博弈论论文（Game theory）

博弈论 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 （Game theory） 博弈论论文(Game theory) Lenin pointed out: "the so-called class, this is some of the big group, the different group located in the history of social production system in a certain position, with the means of production (most of this relationship is the legal regulations of different, different) in social labor organizations in the role of the way and so to the amount of social wealth at their disposal are also different. The so-called class, is such a group, because they are in a certain socio-economic structure in the status of different, one of the groups can occupy the labor of another group." (class) causes The reason of class emergence is that the development of productive forces makes the emergence of class possible, while the appearance of surplus products becomes the material premise of class production. The political economists aging wave in July 2004 the "Qilu journal" in the "people's selfish instinct and the development of human society" in the article, such a statement: "with the development of productive forces, to the primitive society (social survival) at the end of the level of productivity relative to human needs have the qualitative change, people create products in addition to meet the survival to survive this instinct needs and surplus. Avoid strong physical labor, becomes possible, get rid of the heavy boring labor have the conditions and the rise of mankind and the development of productive forces to obtain the main demand, consumption of products and get rid of the heavy boring labor became a contradictory unity of employee's demand. Obtaining consumer products requires the development of productive forces, and getting rid of heavy and tedious labor is also a manifestation of breaking away from labour and slacking off productivity. Therefore, it is precisely this contradiction that determines the contradiction between the struggle of human beings (class struggle) and the private ownership of the means of production in the process of developing productive forces." Two, the development of social division of labor leads to the emergence of private ownership, and private ownership makes the emergence of class a reality. Class is distinguished by the possession or possession of the means of production. In history, there were slave owners and slave classes in slave societies, landlords and peasants in feudal society, as well as capitalists and working classes in capitalist society. These are because in the material production oriented society, the separation of the means of production and producers produces class. In agricultural society, farmers are on the first line of production, but farmers do not own land; in industrial societies, workers do not own factory equipment. In the field of knowledge production, because the means of production are mainly information, information can be shared, and only knowledge producers (scientists, engineers) who have knowledge of information can engage in knowledge production. At this time, the main production means of knowledge production - information and knowledge producers are integrated, and can not be separated. Therefore, there is no class and class struggle in the field of knowledge production. (2) class discourse; In the third and fifty-second chapters of Das Kapital, entitled "class", this is the last chapter of "Das Kapital". In this chapter, Marx has a special discourse on class. But there are two points worth noting. First, there is very little space, only two pages; two, the manuscript is interrupted and not written. Although two pages have not been written, it is important to note four main points: first, the capitalist modern society has three major classes: workers, capitalists, and landowners. Second, Britain is the most typical, but not pure, and there are many middle classes that blur the boundaries. In the third place, from the general trend and development trend, labor conversion labor is employed; production material is converted into capital; land ownership is separated from labor; land ownership is converted into capitalist land ownership. Fourth, how did the class in capitalist society come into being? Wages, profits, rents, three kinds of income, are not the three elements of the formation of the big class. For three different classes can not be formed because of the new values created by the same labor. Therefore, the class is not formed by three kinds of income, what is formed? There is no discussion here. But in the other chapters of Das Kapital, Marx made a full exposition of the formation of the three great classes. The first volume, the twenty-fourth chapter, the primitive accumulation is the history which made the feudal exploitation turn into the capitalist exploitation, The so-called primitive accumulation is merely the historical process of separating the producer from the means of production and transforming the producer into employing workers. The first chapter of the second chapter discusses the separation and combination of the means of production and the workers, and points out the special ways and means of combining them so that the social structure can be divided into different economic periods. In the third volume and the twentieth chapter, the historical investigation of merchant capital points out two ways for the transition of merchant capital: one is to turn producers into businessmen and capitalists, and the other is to direct the producers to direct production. The former is the revolutionary road, and the latter is conservative. The third volume, the thirty-sixth chapter, the state of capitalism before, talking about usury, the capital plays a revolutionary role in the form of old ownership, and the two is the concentration of labor conditions as capital. The third chapter of volume forty-seventh, money rent caused by small producers appear to differentiate, tenancy farmers, separation of land ownership and management. Generally speaking, the separation between the small producers and the means of production, the currency and the means of production concentrated in the hands of capitalists, and the feudal land ownership changed into capitalist land ownership, forming the three major classes. And the key is the redistribution of the means of production and the evolution of economic relations. 2 class characteristics, according to the concept of class, it has the following three salient features: (1) class is an economic category. The class is an economic category, the first refers to the class of the human social community is formed in the social production system in the ownership of the means of production is the essence of class, the rest of the features are derived from its essence, this is the provisions of the internal quality of class. Secondly, the first criterion for the division of class is economic status, that is, the relation between the means of production and the means of production is different. Therefore, class is an economic category. (2) class is a historical category. The human society is not a class, "a certain historical stage class exists only with the development of production and productivity are linked, both have a certain development but the development is not sufficiently adapt to the situation. In the later period of primitive society, with the emergence of surplus products, social division of labor and private ownership, the social productive forces developed, and human beings were divided into different social groups whose interests were fundamentally opposed. Among them, the rich became slaves to the means of social production; the poor, the poor and prisoners of war, became slaves. From then on, human beings entered the class society. With the development of social productivity, human society has experienced the slavery society, feudal society, capitalist society and socialist society in four different social forms, the class situation and thus also constantly evolving and developing. However, the division of this class in human society is not eternal, and will be eliminated by the full development of modern productive forces". (3) class is a political subject with economic ties as its link. In certain social class structure of society, the state of existence and development of irreconcilable class contradictions, and dominant position in economy class with the help of countries and become the ruling class, which has become the social public power of the political subject. Because of their different status in economic relations, the other classes at the same time as the ruling class are in different political positions. It is obvious that class emerged from economic relations and became the political subject of political society with economic ties as its link and participated in the political process. The class is consistent with the political tendency of common economic status based on the similarity of mental habits; have the common way of life based on; and the polymerization of the pursuit of the ideal based on common destiny Exploitation is the surplus labor and surplus products of some people or groups who, by virtue of their possession or monopoly on the means of production, are gratis in possession of those who do not have or lack the means of production. Exploitation is the product of the development of human society. The emergence of surplus products in society is the material prerequisite for exploitation, The development of the social division of labor and the emergence of private ownership of the means of production and the division of society into classes are the realistic basis for exploitation. The so-called "means of production" refers to: "people engaged in the production of material information necessary for all the material conditions, that is, the sum of labor and labor objects.". Also known as the means of production. Including land, machinery, equipment, plants, tools, fuel, raw materials, auxiliary materials, etc., 2, the nature of exploitation is oppression. It is a part of people or groups in the society who, by virtue of their possession and monopoly of the means of production, freely occupy the surplus labor of the other people or groups without and without the means of production. The premise is that some people have control over the means of production, while others do not have means of production. The latter, in order to survive, has to sell the labor force forward. As the former, to show that they have the advantage, and more possession of means of production, is to open or hidden, sometimes even is mandatory, appropriation of surplus labor employment of workers. Non equivalence problem in the process of communication between people and people, this is definitely not a simple group and the group, class, ethnic and national human body etc.. 3 Marx thought that, in "the law of average profit" under the action of the general production process generated value growth (i.e., surplus value) and the value of the investment (including the total value and production value of labor's quantity and proportional). This will form a natural distribution of surplus value: the value increment generated by the production process (i.e., surplus value) will have to allocate according to the value of labor quantity or production value of the main investment proportion. That is to say, the more people who own and put in the production process, who will allocate more surplus value. According to the "labor is the only source of value", any incremental value are created by laborers, are derived from the "live" labor value, because of the means of production in the connotation of labor value is a kind of "death" of the value of labor, and does not contribute to the value increment of production material input does not pay labor, but get surplus value, this is a "free possession", which is a kind of exploitation". (1) discourse on exploitation; The so-called exploitation refers to some people through the external compulsion, free possession of the remaining labor of others phenomenon. So, how do you view capitalist exploitation? Marx thinks: First, the basis and starting point of capitalist relations of exploitation is the existing labor productivity, not the bounty of nature, but the grace of several hundred thousand years of history. Classical economics had never considered origin of surplus value and surplus value as their inherent in the capitalist mode of production, and the capitalist mode of production is a natural form of society ", also think that since ancient times. On the contrary, Marx believes that the exploitation of capitalism, not since ancient times, it is the starting point of human labor productivity, improve labor productivity when human production to a certain extent after the. In a very primitive period, human society was not exploited. It was only in the late period of primitive society that the possibility of exploitation emerged when production was developed into surplus labor. From the beginning of the slave society, the human society produced an exploitative relationship. The capitalist exploitation relation was produced after two exploitation of society by slave society and feudal society. Its emergence is the result of further improvement of human labor productivity. So it is a blessing in the hundreds of thousands of years of history. Second, from the "small owners" of labor to the capitalists who have become exploited, there is a process of quantitative change to qualitative change. Marx said that not any amount of money or value can be converted into capital, into the value of surplus value, only after a certain amount, It is possible to become a tool for exploitation of others. Capitalists must exploit the minimum amount of variable capital to buy labour goods, and must also have the minimum capital requirements for the production of the necessary means of production for the workers. In short, there is a minimum capital limit, it is necessary to have a considerable amount of money, or accumulated to a certain amount of money, the money can be transformed into capital, can be converted into surplus value, into a means of exploiting people. In the third section of "Das Kapital" the first volume of 341st pages, Marx assumed that the working day is 12 hours, the necessary labor time is 8 hours, 4 hours of labor surplus, M '= 50%, accumulation rate = 50%, to make life better than workers in capitalist times, for surplus labor time a total of 32 hours, the capitalist consumption 16 hours, 16 hours of capital accumulation. In this way, 8 workers must be employed. Therefore, capitalists must have the variable capital to buy 8 workers and the constant capital for producing the materials consumed by 8 workers. The minimum limit is the economic limit of the "small owners" transformed into capitalists. We must note that there are three variables in this hypothesis. As long as there is a change in the number of variables, the change in the quantity of the "small landlord" into the capitalist economy will change. Therefore, we must understand Marx's hypothesis that it provides us with a clear theory and method of labor and exploitation, rather than demonstrating absolute economic limits. As Marx said in the first volume 342nd page, here, as in the natural sciences, to prove the correctness of the following rules found by Hagel in his "logic" in: the change of pure quantity to a certain point when it is transformed into a qualitative difference. Third, the capitalist from command, supervision, management, labor to completely out of production, to non labor, and labor has nothing to do with a process. Marx expounded the capitalist supervision and management of labor, and believed that capitalist management was dual. On the one hand, it is the special function of the social labor process, and on the other hand it is the function of exploiting the social labor process. At first, capitalists were freed from manual labour, but also engaged in command, supervision and management of mental work. Later, they gradually handed over supervision and management labor to special employed workers. Marx (III, 431) said that any direct production process has a social combination of form, it will produce supervision, labor, command labor. (III 434) pointed out that the social direction and supervision of labor, when the company reached a considerable scale, enough to pay the manager (special employees) wages (skilled labor wages), capitalist ownership and right to use the separation of capitalist production, it shall be personally served as capitalists, like a conductor completely will the owner is the instrument band, "leaving only managers, capitalists as extra people disappeared from the production process." Fourth, capitalist exploitation has five characteristics: First, the exploitation of capitalism is surplus value. It is value, not value. Because the use of value is qualitative distinction, in a certain period is limited; but there is no qualitative distinction between values, only the number of differences. The ultimate aim of capital is to pursue the process of unlimited multiplication of value. It is not a profit, but an endless movement to gain profits. Because of this, Marx compares the capitalists with the money store Holders: they are all value chasing, but the money store is a crazy capitalist, and the capitalist is a rational money store. Two, the exploitation of capitalism takes the form of commodity buying and selling, voluntary form and paid form, which is exploitation under the cloak of equivalent coat. Marx pointed out that "slaves in Rome are bound by chains, and workers are paid by invisible lines in their own hands."." Compared with the feudal corvee labor forced labor, slavery, capitalist labor is more deceptive, but the workers are free laborers. The three is that the capitalists will continue to transform part of their surplus value into capital. The constant accumulation of capitalism and constant investment make the original capital almost disappear, and the infinitesimal quantity in mathematics. The intrinsic law of pursuing surplus value works for each capitalist through the law of external compulsion, because of the surplus value of production or the making of money, which is the absolute law of this mode of production". Four, the two methods of exploitation of capitalism gradually turn from exploitation dominated by absolute surplus value to exploitation with relative surplus value. The exploitation of relative surplus value, a civilized and ingenious means of exploitation. The production of relative surplus value leads to a radical revolution in the technological process and social organization of labor". It brings the following consequences: A integrates science and technology into the production process and applies advanced management to the production process. B, which leads to the transformation of labor, the change of functions and the overall flow of workers, thereby admitting that the development of workers in as many aspects as possible is the universal law of society. With the continuous improvement of the quality of workers, the old division of labor will gradually disappear. C the improvement of workers' working conditions and living conditions. In the period of economic prosperity, workers not only necessary living consumption increased, the working class (all their reserve army are now actively participate in various luxury), they usually also temporarily can not afford to buy the consumer. Thus, Marx pointed out that modern industry never put a production process of the existing form as the final form, therefore, the basis of modern industry technology is revolutionary, and all previous basic production technology is the essence of conservative. Five, capitalist exploitation is the exploitation of the capitalist class by all the capitalists, and determines the extent of exploitation. When profits are converted into average profits, equal capital gains equal profits. "We are like a mathematically exact proof here: why capitalists in their competition show each other are false brothers, but in the face of the working class has become real Masonic groups." Fifth, the elimination and disappearance of capitalist exploitation has its basic condition, that is, the productivity of labor is greatly improved. The existence of capitalist exploitation has its historical value and the temporary necessity of existence. The development of social productive forces is the historical task of capital and the reason for its existence. The extinction and disappearance of exploitation is the beginning of the realm of freedom. "In fact, the realm of freedom begins only where the necessary and external purpose of the work is terminated; therefore, according to the nature of the thing, it exists in the other side of the real material domain." Therefore, the shortening of working days is the basic condition, and only when the labor productivity has been greatly improved can the basic conditions be realized. According to economist Romer, in order to adapt to the changing social reality, the economic concept of nineteenth Century can not be used to analyze the class and exploitation in the new period. For example, it is obvious that the production of the present exploitation can not be explained only on the basis of the theory of labor value, but should be analyzed and demonstrated on the main line of the social system, the form of ownership and class struggle. The exploitation is not mainly caused by the capture of surplus labor, but from the imbalance of property relations caused by power and the unfair distribution of property. Unlimited wealth for the minority will inevitably expand exploitation and class differentiation. Marx's theory of exploitation should therefore be recast, do not have to go to the debate between the price and the value of labor relations; not to exchange goods and the analysis of labor wages; do not have to adhere to the labor force is a kind of special commodity; not to adhere to the exploitation of labor is the only source of profits. Romer pointed out that, according to Marx's theory of exploitation, the system of sin is the private ownership of the means of production, production is the concentration of ownership in the hands of a few people, so if production truly achieve social, public, and to master the working class, rather than turning it into an infinite power of the bureaucratic class all of", Then class exploitation or capitalist exploitation will disappear. Today, however, the task is to create a theory of exploitation that is equally effective even when private ownership of the means of production does not exist. The theory includes that exploitation can also occur in an economic model without labor markets where the rich deprive the poor producer of labor time by taking the commodity market as an intermediary. In the labor market and credit market conditions, due to economic actors add multiple choice, each party can choose optimal employees, operating independently or borrowing capital according to the amount of wealth, so that not only the formation of class, also enable it to have the corresponding wealth, this is the "class wealth correspondence principle". In different classes, those employees and borrowers is betrayed by the living labor of the exploited class, and the employee and the lender will constitute rely on the exploitation of labor for the exploiting class students, this is the "class exploitation correspondence principle". Under socialism, power is wealth, exploitation and everything. This is the principle of class power correspondence". In any case, the rich are exploiters, and the poor are exploited. Accordingly, Romer put forward his theory of general exploitation beyond the various forms of exploitation, and explained the theory by means of game theory. In the view of Romer, in a game consisting of the economy of the parties involved in the various groups, if a group of S with per capita social assets "exit" of the economy can make its members better, so S in the economy is exploited. In contrast, the S'group that corresponds to the S group in the economy is exploiters. If no group in an economy can find alternative options to improve its membership, there is no colony in this economy. Thus, Romer actually defines the nature of exploitation as "the possibility of a better alternative."". According to various principles of "withdrawal" and specific provisions, Romer expounded various concrete forms of exploitation, such as feudal exploitation, exploitation of capitalism, exploitation of socialism, and exploitation of power and status. Feudal exploitation refers to feudal ownership relation in the production and consumption of the population, if one of these groups with their wealth out of the economy and the community can improve their own destiny, then prove it exploited in the population, and the corresponding group is the exploiter. In the feudal society, the tenant is stripped by chipper, landlord is the exploiter, tenant with their land from feudal society will be better, their "exit" is to get rid of the shackles of feudalism. And those handicraftsmen and farmers have not affected by feudal exploitation groups, even if they withdraw from the feudal society will not be better, unless the development of scientific and technological progress and productivity, establish a better social system, in order to improve their living condition. The exploitation of capitalism -- that is, if a group carrying social per capita transferable production from economic relations under the capitalist economy, the group will become better, so that the groups are being exploited, and exploitative. Romer believes that his concept of exploitation is equivalent to the definition of exploitation defined by Marx according to the social necessary labor time and surplus value." [1] (P202) and according to the game method of property relations, it is more advantageous to determine Marx's exploitation characteristics than the surplus value. On the one hand, people talk in exploitation, the concept of property relations can more clearly reveal the moral requirements; on the other hand can use this view to refute those attempts to justify capitalism, although no feudal exploitation in capitalist society, but can not deny the capitalist society has its unique form of capitalist exploitation. The exploitation refers to the abolition of capitalism exploitation, due to personal have not transferable property or different skills, inequality and privileges still exist, so the exploitation is the socialist exploitation. Concretely speaking, "After the allocation of the transferred assets is equal, if a group can change its fate with the withdrawal of its non transferable property per capita, it will be subject to socialist exploitation."." [2] (P75) in addition, there is the distribution of the property under the socialist system of injustice, the principle of distribution is often based on the level of social status and the size of the power given different rewards, especially prominent socialist authorities not only have and can make a cut above others, have various opportunities to seize the wealth. If these people with their power and status of economy of socialism, make him become powerless, their life will become very bad, this is enough to prove that he is a genuine socialist exploiter. Romer called such exploitation "status exploitation". Thus, Romer thought that exploitation was only a historical concept, and it changed with the change of society. The bourgeois revolution destroyed the exploitation of feudalism, but produced capitalist exploitation; the socialist revolution eliminated capitalist exploitation, but bred socialist exploitation and exploitation of status. All these exploitation are caused by the private form of property and the inequality of property relations. Therefore, only by eliminating private property and entering into a completely Communist society can the real exploitation be eliminated. However, there must be a comprehensive understanding of exploitation. Since exploitation has existed for a long time in human society, and it still exists at present, it proves that exploitation is not a bad thing in itself. It has its rationality and reality. Romer said, from an empirical point of view, the exploitation of human society in a certain historical stage is necessary for social and economic development, because in reality, exploitation and incentive are often interrelated and interact with each other, may also destroy a kind of element of production and production activity in the elimination of incentives at the same time of exploitation. If a group moves away from the economy and changes its incentives to make it worse than what it usually does, it can be called exploitation of society. Produced by labor skills difference of early capitalism exploitation and contemporary socialism system exploitation is the socially necessary exploitation, prematurely, wipe out the exploitation will damage the interests of social groups, reduce the incentive factors in the social production, the development of productivity impact or disorder. The exploitation of any society by power and status is the root of the destruction of productive forces and the breeding of corruption. Therefore, the historical materialism is not abstract condemnation of all exploitation, but look at the history of the development of the mode of production, that each mode of production and it generated by the exploitation mode has the inevitability of its existence, the process has its occurrence, development and decline. Therefore, although Marx once angrily denounced the primitive accumulation of capitalism profound evil, but he is still fairly sure of capitalism in the development of production and promoting social progress in history, and points out that in the initial stage of communism, there is talk about inequality, rights can never go beyond the economic structure of the society and culture development by its restriction society.