Unit 2
The English Reserve and Politeness英国人的拘谨和礼貌
[overcautious;reserved] 拘束谨慎;拘束而不自然
1) It is difficult to get to know a reserved person. (T) 要了解一个谨慎的人并非易事。
2) English people tend to be like that. (T) 英国人往往就是那样。tend : to be likely. Compartment 车厢隔间
3) If a conversation does start, personal questions like "How old are you?" or even "What is your name?" are not easily asked. Questions like "Where did you buy your watch?" or "What is your salary?" are almost impossible.
(T) 被动句译为主动句: 一旦谈起来的话,他们不会轻易问及像“你几岁?”或者甚至“你叫什么名字?”等私人问题。像“你的手表是在哪儿买的?”或者“你的收入是多少?”他们几乎是不可能问的。
4) Similarly, conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred. restrained: Someone who is restrained is very calm and unemotional. 克制的ill-bred adjective : rude or behaving badly, especially because your parents did not teach you to behave well 没有教养的
(T) 同样,在英国,人们交谈时一般声音都很轻、很有节制,大声谈话会被视为没有教养。
5) This unwillingness to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality.
(T) 在某种程度上,不愿意与他人交流是一种不幸的品质,因为它可能会给人造成态度冷淡的印象。而事实上,英国人(也许除了北方人)并不以慷慨和好客而著称。(一句拆成两句)
barrier
6)On the other hand,they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a while in breaking the barrier down. (T)而另一方面,虽然谨慎使他们不易与人沟通,但他们内心还是很有人情味的。如果一个陌生人或外国人友善地将这种隔阂打破那么一会儿,他们可能会满心欢喜。
7)Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty.
(T) 在内心深处,英国人可能比任何人都高傲,但是当他们与别人相处时,他们十分看重谦逊的品质,至少要表现出谦虚的样子. no less居然,竟(用来表示吃惊等,有时带讽刺意味)
self-deprecation n. 自嘲;自我贬低;过分谦虚
deprecate: to strongly disapprove of or criticize something
8)Its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. Its ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself——at one’s own faults, one’s own failures and embarrassments, even at one’s own ideals.
(T)它的出发点是自嘲,它的最大阻碍是自负,最好的英式幽默就是自嘲式的幽默——嘲笑自己的错误,嘲笑自己的失败,嘲笑自己的窘境,甚至嘲笑自己的理想。
?starting point (1) 出发点, 起点(2) 最主要的动机或着眼点基础; 始于; 基点; 基调conceit / k?n?si?t / noun :自高自大,骄傲自满,自负,狂妄ideal:完美典范
9)….where humor is so highly prized 很重要
prize verb:to think that someone or something is very important or valuable
10)A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes.
(T)幽默感是一种对生活的态度而非仅仅是理解笑点的能力。
11)This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious.
Cruel冷酷的Disrespectful粗俗的malicious恶意的
12)The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, a tragedy or an honorable failure.
(T)英国人绝不会嘲笑瘸子或是疯子,也绝不会嘲笑他人的不幸或是光荣的(值得尊重的)失败。
13) Sympathy or admiration for artistic skill are felt to be stronger than laughter.
(T)同情之心或者对艺术技巧的崇敬之情要比嘲笑的份量重得多。
14)Like a sense of humor, sportsmanship is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to.
(T)同幽默感一样,体育精神也是一种英国式的行为典范,但是并非所有的英国人都能达到这一行为典范的要求。
that sport in its modern form 现代体育运动
15)Boxing, association football, tennis and cricket were all first organized and given rules in Britain. (T)拳击、英式足球、网球以及板球的比赛都是首先在英国开始举行的,其比赛规则也首先是在英国制定的。
16)Rules are the essence of sport, and sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat.
(T)规则是比赛的重要基础,体育精神就是指要遵守比赛规则,面对对手要宽宏大量,面对失败要有良好的心态。
17)One of the most elementary rules of life is "never hit a man when he's down" -in other words, never take advantage of another person's misfortune.
(T)其中最基本的生活法则之一就是不要落井下石(不打跌倒的人)。换言之,就是不要乘人之危(利用别人的不幸)。
18) English school-boys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.
(T)英国男生在相互交往中常常会把这种体育精神表现得出奇的好。
19) On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal.
(T)总的来说,英国式礼貌习惯是没有什么规则约束的。
20) All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.
(T)所有的礼貌都是建立一个基本原则之上:为别人着想,同时也感谢他人对你的关心。21)"Excuse me" is used as an advance apology for troubling somebody, as when passing in front of him or interrupting his conversation, or when putting a question to a stranger.
(T)麻烦别人的时候,英国人会先说“对不起”提前致歉。同样,从某人前面经过,或者打断某人的谈话,或者向陌生人请教问题时,英国人都会先说“对不起”
22) "Sorry" expresses regret for an accidental disturbance or breach of manners.
(T)英国人用“抱歉”表示自己对他人偶然的打扰或是对自己不礼貌的行为表示歉意。
23)It also takes the place of "no" when you cannot agree to a request or an implied request like…"Pardon?" is the polite way of asking somebody to repeat what he has said.
(T)要求别人重复所说内容时的礼貌说法则是“请原谅?”
24)…the phrase "No, please", so common abroad, would sound most unusual in Britain itself.
在国外非常普遍的词组“不,请”,在英国本土听起来却会很别扭。
25)When the request is granted, and at any time when you are receiving something, however obviously you are entitled to it, you are always expected to say "Thank you".
(T)当你的请求得到接受,或是当你收到东西的时候,无论你受有多么合情合理,这时候你都应该说声:“谢谢”。
26)British people do not readily ask each other to do anything that would involve real inconvenience. (T) 如果事情确实很麻烦,英国人不会轻易向他人求助。
27)they prefer to wait for such service to be offered, rather than ask for it. If they do ask, then the request is accompanied by an implied apology like…
(T)他们情愿被动地等待他人的援助,而不会主动向他人求助。如果他们确实开口求助了,那么也会用带有歉意的口吻求助…
28)In fact, without being conscious of it, British people sometimes make offers purely out of politeness, not really expecting them to be accepted, and offers of this kind are refused with the same politeness. (T)实际上,英国人向他人提出帮助常常仅是下意识地出于礼貌的行为,他们并不希望自己的提议被真的接受;当然,同样这样的提议也会以被礼貌地谢绝。
29)If it is a social occasion, not a business one, it is not polite to arrive early.
(T)如果这是个社交活动而不是商业活动,提早到是不礼貌的
30)Half an hour late is excessive and requires apologies.
(T)迟到半小时就过度了,并且需要道歉了。
31)Then too, the British are rather particular about table manners.
(T)而且,英国人也非常讲究餐桌礼仪
gaily 欢乐地,快乐地
32)There are no rules, but it is most impolite to stay too late, as it implies a lack of consideration for your hosts.
(T)这没有定规,但是呆到很晚总是不礼貌的,因为这就意味着对主人不够体谅。
33)If you have been asked to stay for several days, you will conform as far as possible to the routine of the house, and your hostess will be very pleased if you give her a bunch of flowers, specially bought, before you leave.
conforms to 相符合routine 惯例,常规
(T)如果你被挽留再多逗留几日,你得尽可能地遵从这个家庭的生活习惯。离开之前,如果你特别为女主人买一束献花的话,她会非常高兴。
34)Politeness towards women is less observed today than it used to be.
(T)对女士的礼貌如今看得不像以前那样重
Alight from the bus 下车
35)But now that women are the equals of men in having the vote, taking paid employment and receiving higher education, they receive much less consideration than formerly, for the whole basis of politeness towards women is the feeling that they need protection.
(T)但是随着现在男性和女性都有了平等的选举权以及平等就业和受教育的权力之后,女性受到的照顾比起以前就要少得多了。因为之前男性对女性行礼节的主要原因是他们觉得女性是需要保护的。
36)If they are respected in Britain, it is because they are felt to be in need of protection and support. (T)如果他们在英国受到尊敬,那是因为别人认为他们需要保护和扶持。
37)Old age and seniority alone do not command authority among the British, in fact modern life has been developing so fast that old people often appear tiresome and out of date.
(T)在英国单靠辈分和资历是无法建立威信的,实际上,现代生活发展得如此迅速,老年人常常会显得麻烦和落伍。
38)Thus, "We need some young blood" is often heard in organizations where the energy and modern methods of younger men are felt to be more likely to succeed than the long but partly irrelevant experience of older ones.
(T)因此在机构里你常会听到“我们需要一些新鲜血液”这样的话。在这些机构里,与起老一辈靠漫长却并不相关的经验相比,年轻一代靠自身的活力和现代的
方法
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更能取得成功。
39)It follows that mature Europeans have no desire to grow old or to look older than they are. it follows that由此断定…,由此得出结论…于是出现了…的结果
(T)所以,欧洲的成年人都不想变老或是显得比实际年龄大。
40)Women especially, for reasons of sexual attraction, long to "stay young" and there is no greater
compliment to a mature woman than to be told "How young you look!"
(T)尤其是女性,为了保持自己的魅力,都渴望能够永葆青春。对于成年女性来说,最好赞词莫过于“你看上去真年轻”这句话。
41) On the other hand, if a woman's hairstyle, make-up and clothes reveal an obvious effort to look artificially young, she is said to "look common," and is regarded with disapproval.
(T)然而,如果某位女性在发型、化妆以及服饰方面都刻意追求年轻的话,人们不仅会觉得她“打扮得很俗气”,而且对其人也不会认可。
Unit 3
Bursting the Magic Bubble 揭开魔术的面纱
1)Psychologists now recognize that magicians know an awful lot about how people perceive the world. (T)心理学家现在认识到,其实魔术师极其了解人类认识世界的方式
2)First there's shock tinged with disbelief. A moment of wonder follows. Then, a desperate scramble to rack your brains and work out just how you've been had. rack your brains 冥思苦想,绞尽脑汁tinge使带有…气息(或气味、味道、色彩等):
(T)看完魔术,你先会被震惊到,同时心中略带怀疑。接着心中疑问便出来了。之后,你会绞尽脑汁,想弄清楚自己是如何被骗的。
3) There's no denying the effects of a good magic trick. From the great escapes of Houdini and the surreal mental trickery of Derren Brown to the conjurors at children's parties, the appeal is universal. (T)优秀魔术的魅力是有目共睹的(不可否认的)。从Houdini的惊天逃生和Derron Brown虚幻的精神欺骗,再到儿童聚会上的魔术表演,无论是何种魔术,都有让人着迷的魅力。
4)"Magic's been around for a very long time and it improves over time,"
(T)魔术由来已久,而且一直在还在不断地改进。
5)What you're looking at when you see a finished piece of magic is a great deal of expertise
(T)一个完整的魔术表演,呈现在你眼前的,其实是一大量的技巧。
6)But, not content with just enjoying the tricks, psychologists are now using their effects on the mind to work out how we handle the floods of sensory information coming into our brains and process it into a mental picture of the world around us.
(T)但是,心理学家并不满足于欣赏魔术。现在,心理学家正通过魔术对大脑的影响,来研究我们大脑是如何接收感官信息,并把这些信息处理形成认知周围世界的心理图像。
7) Magic is a deception, a disruption of that orderly mental picture where things seem to float in mid-air or coins and cards vanish in front of our eyes.
(T)魔术也是一种骗术。魔术通过破坏人们大脑中原本有序的心理图像,从而让人们看到东西空中悬浮,或是硬币和扑克凭空消失的假象。
8)Scientists now believe that, by mapping out how our brains are deceived, they could even help to unlock some of the mysteries of consciousness itself.
(T)科学家现在相信,通过详细描绘大脑如何被欺骗,甚至可以帮助解开意识本身的某些谜题。
9)“Over the last five years, there's been a reawakening as we look at things like change blindness and at the fact that consciousness is a construction and may even be an illusion,”awakening 觉醒;觉悟;醒悟;唤醒
(T)过去的5年中,我们对人类的意识本身了有了全新认识。我们不仅发现了变化盲视的现象,而且还认识到意识实际上综合形成的产物,甚至可以是一种错觉。
10)Wiseman, himself an accomplished magician and member of the Magic Circle. "Now there's a recognition that magicians are doing something very special.”
身为技艺精湛的魔术师并为Magic Circle(魔术圈)成员的Wiseman说,“现今人们意识到了魔术师做的事非常特别。
11)…Max Dessoir wrote about the ways in which magicians used suggestion and misdirected attention
to get their illusions to work.
(T)…Max Dessoir记录了魔术师通过暗示和转移观众注意力,成功地制造假象的方法。
12)In 1896, Joseph Jastrow published articles in Science on the mechanics of some tricks by contemporary master magicians. the mechanics of (doing) something 运作方式
(T)1896年,Joseph Jastow在《科学》杂志上发表了关于当时大魔术师们的一些魔术使用的手法的文章.
13)But, aside from describing what the magicians were doing, they were at a loss to explain why magic tricks had the effects they did on the audience. As a result, interest in studying the psychology of magic faded for nearly a century. aside from 除…以外(尚有) at a loss 1. 困惑;为难;不知所措;无计可施2. 蚀本;亏本地
14)但这些文章只是描述了魔术师所做的,无力解释为什么魔术会对观众产生这样的影响。结果,人们对研究魔术中的心理学的兴趣沉寂了近一个世纪
15)But, as Wiseman says, a renaissance is now in full swing. in full swing如火如荼;全面展开;正起劲;全力进行
(T)但是,就像怀斯曼说的那样,一场魔术心理学研究复兴正如火如荼。
16)Magic is all about convincing others that the impossible has just happened. And that deception is achieved with a high degree of skill and showmanship.
(T)魔术最重要的是让别人相信不可能发生的事刚才发生了。而这种欺骗是通过高超的技巧和精湛的表演完成的。
17)We're starting to realise that magicians have a lot of implicit knowledge about how we perceive the world around us because they have to deceive us in terms of controlling attention, exploiting the assumptions we make when we do and don't notice a change in our environment.
18)我们才发现,魔术技巧中有许多隐性知识可以解释我们是如何认识周围世界的。因为他们要欺骗我们就要控制我们的注意力。当我们发现周围变化(或是忽略周围变化)的时候,会做出想当然的推测。
19)People are always blown away by how detailed a description you'll have. Blow away : to make someone feel very surprised, especially about something they like or admire
20)And a lot of the understanding of a trick has to be from the perspective of the audience.
(T)魔术的许多巧妙之处,要从观众的角度才能真正理解。
21)While the magician's dexterity is important, the audience is also a vital participant in the deception. After all, it is in their minds that the illusion is created.
(T)尽管魔术师手的灵巧性很重要,观众在骗术中也是重要的参与者毕竟,这种假象是在观众自己脑中形成的。
22)"Magicians seem to be able to carry out secret actions in front of their audience without being spotted. I'm interested in why people don't perceive those actions," says Gustav Kuhn, a psychologist at Durham University.
(T)“魔术师似乎能当着观众的面偷偷地做些动作而不被发现。我感兴趣的是,为什么人们没注意到这些动作。”
23)Psychologists can use these tricks to catch a glimpse into how our minds interpret the world around us.
(T)心理学家能够利用这些戏法,来窥测大脑如何了解我们周围的世界的。
24)Magicians are manipulating your consciousness. They are showing you something impossible," says Wiseman. "They're getting you to construct a narrative, which simply isn't true. manipulating控制(T)他们会诱导你,让你在脑中编织出一个实际并不存在的场景(故事)。
25)Our brains filter out a huge amount of the mass of sensory input flooding in from our environment.
(T)我们认知周围环境的很大一部分感官信息都会被我们大脑过滤掉。
26)"Our visual representation of the world is much more impoverished than we would assume. visual representation视觉再现impoverished adj. 穷困的;用尽了的,无创造性的
(T)我们脑中再现的周围世界的画面质量,实际上要比我们所想的差得多。
27)People can be looking at something without being aware of it. Perception doesn't just involve looking at an object but attending to it.
(T)人们可以看着一样东西却没有意识到它的存在。要感知一件东西,不仅需要眼睛看到它,还要需要留意到它。
Sleight of hand 障眼法
28)It is known that we only receive high-quality information from the area we are fixated on, right in the centre of our field of view. If you stretch out your arm, it is about two thumbs' width at the centre of your vision - everything else is pretty much blurred. The way we compensate for this is to move our eyes around to fill in the gaps and create a better picture of the world around us.
(T)人们已经知道,我们只能从眼中关注的区域,也就是视野中心的区域,接受到高质量信息。如果伸出你的手臂,你的视觉的中心大概只有两个拇指宽——其他的一切都很模糊。为了弥补这一缺陷,我们要转动眼球来填补空白画面,让周围世界的画面更加清晰完整。
29)Kuhn's results, to be published in the journal Perception in the next few months, showed that simply staring at the location of the deception was not enough for people to discover how the trick happened. (T)要想弄清魔术的秘密,仅仅盯着魔术发生的地方看是不够的。
30)What it shows is just how much of the picture in our head of our surroundings is a massive construction, based on expectations, what we think is important, what we normally encounter and so on,”
(T)这说明,我们大脑对周围事物的认知图像确实是综合许多因素而形成的产物。这些因素包括,我们的期望,我们所关心的事情,我们通常遇到的事情,等等。
31)Misdirection of an audience, therefore, depends on more than just making people look the wrong way - the truly successful magician misdirects attention.
(T)因此,误导观众不只是让他们看错误的方向——真正成功的魔术师会转移他们的注意力。apparently 表面上psychokinetic 念力with a static shot 静止的镜头voiceover画外音control group 实验对照组facial clues 面部表情的线索monitor 观察
32)This leads to an interesting idea —could some people be immune to some of the effects of magic?
be immune to对…有免疫力;不受…的影响
(T)这就导致一个有趣的思想——是不是有些魔术效果对一些人不起作用?
33)People who suffer from autism, for example, tend to have difficulties gauging facial cues, so their attention is less influenced by where somebody is looking.
(T)比如自闭症患者有阅读表情的障碍,因此,他们的注意力不会被他人的目光方向所影响。magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)磁共振成像仪
34)"We're very interested in the part of the brain that detects cause and effect relations," says Parris. (T)帕里斯说。“我们对大脑中发现因果关系的部位非常感兴趣。”
35)In particular, the experiments will monitor the dorsal lateral pre-frontal cortex, which is known to be the bit of the brain that registers surprise, and the anterior cingulate, which is activated whenever something incongruous happens in our immediate environment.
the dorsal lateral pre-frontal cortex 前额背外侧区大脑皮层anterior cingulate前扣皮带层register 表现,显示incongruous不协调的immediate 紧邻的,附近的
(T)在中对大脑的研究实验,研究人员会特别监看大脑的前额背外侧区和前扣带皮层的活动情况。当人们感觉吃惊的时候,前额背外侧区会被激活。当近距离有不协调的事情发生的时候,前扣带皮层则会被激活。
36)Of course, magic is more than just surprise, so the researchers will be looking for something more. “When you’re watching magic, there is just a split second 一瞬间when you’re in disbelief and that’s what we’re looking for, that exact moment," he says. "The magic spot.”见证奇迹的时刻
37)"No one's done this and it's unclear whether it'll be a single part of the brain or a network," says Parris.
(T)“还没有人做过这样的实验,人们也不清楚观众在看魔术时,大脑产生反应的是其中的一个部分还是某个神经网络。”
38)But while psychologists slowly get to grips with the way magicians manage to trick our brains, is there not a risk that the magic will lose its power? That it will cease to be amazing? Wiseman thinks not. "What we get is a more informed audience," he says. get to grips with
1. (与…)争论;(与…)冲突;(与…)扭作一团
2. 认真对待(或解决)…;设法对付…Juggle 抛接杂耍conceal 隐藏v.
(T)但是当心理学家了解了魔术是如何欺骗我们的时候,会不会存在魔术失去魅力的风险呢?它会使吃惊结束吗?Wiseman觉得不会。“我们的研究只是让观众更加了解魔术。”
the practitioners of magic 魔法从业人员,魔术师fallible adj. 易犯错误的;不可靠的
39)They can probably get away with quite a bit more. get away with侥幸逃脱
(T)魔术师或许可以继续成功地蒙骗我们了
Unit5
It’s tough at the top珠峰之巅,举步维艰Mount Everest 埃佛勒斯峰(喜马拉雅山主峰之一,中国称珠穆朗玛峰)Himalayas n. 喜马拉雅山脉
1)Many people have risked and lost their lives in the course of expedition. Modern explorers, however, are becoming more fascinated by the ultimate fate of earlier doomed explorers.
(T)在征服珠穆朗玛峰的过程中,许多人冒了生命危险在前进,并且最终丢掉了性命。
然而,现代探险者对早年攀登者最后的不幸遭遇,表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣。
2)"Because it's there," George Mallory reportedly replied when asked why he wanted to climb Mount Qomolangma.
(T)据说,当乔治·马罗礼被问及他为何要攀登珠峰时,他这样回答,“因为有珠峰”。
3)The only man to take part in all three of the British pioneering expeditions in the 1920s,/ Mallory was driven by a fascination to reach the summit of the mountain/ with which he had formed a strong personal bond with.
(T)20世纪20年代英国率先组织了3次攀登珠峰的活动,马罗礼是唯一位3次都参加过的探险家。他对珠峰怀有强烈的情感,一直神往登上珠峰之巅。
4)"It's an hell-like mountain, cold and treacherous," he once wrote in a letter home from Everest Base Camp. treacherous危险的; 变化莫测的
(T)珠峰的环境犹如地狱,冰雪严寒,变幻莫测。
5)“The risks of getting caught are too great; the margin of strength when men are at great heights is too small. Perhaps it is mere folly to go up again. But how can I be out of the hunt?"
(T)被困死在珠峰上的风险太大了;人类在攀登峰顶时可使用的力量太小了。也许再次攀登可是我又怎能错过这次尝试登顶的机会呢?
6)In 1920 when Francis Younghusband, the President of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), first put forward the idea of supporting an expedition to Everest, the mountain was still a mystery. 对于….仍然一无所知
as to 1. 至于,说到;关于[多引起从句] 2. 按,按照,遵循,根据
7)At the time no one had been within 65 kilometers of the mountain, which could only be approached through the unknown kingdoms of Nepal or China's Tibet. kingdom 区域,范围
(T) 那时,还没有人到过珠峰周围65公里的范围,只能从尼泊尔或中国的西藏的未知区域走近
这座高山。
set one's sights on someone or something:to regard having someone or something as one's goal.
8)The accomplishment of such a feat will elevate the human spirit and will give man, especially us geographers, a feeling that we are acquiring a true mastery of our surroundings.
(T)完成这一壮举将让全人类为之振奋,尤其能我们地理学家感受到,我们自己能够真正掌握(了解)我们的环境。
9)This is the incalculable good which the ascent of Mount Everest will confer," he said. incalculable adj. 无数的;不可计算的;不可预料的ascent攀登confer (称号、学位等的)授予,赐予,颁给:
(T)登上珠峰所产生的效益是不可估量的。
10)George Mallory and Andrew Irvine had set out from Camp VI on 8 June 1924, attempting to become the first men to set foot on the summit. They never returned.
(T)乔治·马罗礼与安德鲁·欧文于1924年6月8日从六号营地出发,试图成为首次登上珠峰的人。可他们再也没有回来。
11)Today, with more than 550 mountaineers from 20 countries having reached the summit, the mystery has shifted away from Qomolangma the mountain, towards Mallory the man.
(T)时至今日,已有20个国家五百五十多名登山运动员登顶成功。现在珠峰之谜已经解开了,就剩马洛里的登峰之谜了。
12)In March 1999, 75 years after Mallory's death on the mountain, the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition set out for Qomolangma, not because it was there, but because he was.
不是因为它,而是因为他Ice axe 冰镐
13)…in 1975, the body of a climber was discovered nearby by a Chinese climber who described it as being an "old English dead" on account of the vintage clothes the body still wore.
(T)1975年,一名中国登山运动员在附近发现一具登山者的尸体,将其描述为“一位年长的英国死者”,因为尸体穿的是老式衣服。
14)Simonson's team expected to relocate the body during their high level search. They anticipated it to be Irvine, the inexperienced Oxford graduate who had possibly fallen, dropping his ice axe on the icy slabs of Qomolangma's North Face. Mallory's fate was unknown.
15)西门松的探险队期望在高地再次找到那具尸体。他们认为会是欧文,这位经验不足的牛津毕业生可能是从悬崖上坠落的,将冰斧掉在珠峰北坡的冰层上。马罗礼下落不明。
16)Searching amongst the snow gullies and scouring ledges at 8 320 meters, Simonson's team discovered a body, the skin bleached porcelain white by the sun. It was lying face down, head and arms frozen into the earth. Scouring冲刷出的bleach v. 漂白,晒白
(T)在8320米的雪沟与冰棱间搜寻时,西门松小组人员发现了一具尸体,太阳把他的皮肤晒成瓷白色。尸体的脸部朝下,头部与双臂都冻在土里。
17)Only the collars of the tattered clothes were intact and on one was uncovered a manufacturer's label, still legible despite years of vicious assaults by ice and wind.
(T)破碎不堪的衣服只有领子完好无损。其中一个领子上发现制造厂商的标签。虽经数十年的风霜冰雪严酷吹打,标签上的字仍清晰可辨。
18)The discovery of Mallory's body prompted admiration of expedition search member, Jake Norton.
Stitch 缝制
(T)发现了马罗礼尸体后,探险队员杰克·诺顿对其产生了无比的敬意
19)"As a climber, to know what Mallory did was phenomenal. He was a powerful tough guy, who fought till the end," he told reporters. Phenomenal 非凡的; 杰出的
(T)作为一名登山者,了解马罗礼所做的事情意义重大。他是一位意志极为坚强的人,战斗到最后一息,”诺顿跟记者这样说道。
20)During the early decades of the twentieth century, it was this strength, tenacity and love of adventure which had established Mallory as a leading figure in the close-knit climbing world.
(T)二十世纪前几十年时间里,勇气、毅力与热爱冒险的精神使马罗礼在组织严密的登山界的一名领军人物。
21)He was an obvious choice for the Mount Qomolangma Committee as part of the first reconnaissance expedition in 1921.
(T)1921年他被珠穆朗玛峰委员会一眼相中,成为第一个珠峰探险队的成员。
22)For Mallory this was the opportunity of a lifetime.
(T)对于马罗礼来说,这是一生一次的机会。
23)It was a challenge, but that only increased its appeal, for as he once said: " To refuse the adventure is to run the risk of drying up like a pea in its shell.“
24)这次攀登珠峰是一次挑战,但这更提高了它的吸引力,因为正如马罗礼曾经说过的那样,“拒绝这次冒险机会等于让自已庸庸碌碌地渡过一生。”
25)By 1924, after two exhausting and unsuccessful attempts to the mountain on expeditions in 1921 and 1922, his early enthusiasm began to wane.
(T)到了1924年,经过1921年与1922年两次使人精疲力竭的失败尝试后,马罗礼早期的热情开始减退。
26)A family man with three children, he had just begun a teaching job at Cambridge. 顾家的男人
27)Meeting Irvine, recommended by Noel Odell, the expedition's geologist, buoyed him up for the challenge. buoy up 鼓舞,激励,使振作buoy n. 浮标;vt. 使浮起;
(T)他会见了探险队地质学家诺尔·奥德尔推荐的欧文,这重新唤起他应对挑战的干劲。28)Although Irvine was young with no track record as a climber, he was strong, resourceful and good-natured.
(T)虽然欧文年轻,还没有登山经验,但他体魄强壮,足智多谋,而且性格随和。
29)The expedition "superman", they called him. Mallory had warmed to him immediately, describing him as "a fine fellow", who should, "prove a splendid companion on the mountain.”warm to (对某人) 产生好感; (对某事) 开始感兴趣fine 品德高尚的; 值得钦佩的
30)在探险队里,队员们称他为“探险超人”。马罗礼马上对他产生好感,称他为“好伙伴”,会是“登山中一个出色的同伴。”
31)Before departing for the 1924 expedition Mallory had confided in a friend that it would be, "more of war than an adventure", and that he was prepared for a siege on the summit. Confide in sb. 吐露siege 围攻,包围
(T)1924年的探险出发前,马罗礼私下跟一位朋友说,这次探险“与其说是一场冒险不如说是一场战争,”而他做好在山顶遭受灾难围攻的准备。
32)Two attempts were to be made, one with oxygen and one without but Qomolangma repelled both attempts. Repel击退;抵制;使厌恶
(T)他们打算做两种尝试:一种是带氧,另一种不带氧气。但是珠峰对这两种尝试均未买账。
33)Mallory's climbing teams were defeated through lack of oxygen and exhaustion. He refused to give up and was determined to risk one last try.
(T)由于缺氧和体力不支,马罗礼登山队的两次尝试都失败了。但他不愿放弃,决心冒险做最后一搏
34)Only Odell and Irvine were in a fit state to partner him. For Mallory it was a simple choice. He threw his lot in with Irvine and the pair set off on their fatal summit bid.
(T)只有奥德尔与欧文身强体壮的,可以陪着他。对于马罗礼来说,选择很简单。于是他决心与欧文共命运,俩人踏上登顶的不归路。
Crag 悬崖; 峭壁Mosaic adj. 摩西的;拼成的;嵌花式的n. 马赛克;镶嵌;镶嵌细工
35)A sudden clearing above him unveiled the whole summit ridge.
Unveil vt. 使公诸于众,揭开;揭幕vi. 除去面纱;显露Ridge山脊
(T)他头顶上突然现出了一片晴空,整座山脊一览无余。
36)On a snow slope, clinging to the steep North Face, he noticed, first Mallory, then Irvine approach a broad rock step.
(T)紧靠着陡峭的北坡的雪坡上,他先看到马罗礼,然后看见欧文到了一块宽阔的岩石阶上
37)As he stood, his eyes tracking them against the mosaic of rock and snow, the weather closed in again, clouding their fate for the next 75 years.
他站在那里,双眼紧紧盯住岩石与雪地交织地带的俩人,云气再次降临下来,将他们的命运一盖(遮)就是75年。
38)In finding Mallory's body, Simonson's team had helped to come to a theory of how he had died. (T)西门松探险小组发现了马罗礼的尸体之后,帮助得出了关于他死因的解释。
39)Prior to the recent expedition it was thought that Mallory and Irvine had been climbing at 8 535 meters, and could have either fallen or simply laid down exhausted in the snow to die.
(T)在这次探险之前,人们认为马罗礼与欧文攀到8535米的地方时,他们要么翻下了山崖,要么是体力不支,躺倒在雪地上死去。
40)"There was a rope wrapped round his waist. You could see black and blues on him, he probably had internal bleeding.
(T)一条绳子绕在他的腰间,身上青一块、紫一块的,他很有可能是内出血。
41)He slid down the North Face digging into the snow or gravel, crossed his legs in pain and died a few moments later. Gravel 砂砾
(T)他在用冰镐往雪地或砾石上钉眼时从北坡滑落,双腿痛苦得蜷在一起,不久便死去。
42)Despite the initial find of the body, Qomolangma was reluctant to give away too many more clues. (T)除了最初发现的尸体,珠峰不愿提供更多的线索
43)The team failed to find the camera ||, lent to Mallory by his climbing partner Howard Somervell,|| the existence of which may prove whether or not the pair made it to the top.
(T)探险小组没有找到马罗礼的另一位登山伙伴霍华德·萨默维尔借给他的相机。若是找到了相机,就有可能证明这两人是否成功地登上了峰顶。
44)However, searching for needles in a hostile, wind-scorched haystack of rock and ice is a perilous business.
(T)然而,搜寻这部相机无异于在环境恶劣的崖石与冰雪构成的狂风怒吼的海洋里寻找一根针,这是极其危险的一件事。
45)In the face of such danger || the expedition's fascination with the man, must be almost as great as the man's own fascination with the mountain.
(T)在这么危险的情况下,探险队员们在寻找这个人(马洛里)时表现出来的执着,一定与这个人(马洛里)对珠峰的执着一样强烈。
46)Macabre though Simonson's quest is, it is not unique.
(T)虽然西门松一行人的探寻活动看起来相当恐怖,但并非是独一无二的。
The Arctic 北极Arctic 极冷的Arctic 北极的Permafrost 永冻土层
47)Torrington had been chief Stoker aboard the Erebus which along with the Terror sailed with Sir John Franklin during his expedition to chart the Northwest Passage.
(T)托林通是“俄瑞波斯”号船上的仓库管理主管,在他为绘制西北航道海图探险时,同船前往的有约翰.富兰克林爵士。
48)The expedition had set sail from the Thames River on 19 May 1845, || carrying with it the hope of the nation || for the discovery of a navigable route through the Arctic into the Pacific Ocean.
(T)探险队于1845年5月19日从泰晤士河起航,带着举国上下的希望,期待能发现一条从北
极到太平洋的航道。
49)Neither ship was ever seen again and 129 men lost their lives in a polar enigma which mesmerized Victorian Britain. Mesmerize 迷住enigma:someone or something that is strange and difficult to understand
(T)此后这两艘船再也没有踪影。船上129名船员全部丧生神秘莫测的极地,这使维多利亚时代的英国人百思不得其解。
50)The conclusion of the 25 major search expeditions, which set out to solve the puzzle was that Franklin's men had succumbed to scurry, starvation, stress and hypothermia.
(T)为了解开这一迷团,人们先后组织了25次大规模的搜寻行动。最后得出的结论是:富兰克林一行人死于阵雪、饥饿、心理压力与体温过低等方面的原因。
51)In 1981 American anthropologist Owen Beattie, set out to apply modern scientific and forensic technique to any remaining evidence of Franklin's expedition.
(T)1981年英国人类学家奥温·比泰开始用现代科学与法医技术检验富兰克林探险队存留下来的证据。
52)Over the following five years Beattie scoured Franklin's expedition sites for clues. His most grisly task was the exhumation and autopsies of three expedition members, one of whom was John Torrington.
scour四处搜索exhumation [ekshju:'mei??n] 1.发掘2.掘尸grisly adj. extremely unpleasant and involving people being killed or injured autopsy 验尸
(T)此后五年的时间里,比泰走遍了富兰克林探险队所经过的地方寻找线索。他那最令人毛骨悚然的工作,是把三名探险队员的尸体挖出来并进行尸体解剖,其中一名是约翰·托林通。Repeal if the government repeals a law, it officially ends it, so that it is no longer valid. 撤销; 废止(法令) the Corn Laws 谷物法(Corn Laws,或称“玉米法案”)是一道于1815年至1846年强制实施的进口关税,藉以“保护”英国农夫及地主免受来自从生产成本较低廉的外国所进口的谷物的竞争。
53)Being kept in the frozen earth since 1846 had prevented major outward appearances of decay. (T)1846年起尸体一直埋于冻土之中,外表主要部分没有腐化。
54)Torrington looked very much as he has done in life; skin was still on his face, he had kept his teeth, eyes and most of his hair.
(T)托林通看上去跟生前差不多。脸上皮肤完好;牙齿、眼睛与大部分头发尚存。
55)Samples of his body tissue looked almost recent in origin and certain bacterial stains collected had even survived the big freeze.
(T)他体内组织的标本看上去跟刚死去的人差不多,而且某些细菌感染处历经严寒后依然存活了下来。
56)The autopsy showed Torrington was an ill man when he died. His lungs were blackened with atmospheric pollutants and he showed evidence of tuberculosis atmospheric pollutants大气污染tuberculosis n. 肺结核;结核病
(T)尸体解剖表明托林通死的时候正患病。他的两片肺叶由于空气污染物侵蚀变黑,并表现出肺结核症状
57)There were also signs that the ultimate cause of death had been pneumonia. However, what struck Beattie most were abnormally high levels of lead found in samples of hair, indicating acute lead poisoning.
(T)还有迹象说明最终导致他死亡的原因是肺炎。然而,最令比泰吃惊的是在头发样本中发现高出正常很多的铅含量,这说明是急性铅中毒。
58)Lead poisoning can lead to weakness, fatigue, stupor, neurosis and erratic behavior, ||far from ideal conditions for surviving long exposure to the harsh Arctic environment.
(T)铅中毒会导致虚弱、乏力、精神愰惚、神经机能症及行为怪诞,远远达不到长期在恶劣的北
极环境中生存的理想身体状况。
59)Beattie confirmed the elevated lead levels in John Hartnell and William Braine, the two other exhumed bodies.
(T)比泰在另两具挖掘出的尸体,即约翰·哈特内尔与威廉·布莱恩体内,也发现铅含量过高。
60) In 1845, tinned preserved food was a modern invention, tin cans having been only patented in England in 1811. They were made from a wrought-iron sheet bent into a cylinder and joined along the seam with solder containing more than 90 percent lead.
(T)在1845年,罐头食品还是一项现代发明。锡罐于1811年才在英国取得专利权。这种罐是由精制铁皮卷成圆筒而成,切口的缝由铅含量达90%以上的焊锡来焊接。
61)Franklin's expedition carried nearly 8 000 lead-soldered tins containing meat, soup, vegetables and pemmican -a pressed cake of shredded dry meat.
(T)富兰克林探险队带有的近八千个的罐头都是有含铅焊锡封口的。这些罐头里装有肉、汤、蔬菜,以及压缩肉糜饼(一种用干肉捣碎压制而成的饼)。
62)Beattie's examination of tins collected near the site of the graves confirmed the high levels of lead in the solder and also that the side seams of some tins were incomplete, increasing the risk of contamination.比泰检验了掘尸点附近采集到的铁罐,证实焊锡铅含量较高,并且一些罐头边缝也没完全焊牢,这就增加了食物受到污染的危险性。
63)Beattie's gruesome raising of Franklin's death had answered the age-old question of what happened to the ill-fated Northwest Passage expedition.
(T)西北路线的攀登队为什么会遭遇不幸一直是个迷。比泰通过揭示了富兰克林的恐怖死因,也回答了这个由来已久的谜题。
64)Weakened by the physical and neurological side effects of lead poisoning, the men would have not been physically able to fight off the diseases that were the eventual cause of death. Side effect副作用Collateral damage (军事行动中对平民或非军事建筑造成的) 附带损害Fallout附带结果(后果)
(T)由于铅中毒所产生的身体与精神上的副作用,人们的体质受到削弱,无力与疾病作斗争而最终导致死亡。
65)Although Mallory's camera was not recovered, various other artifacts were unearthed, including an oxygen bottle, Mallory's watch, an altimeter, glacier goggles, a pocketknife and several letters from family members. Unearth 发现
(T)虽然没有找到马罗礼的照相机,但发现了其他的物件,其中有氧气瓶、马罗礼的手表、高度计、冰原用护目镜、一把小刀及几封家信
66)They hope to piece together the many possible scenarios of Mallory and Irvine's last day.
(T)他们希望搞清楚马罗礼与欧文的最后一天中可能出现的种种情况
67)Beattie's solution to the Franklin mystery took four expeditions and Simonson is not expecting miracles.
(T)比泰为解开富兰克林之迷作过四次探险,因此西门松并没有期望奇迹般的意外发现。
68)Next time he wants to look for Irvine's body and the elusive camera, which he still believes is on the mountain. But for the present, the mystery of both the man and the mountain live on.
(T)下一次,他要寻找欧文的尸体及那只尚未找到的相机。他相信相机还在山上。但是现在,马洛里的珠峰之谜仍未解开。
Unit6
Right Drug, Wrong Patient药本无毒,毒乃错药
1)As a rule, the pharmacy's proficiency and authority is little doubted. But the rate of pharmacy errors is much higher than people think.
通常,人们很少会怀疑药房的职业水平和其权威性。但是,药房的出错率比人们所想的要高得多。
黄药师Huang Yao-shi Nickname:"Eastern Heretic" (東邪) Alias:"Old Evil Huang" (黃老邪) 2) Imagine what would happen if the drug dispensed to you were not the proper one.
(T)想一想,药师药房给你开错药会出现什么后果
3)At breakfast, seven-year-old Gabrielle Hundley took the first of two pills that would change her life. (T) 吃早餐时,7岁的加布里埃尔?亨德黎服下了将会改变她一生的两粒药中的第一粒。
4)The new prescription that her mother, Peggie, had gotten filled at the Rite Aid in Rock Hill, S.C., was for Ritalin, a drug used to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
(T)布里埃尔患有注意力缺陷多动症,因此需要服药。她的母亲将医生开的新药单拿到了南卡罗来纳州洛克山的日特爱德药店去配药。早上布里埃尔吃的这两粒药,便是从药店带回来的新药。
5)In an emergency room later that day, February 21, 1995, doctors discovered that the little girl hadn't taken Ritalin at all, but a high dose of Glynase, a diabetes medication.
(T)当天,即1995年2月21日的晚些时候,在急救室里,医生们发现小女孩服用的根本不是利他林,而是大剂量的格里纳斯,一种治疗糖尿病的药。
6)In court the next year, the Hundleys' attorney argued that the pills were incorrectly dispensed, and contained 16 times the normal starting dose for adult diabetics, causing Gabrielle's blood-sugar level to plummet so severely that she suffered permanent brain damage. attorney律师;代理人starting dose起始剂量;首剂量plummet数量、比率、价格) 暴跌
(T)次年在法庭上,亨德黎的律师论证说,药物没有正确配发,其剂量比成人正常初服量高出16倍,使得加布里埃尔血糖急速攀高,从而导致她脑部永久性损伤
7)The jury awarded the Hundley family $16 million. Rite Aid is appealing the verdict.
(T)陪审团判决赔偿亨德黎家1600万美元。日特爱德药店提出了上诉。
8)Pharmacy transactions seem so straightforward. How often could they go awry?
(T)在药房买药看上非常简单容易,那么药房配错药的概率有多少呢?
9)While there are no definitive national statistics, there is evidence suggesting that drug-dispensing mistakes are more common than you think.
(T)虽然没有权威的全国的统计数据,但是也有证据显示药店配错药的概率要比人们所想的要高。
Definite : 明确的;确切的Defining: 起决定作用的;关键的Definitive: 确定的; 权威性的; 可靠的
10)In a 1997 nationwide survey conducted by the trade publication Drug Topics, 53 percent of pharmacists admitted having made errors in the preceding two months.
(T)1997年,在行业刊物《药学信息》的全国调查中,受访药剂师有的53%的人都承认在前两月里配错过药。
11)A June 1996 survey of 3361 pharmacists in California and Oregon revealed that errors occurred at an annual rate of 324 per pharmacy -nearly one a day.
(T)在1996年6月,对3361位加利福尼亚和俄勒冈的药剂师的一次调查显示,每家药店每年平均出错324次——将近每天1次。
12)“Ten years ago, an acceptable error rate was considered one per year per pharmacy,”says Ralph V ogel, president of the Guild For Professional Pharmacists, a union representing 2000 pharmacists. (T)“十年前,可接受的出错率为平均每家药店每年1次,”拉尔夫·沃格尔说。他是专业药剂师协会的主席,这家协会拥有2000名药剂师。“
13)“What we're seeing today is the chaos that comes from understaffing and other new stresses in the pharmacy.”
14)“我们今天看到的混乱局面,是因为药店人员配备不足,以及药店面临新的压力的原因。”
15)The pharmacy industry insists that worries over error rates are overblown. Overblown过分渲染的;夸张的
16)药店行业坚持认为,对出错率的担忧被过分渲染。
17)Nevertheless, many state regulators, consumer advocates and pharmacists contend that a revolution in the retail drug business is causing problems by increasing workloads.
Regulator 监管人; 监管机构contend 声称,主张
(T)不过,有许多国家监管部门、消费者保护团体以及许多药剂师都认为,由于工作量的增加,药品零售行业所发生的剧变导致了许多问题的出现。
18)They point to two factors: First, overall prescription volume keeps rising -up 30 percent between 1992 and 1997, according to IMS Health, a health care information company.Second, the percentage of prescriptions paid for by insurance or HMOs has risen from 28 percent in 1991 to 60 percent in 1997. (T)他们指出了两个原因:一、医生开出的处方总量在一直增加——根据医疗信息公司IMS Health的调查结果显示,1992年到1997处方总量增加了30%。二、由保险公司或保健组织支付的处方的比例,已由1991年的28%增长到1997年的60%。
19)These third-party payers are imposing ever-lower reimbursement rates on pharmacies, which must churn out a high volume of prescriptions to keep profit margins up.
Imposing…on 强制实行Ever- : always or continuously Reimbursement报销; 偿还; 赔偿churn剧烈搅动churn out 快速大量生产profit margins 利润率
(T)这些第三方付款人给对于药物的报销比例越来越低,这就导致药店必须要大量配药来保持利润的增长。
20)Even the Big Four chains -Rite Aid, CVS, Eckerd and Walgreens -are affected.
(T)甚至四大连锁药房——日特爱德公司,CVS,爱克德以及沃尔格林斯——也受到了影响。
21) Against this backdrop, too many people are taking the prescription transaction for granted. Backdrop 1. 幕布,背景幕2.(事件的)背景take for granted 认为…理所当然
22) 在这种背景下,几乎所有的人都想当然地认为药店的配药是没问题的。
23)Indeed, for the past nine years, Americans responding to Gallup Polls have ranked pharmacists as the country's most honest and ethical professionals ahead of clergy members. Rank 给…排名,名列clergy 牧师
(T)实际上,在过去的九年里,美国人在回答盖洛普民意调查时,都将药剂师列为全国最诚实最有职业道德的专业人员,排名位于牧师之前。
24)No wonder so many people assume nothing can go wrong. “I had blind faith,”says Peggie Hundley. no wonder 并不足怪,怪不得,难怪
(T)难怪为数众多的人以为,药剂师不会出任何差错。佩吉·亨德黎说:“我盲目地信任了他们。
25)You can't rely solely on your doctor.
(T)你不可完全依赖您的医生.
26)Most physicians get only one year of formal training in medical school on the use of prescription drugs. And, generally, continuing education on medications is not required. Adult education成人教育(T)大多数医生在医学院只接受过一年的有关配方药使用的正式培训。而且,一般说来,不要求他们再接受药学方面的继续教育。
27)In contrast, many states require pharmacists to complete an average 15 hours of continuing education each year.
(T)相反,许多州政府要求药剂师每年平均完成15小时的继续教育
28)And there's no dearth of homework: new drugs are pouring into the market, stimulated by a 1992 program shortening the FDA's drug-approval times. dearth 不足stimulate刺激、鼓励
(T)而且,药剂师的额外准备工作也不会少:1992年,由于美国食品和药物管理局缩减了药品的审批时间,新的药品大量涌入市场。
29)In the past two years, 92 new drugs hit the market -compared with 125 approved for the previous five years.
(T)在过去的两年里,92种新药涌进市场,而在此之前的五年里只有125种药物获批。
Implicit 1.含蓄的,不讲明的2.内含的,隐含的,固有的problematic有困难的;有问题的;难以解决的Problem出错的
30)Ruth Paxton, 44, of Dayton, Nev., trusted her doctor implicitly when she sought treatment for a sinus infection in July 1992.3.
(T)来自内华达州达顿的44岁的路斯·帕克斯顿,在1992年7月请自己的医生治疗鼻窦感染时,她对医生信任无疑。
allergic reaction过敏反应penicillin n. 盘尼西林(青霉素)Keflex 头孢氨苄
31)Unaware of the severity of her past reactions, her doctor prescribed the antibiotic Ceftin, which can cause life-threatening allergic responses in people with extreme sensitivities to either of the other two drugs. Ceftin新菌灵(头孢菌类素抗生素)
(T)在对她的过敏史不了解的情况下,医生开出了抗生素。如果病人对前面两种抗生素中的任何一种都极度敏感的话,服用新菌灵会导致致命的过敏反应。
32)Within 20 minutes of taking Ceftin, Paxton‘s throat began to swell, making it difficult to breathe. Swift self-treatment with an anti-histamine (抗组胺药物)stopped the reaction.
(T)服用完新菌灵不到20分钟,帕克斯顿的喉咙便开始肿胀,让其难以呼吸。帕克斯顿迅速自救,紧急服用了抗组胺药才终止了这一过敏反应。
33)Nevada's board of pharmacy reprimanded Paxton's pharmacist, saying he should have warned her of the potential for allergic reaction.
(T)内华达州药剂师协会对帕克斯顿的药剂师进行了谴责,协会称药剂师应该提醒帕克斯顿该药物可能会导致过敏反应。
34)A white coat does not make a pharmacist.
(T)穿白大褂的未必是药剂师。
35)The burden of knowing about potentially dangerous drug reactions is one reason pharmacists must complete five or six years of academic training.
(T)之所以药剂师必须完成5到6年在高校的专业学习,就是因为要全面了解可药物潜在的危险。pharmacy technician助理药剂师;药品技师;药房技术员
36)Depending on the state, such techs may have nothing more than a high school degree and on-the-job training.
(T)根据州政府的规定,这样的助理药剂师只需高中学历和接受过在职训练。
37)As pharmacy chains face squeezes on profit margins, the use of techs is growing. Why? Techs typically earn $5 to $12 an hour -compared with the average of $30 to $39 an hour for registered pharmacists.
(T)配药连锁店由于利润幅度紧缩,使用的助理药剂师越来越多。为什么会这样呢?助理药剂师每小时的酬金为5-12美金,比较而言,注册药剂师每小时的酬金则达30~39美金。
38)Of course, pharmacists are supposed to check technicians' work. Failure to do so was cited as a major cause of dispensing errors by nearly a third of pharmacists in the Drug Topics survey.
(T)当然,药剂师应当核查助理的工作。《药学信息》的调查认为,将近三分之一的药剂师犯配药错误主要是由于没有核查。Cite 引证
Refill:a container filled with a particular substance coumadin 香豆定
a powerful blood-thinning medication 治疗血管收缩的强效药
39)“At the trial, they said they couldn't be sure who filled the prescription,”says Hazel, referring to her lawsuit against Kmart.
(T)“在开庭审理时,他们说拿不准是谁配的药”,海泽尔在谈到诉讼卡马特的案件时说。40)Her attorney argued that whoever filled the prescription did so with pills containing 5 mg of Counmadin rather than Ernest's usual 2 mg. -an overdose that caused massive bleeding and led to
his death.
(T)她的律师论证说,无论是谁配的药,其配药中香豆定的含量是5克,而不是恩尼斯特的正常用量2毫克——正式因为5克的剂量过大,才引起恩尼斯特大出血,最终导致了他的死亡。41)Some dispensing errors can be attributed to unreasonable workloads.
(T)一些配药错误可以归因于超负荷的工作量。
42)Three medical studies conducted over an 11-year period found a correlation between pharmacists' workloads and error rates
(T)三项持续了11年之久的医学研究发现,药剂师的工作量与错误率是有一定关系的:
43)‘There does appear to be a greater risk of errors when a pharmacist is expected to fill more than 24 prescriptions per hour,’
(T)当药剂师每小时需要配药超过24份时,其出错的概率就会增大
44)Increasingly, pharmacists say, pushing beyond that rate is not unusual.
(T)许多药剂师说,现在配药的速度需要越来越快,超出每小时24份是已经很常见了。
45)Most pharmacies rely on computer setups that are supposed to be updated regularly with information about new drugs or new risks for existing drugs. But these systems don't always work. (T)多数药店依靠的是电脑程序,这些程序一般会定期更新药信息或是先有药物的新的风险信息。然而这些套系统并非总能奏效。
46)…and his colleagues presented two prescriptions for the same patient to 50 pharmacists…
(T)向50位药剂师展示了为同一病人开出的两张处方。
47) One was for the antihistamine Seldane; the other was for the antibiotic erythromycin.
(T)一张是抗组胺药塞尔岱,另一张是抗生素红霉素。
48)Since 1992 the FDA and the drug manufacturers have issued warnings that mixing the two drugs could be fatal. Still, 32 percent of the pharmacies filled the prescriptions.
(T)从1992年起,美国食品及药物管理局与药品制造商就已经发布警告说,将这两种药混用会产生致命的后果。但仍然有32%的药剂师配发了这两张处方。
adverse interactions药物相克Override system 改写程序
49)And what about the patient information leaflets stapled to prescription bags at most pharmacies?
那么钉在处方袋上的病人须知单又怎样呢?
50)These are also designed to give added protection against drug interactions or side effects.
(T)这些单子同样是为了进一步防止药物相克或副作用。
51)They usually aren't prepared by pharmacists or physicians -but by commercial vendors. And they're often vague or out-of-date.
(T)它们一般不是由药剂师或医生——而是由商贩们提供的。而且,往往要么是含糊不清,要么就是已经过时。
52)Little watchdog oversight exists.
(T)监管机构不监督。state boards各州有关部门
53)And national error-reporting programs such as one run by U.S. Pharmacopeia (a nonprofit group that sets drug-manufacturing quality standards) are voluntary.
(T)在美国药典协会(制定药物生产质量
标准
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的非营利性组织)所主持的全国药物出错报告项目中,药店也是自愿提交报告
54)Drug chains, however, usually require pharmacists to submit error reports to management. But even those internal reports don't always prevent future errors.
(T)不过,连锁药店通常要求药剂师向管理层呈交错误报告。然而,即使有内部报告也不能保证将来不出错。
heart-rhythm-altering调节心率的breast cancer 乳腺癌malignant tumor恶性肿瘤
benign tumor良性肿瘤chemotherapy化学疗法Oncology肿瘤学
55)Malvina Holloway, 59, of Mobile, Ala., received a bottle filled with Tambocor, a dangerous heart-rhythm-altering medication, rather than the breast-cancer drug Tamoxifen that her oncologist had prescribed. Holloway didn't discover the mistake until five months and two refills later.
(T)59岁的来自亚拉巴马州莫比尔的玛尔维纳·霍罗威拿到的是一瓶泰布考(一种调节心率的危险药物),而不是肿瘤医生为她开出的治疗乳腺癌的它莫西芬。霍罗威在五个月后,又配了两次药后才发现了这个错误。
56)Luckily, she did not experience any adverse reactions to the heart drug, but Holloway was distressed that her cancer treatment was delayed.
adverse reaction to food/drug/…不良反应
(T)幸运的是,霍罗威没有因为服用种心脏药产生不良反应,但她因耽搁了癌症的治疗而十分沮丧。
Sue是民事訴訟,多數是要求金錢賠償incident reports 事故报告
57)Such awards have motivated chains to improve internal procedures on error reports.
(T)此类的赔偿驱使药店要去改善对于事故
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的内部管理程序。
58)But Carmen Catizone, executive director of the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy(美国国家药房协会), which represents state licensing boards across the country, argues for greater oversight: “We are proposing that each individual pharmacy be required to report serious dispensing errors to the state board.”
(T)然而,国家配药业委员会协会(全国各州许可委员会的代表)的执行主席卡门·凯狄左恩则要求进行更严厉的监督:“我们提议要求每一家药店向州立药店执照委员会汇报严重的配药错误。”
59)The ultimate responsibility of protecting himself, though, rests with the consumer.
(T)不过,要保护好自己,其最本根的责任还在于消费者自己。
show and tell 展示说明counsel 解释说明
60)“If people understood the harm that could be done to them by a dispensing error, they wouldn't treat going to a pharmacy like going to a fast-food store.
“如果人们知道错误配药可能导致的严重后果的话,他们就不会把药店当做是平常去的超市了。”
61)At your doctor's office, write down the generic and brand names of your prescribed medicine, along with its purpose and the dosage. That way you can double-check the medication the pharmacist hands you.
(T)在诊室里,记下所开药的通用名及商标名,并写下用途与用量。这样,你便可以对药剂师交给你的药品进行复核。
62)Inform Everyone: Remind both your doctor and your pharmacist of any drug allergies you have, as well as any other medications you're taking. Include over-the-counter pain or cold remedies, vitamins and herbal supplements.
(T)提供信息:提醒你的医生和药剂师你对药品过敏的情况,以及你正在服用的其它药品。这包括止痛药和感冒药(非处方药)、维他命以及草本补给品(植物性营养补充剂)。
63)Check Refills: Make sure the pills are the same color and size you usually get. If they're different, assume they're wrong until a pharmacist examines them.
(T)检查补充药剂:确保药片与你通常所取的药片颜色及大小一致。如果有不同,就先认定配药出错了,待药剂师对配药再次检查确认无误后,方可服用。
64)Off-Peak非高峰(时间)的call in 打电话通知
65)If you get your prescriptions by mail, order them at least two weeks before you need a refill. Most importantly, if you feel sick after taking a newly prescribed drug, call your physician immediately. (T)最重要的是,你倘若在服用了刚刚配好的药之后感到不舒服,请立即联系你的医生。
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