英语动词分类及时态

英语动词分类及时态 一、 实义动词 1） 及物动词vt. a.动宾 I like this book. b.动宾补 I call the bird Polly. I saw the children play in the park yesterday. (make, let, have, see, watch, notice, hear等) Ex. ---Bob, we are moving this weekend. ---Congratulations! I ____ you happiness in your new flat. A. wish B. hope C. expect D. imagines c.动双宾语 Please pass me the salt. I bought myself a present. 2） 不及物动词vi. a. Horses run fast. b. vi.同其他词构成词组，作用等同于vt. 动介 look at, listen to… 动副 turn off, pick up…(代词、名词作宾语的位置) 动副介 go on with, get along with… 动名介 pay attention to, make good use of, take care of… Ex. Would you please ____ the TV? I can hardly hear the conversation between the two speakers. A. turn on B. turn up C. turn off D. turn down c. be + adj.+ prep. be proud of, be satisfied with… 3 )既是及物动词又是不及物动词vt.& vi. Boys fly kites. Birds can fly. 二、 系动词: be, become , get, look, seem, turn, sound smell, taste, feel, keep 等+表语 This kind of cloth feels soft. Her face turns red. You must keep healthy. Ex. --- Have you ever heard the song TAKE ME TO YOUR HEART? ---Yes, it ____ terrific. All of us like it very much. A. smells B. sounds C. looks D. tastes 三、 助动词 1）be +doing +done 2）have + done + been doing 3）do (does, did) 4）will, shall, would, should 四、 情态动词: may, can, must, might, could 等 1 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 I work I worked I shall work I should work 将来进行时 过去将来进行时 进行 I shall be working I should be working I am working I was working 将来完成时 过去将来完成时 完成 I shall have worked I should have worked I have worked I had worked 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 将来完成进行时 过去将来完成进行时 完成进I have been I had been I shall have been I should have been 行 working working working working 一、 构成： 1) 肯定形式：S+动词原形（v.）或 (v.s/v.es)+O. 2) 否定形式：S+助动词do not/ does not+动词原形+O. 3) 疑问形式：助动词Do/Does +S.+动词原形+O. eg. 1. I often help my parents do housework at home. 2. Tom often helps his parents do housework at home. Sometimes Lucy washes her clothes herself. 二、用法： 1）表示经常性活习惯性的动作或存在的状态。 I often go to school by bike. 2) 表示客观事实或普遍真理。 The earth goes around the sun. 3)一般现在时表将来 a.用在状语从句中（如 时间、条件状语从句等），用一般现在时表示将来。 If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the park. (if引导的条件状语从句，主将从现) When I grow up, I will go to America. b.下列动词：come, go ,arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。主要用 来表示时间上已经安排好的事情，如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 4) 在某些以here, there 开头的句子(倒装句)中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 三、与一般现在时连用的时间状语 1) 表示频度的副词 always, often, usually, sometimes等。 2）表频率的词组，如: once a year, twice a month, three times a week等。 3）表一般现在的时间状语如：on Sundays, on Monday afternoon, every day, every year 等。 形式 构成 例词 直接加-s runs, likes 单三 以ch, sh, s, o ,x结尾的动词， teach-teaches, wash-washes, go-goes, 在词尾加-es pass-passes, fix-fixes 2 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词， study-studies, try-tries 变y为i加-es 以元音字母加y结尾的动词， stay-stays, play-plays 直接加-s 一、 构成： 1） 肯定形式：S+v.+ed）+O. 2） 否定形式：S+助动词did not+动词原形+O. 3） 疑问形式：助动词Did +S.+动词原形+O. eg. Last week Tom helped his parents do housework at home 二、用法： 1）表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 I got up at six this morning. We visited the factory last week. 2) 表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。 When I was in the countryside, I often swam in the river. 3) 和一般过去式连用的时间状语 Last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1995, in the past , the other day, at that time, just now 等。 形式 构成 例词 直接加-ed work-worked 以e结尾的动词，直接加-d live-lived 过去式与过去分以辅音字母加y结尾的动词， 词 carry-carried, study-studied 变y为i加-ed (规则变化) 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有stop-stopped, plan-planned 一个辅音字母的，双写加－ed Ex. --- How much money did you ____ on the dictionary? --- Seventy-nine yuan. A. pay B. spend C. cost D. take The doctor ____ a ____ boy yesterday. A. had saved; dying B. saved; dead C. has saved; dead D. saved; dying 一、 构成： 1） 肯定形式：S+助动词 shall/will/be going to+动词原形+O. 2） 否定形式：S+助动词shall/will not/be not going to+动词原形+O. 3） 疑问形式：助动词Shall/Will +S.+动词原形+O./ Be + S. +going to+动原+O. 二、用法： 1) 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，其构成是will+动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如 tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Sunday, in +一段时间，in 3 2012等。如： They will leave for Shanghai next week. Will you be back in two days? 2) 当主语是I或we时，疑问句中一般使用shall,表示征求对方意见。如： Where shall we meet tomorrow? 3）“be going to +动原”表示a. 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 、打算做某事，表示已决定的、很可能发 生的事，b.或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。如： What are you going to do next Sunday? Look at the clouds. There is going to be a storm. 4） 只用shall/will表示将来，而不用 be going to结构。 a. 表示有礼貌地询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。如： Will you please lend me your bike? b. 表示意愿 We will help him if he asks us. c. 表示单纯的将来，人的愿望和判断时。如： The sun will rise at 6:30 tomorrow morning. 5） “be about to+动词原形”和“be to+动词原形”结构表示即将发生的动作。如： I am about to leave when the phone rings. 注：a. “be about to” 不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连 用。 b. “be going to” “ be to” I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. （客观安排） I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) 6) 瞬间动词go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin等用现在进行时表示最近的将来。（见 现在进行时） 7) 一般现在时表示将来 a.表示按规定或时间表预计将发生的动作。如： We’re going to Changchun. Our plane takes off at 8:10. b.时间状语从句中，主将从现，从句中一般现在时代替一般将来时。(见 状语从句) If it doesn’t rain this afternoon, we’ll have a football match. 一、构成： 1） 肯定形式：S+助动词 should/would/was/were going to+动词原形+O. 2） 否定形式：S+助动词should/would not/was/were not going to+动词原形+O. 3） 疑问形式：助动词Should/Would +S.+动词原形+O./ Was/Were + S. +going to+动 原+O. 二：用法： 1） 表示从过去某一段时间看将来发生的动作或存在的状态。常用在宾语从句中， 由“would+动原”构成。如： He said he would buy some fruits for his sister. He asked when the meeting would end. 2） 表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作，用was/were going to +动原。如： 4 I thought it was going to rain soon. They were going to start a new job when I saw them then 3） 瞬间动词go, come, leave, arrive, start等，其过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发 生的动作。 一、 构成： 1） 肯定形式：S +be+动词的现在分词v.ing. 2） 否定形式：S + be not动词现在分词 v.ing. 3） 疑问形式：Be +S+动词现在分词 v.ing. 二、用法： 1）表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。如： -What are you doing? -I am reading English. 2） 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。如； They are studying hard this term. 3) go, leave, arrive, start等动词用现在进行时表示将来。常用于人，有“意图、打算、 安排”含义，如： I am leaving Beijing this Sunday. Are you staying here till next week? 4）当时间状语为now, these days等时或当句子中含有look, listen, can you see, can’t you see之类的暗示词，要使用现在进行时 5）但要注意下列这些动词一般用于现在进行时态的句子中。 a.事实状态的动词，如 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。 b.心理状态的动词，如know, realize, recognize, see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, like, love, hate, mean, understand等。 c.某些瞬间动词，如accept, refuse , receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide等。 d.系动词，如seem, remain, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。 形式 构成 例词 直接加-ing read-reading 以不发音字母e结尾的动词， live-living, write-writing 去e加-ing 现在分以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的 词 词， sit-sitting, begin-beginning 双写加-ing 少数几个以ie结尾的动词， die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying 变ie为y加-ing 一、 构成： 1) 肯定形式：S +was/were+动词的现在分词v.ing. 5 2) 否定形式：S + was/were+ not+动词现在分词 v.ing. 3) 疑问形式：Was/Were +S+动词现在分词 v.ing. 二、用法： 1）表示过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在进行的动作。常和表示过去的时间状语 then, at that time, this time yesterday, at ten yesterday等连用，或用另一动作来表示过 去的时间。如： ---What were you doing at nine last night? ---I was watching TV at that time. He was reading when I came in. 2)在when, while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中过去进行时的运用： a.主句动作先，持续时间长，主句用过去进行时，从句用一般过去时 The students were reading books, when the teacher came in. b.从句动作先，持续时间长，从句用过去进行时，主句用一般过去时 My mum called when I was doing my homework. d. 主从句动作部分先后，主从句同时使用过去进行时，此时时间状语一般用while 引导。 I was singing while Xiaohong was dancing. 3)过去进行时常和always等时间副词连用，表示过去频繁发生的习惯性动作，带有 一定感情色彩。如： Alice was always changing her mind. 一、 构成： 1） 肯定形式：S. have/has +动词的done +O. 2） 否定形式：S. have/has+ not+ 动词的过去分词done +O. 3） 疑问形式：Have/has+ S. + 动词的过去分词 done +O. 二、用法： 1) 表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在。如： ---Have you had your lunch yet? ---Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. I have already watched the TV play. ---Have you found your lost pen yet? ---No, I haven’t found it yet. 2)表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下去，常和for, since 连用，表示表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词。since+点时间，点动作，for+段时间。 We have lived in Beijing since 2000. It is two years since the old man died. (it is +一段时间+since从句，从句中的谓语动词用瞬间动词的一般过去式) I have been in Beijing for 10 years. 3)几个副词在现在完成时中的用法 a. just 刚刚，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过分之间。如： I have just come back home. b. ever 曾经，用于疑问句或否定句中。 6 Have your ever been to Shanghai? e. never 从来没有，常与before连用。 I have never traveled by plane before. d before 以前，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。如： I haven’t heard of it before. 4) 句型： a. It is the first/second time… that… It is the first time that I have visited the city. b. This is the …that… This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. Ex. --- Have you ____ been to our town before? --- No, this is the first time I ____ here. A. even; come B. even; have come C. ever; come D. ever; have come 注：。(瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状 语连用，即动作不发生的状态可以是延续的) I haven’t received his letter for almost a month. 瞬间动词 延续性动词 瞬间动词 延续性动词 buy have catch a cold have a cold borrow keep put on wear open be open get up be up close be closed wake up be awake begin/start be on fall asleep be asleep come be here become be go be away join be (in) finish be over leave be away from died be dead arrive/reach be Ex. Tom and Jim ____friends since they met each other for the first time five years ago. A. were B. have become C. have made D. have been He joined the League ____. A. two years ago. B. for two years 一、 构成： 1） 肯定形式：S. had +动词过去分词done+ O. 2） 否定形式：S had not +动词过去分词done+ O. 3） 疑问形式：Had S.动词过去分词done+ O. 二、用法： 1）表示到过去某个时间已经完成的动作或状态。即“ 。过去完成时在句子中使用时一般必须有一个或暗含一个发生在过去 的动作与其相比较，使用过去完成时的动词动作发生在该过去的动作之前。 2）与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：before, until, when, after, once, as soon as, by, by last week, by the end of last year 等。 She had left by the time I arrived. 7 He had lived in Shanghai for ten years before he came here. Laoli died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 3)表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本„，未能„”。如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t. 翻译练习： 1) He ____ in Suzhou for ten years before he came here. 他在来这里之前，已经在苏州住了10年。 2) They ____here since 1998.自从1998年以来他们一直住在这里。 3) Jack always _____.Jack总是把房间保持得干净、整洁。 4) The students ____class.学生们正在上课。 5) My brother usually ____ kites on Sundays.我的弟弟经常在周日放风筝。 6) I ____ to have a rest after a long walk yesterday. 昨天我走了很长一段时间后停下来休息了一会儿。 7) The boys ____ hard last term.男孩子们上个学期一直在努力学习。 8) Would you please____? 请把门打开好吗？ 8