如： A signal generator, also known variously as a test signal generator, function generator, tone generator, arbitrary waveform generator, or frequency generator, is an electronic device that generates repeating electronic signals (in either the analog or digital domains). 信号发生器，也不同地称为测试信号发生器、函数发生器、音频发生器、任意波形发生器或频率发生器，是一种能产生重复电子信号（模拟或数字的）的电子设备。（作定语） nullThe triggering of the oscilloscope. Use the trigger level to stabilize a repeating signal, as well as triggering on a single event. 示波器的触发。用触发电平稳定重复信号，及触发一个单个的事件（与冠词连用）。 但要注意的是，进一步名词化的动名词在具有更多名词特点的同时，也丧失了许多动词的特点。例如，它不再有完成式和被动式，不再有自己的宾语和状语等。