有机溶剂极性大小

有机溶剂极性大小 有机试剂极性大小 下面这份溶剂极性表列出了常用有机溶剂极性顺序，并有常见溶剂的粘度、沸点、吸收波长等物理参数，在进行薄层色谱柱(TLC)洗脱的时候时很有帮助。可能有不准确的，希望在留言处给予更正。 化合物名称 极性 粘度 沸点 吸收波长 i-pentane(异戊烷) 0 - 30 - n-pentane(正戊烷) 0 0.23 36 210 Petroleum ether(石油醚) 0.01 0.3 30,60 210 Hexane(己烷) 0.06 0.33 69 210 Cyclohexane(环己烷) 0.1 1 81 210 Isooctane(异辛烷) 0.1 0.53 99 210 Trifluoroacetic acid(三氟乙酸) 0.1 - 72 - Trimethylpentane(三甲基戊烷) 0.1 0.47 99 215 Cyclopentane(环戊烷) 0.2 0.47 49 210 n-heptane(庚烷) 0.2 0.41 98 200 Butyl chloride(丁基氯; 丁酰氯) 1 0.46 78 220 Trichloroethylene(三氯乙烯; 乙炔化三氯) 1 0.57 87 273 Carbon tetrachloride(四氯化碳) 1.6 0.97 77 265 Trichlorotrifluoroethane(三氯三氟代乙烷) 1.9 0.71 48 231 i-propyl ether(丙基醚; 丙醚) 2.4 0.37 68 220 Toluene(甲苯) 2.4 0.59 111 285 p-xylene(对二甲苯) 2.5 0.65 138 290 Chlorobenzene(氯苯) 2.7 0.8 132 - o-dichlorobenzene(邻二氯苯) 2.7 1.33 180 295 Ethyl ether(二乙醚; 醚) 2.9 0.23 35 220 Benzene(苯) 3 0.65 80 280 Isobutyl alcohol(异丁醇) 3 4.7 108 220 Methylene chloride(二氯甲烷) 3.4 0.44 240 245 Ethylene dichloride(二氯化乙烯) 3.5 0.78 84 228 n-butanol(正丁醇) 3.7 2.95 117 210 n-butyl acetate(醋酸丁酯;乙酸丁酯) 4 - 126 254 n-propanol(丙醇) 4 2.27 98 210 Methyl isobutyl ketone(甲基异丁酮) 4.2 - 119 330 Tetrahydrofuran(四氢呋喃) 4.2 0.55 66 220 Ethyl acetate(乙酸乙酯) 4.30 0.45 77 260 i-propanol(异丙醇) 4.3 2.37 82 210 Chloroform(氯仿) 4.4 0.57 61 245 Methyl ethyl ketone(甲基乙基酮) 4.5 0.43 80 330 Dioxane(二恶烷; 二氧六环; 二氧杂环己烷) 4.8 1.54 102 220 Pyridine(吡啶) 5.3 0.97 115 305 venture capital investment guarantee mechanisms, talents, positive for special funds, play to the guiding role of financial capital, leveraging features, evolving financial resources, capital, financial capital, protection of social capital into new patterns. 3 innovation environment, optimizing talent, create a good atmosphere. Departments at all levels to put science and technology innovation and talent working in the strategic position of priority development, and full play to the guiding role of Government, vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation and the preferential policies, mobilizing the entire society's awareness of innovation, stimulate creativity. Further open "service the green channel" for talent to provide efficient, convenient, quality service and allow all kinds of talents to focus on innovation, play to our strengths. County-level accreditation in recognition of work in a timely manner, contributing to talent and rewarding scientific and technological achievements to emerge, release patent awards grants, encourage patent applications, social forces are encouraged to set up science and technology awards, create an environment conducive to scientific and technological progress, technological innovation, talent and career policy environment, rule of law, market and social environment. Comrades, technological innovation, talent is a Acetone(丙酮) 5.4 0.32 57 330 Nitromethane(硝基甲烷) 6 0.67 101 330 Acetic acid(乙酸) 6.2 1.28 118 230 Acetonitrile(乙腈) 6.2 0.37 82 210 Aniline(苯胺) 6.3 4.4 184 - Dimethyl formamide(二甲基甲酰胺) 6.4 0.92 153 270 Methanol(甲醇) 6.6 0.6 65 210 Ethylene glycol(乙二醇 ) 6.9 19.9 197 210 Dimethyl sulfoxide(二甲亚砜 DMSO) 7.2 2.24 189 268 Water(水) 10.2 1 100 268 下图是混合有机溶剂极性顺序(由小到大，括号内表示的是混合比例) 一:溶剂极性参数表，方便以下比较展开剂。 环已烷 :-0.2、石油醚(?类，30~60?)、石油醚(?类，60~90?)、正已烷:0.0、甲苯:2.4、二甲苯:2.5、苯:2.7、二氯甲烷:3.1、异丙醇:3.9、正丁醇:3.9、四氢呋喃:4.0、氯仿:4.1、乙醇:4.3、乙酸乙酯:4.4、甲醇:5.1、丙酮:5.1、乙腈:5.8、乙酸:6.0、水:10.2 数值越大，极性越大 二:常用溶剂的沸点、溶解性和毒性 溶剂名称 溶解性 毒性 沸点?(101.3kPa) 液氨 特殊溶解性:能溶解碱金属和碱土金属 剧毒性、腐蚀性 -33.35 液态二氧化溶解胺、醚、醇苯酚、有机酸、芳香烃、溴、剧毒 -10.08 硫 二硫化碳，多数饱和烃不溶 甲胺 是多数有机物和无机物的优良溶剂，液态甲中等毒性，易燃 -6.3 胺与水、醚、苯、丙酮、低级醇混溶，其盐 酸盐易溶于水，不溶于醇、醚、酮、氯仿、 乙酸乙酯 二甲胺 是有机物和无机物的优良溶剂，溶于水、低强烈刺激性 7.4 级醇、醚、低极性溶剂 石油醚 不溶于水，与丙酮、乙醚、乙酸乙酯、苯、与低级烷相似 氯仿及甲醇以上高级醇混溶 乙醚 麻醉性 34.6 微溶于水,易溶与盐酸.与醇、醚、石油醚、 苯、氯仿等多数有机溶剂混溶 戊烷 与乙醇、乙醚等多数有机溶剂混溶 低毒性 36.1 二氯甲烷 与醇、醚、氯仿、苯、二硫化碳等有机溶剂低毒，麻醉性强 39.75 混溶 二硫化碳 微溶与水，与多种有机溶剂混溶 麻醉，强刺激性 46.23 丙酮 与水、醇、醚、烃混溶 低毒，类乙醇，但较56.12 大 与醇、醚等大多数有机溶剂混溶 低毒、局部刺激性 1，1-二氯乙57.28 烷 venture capital investment guarantee mechanisms, talents, positive for special funds, play to the guiding role of financial capital, leveraging features, evolving financial resources, capital, financial capital, protection of social capital into new patterns. 3 innovation environment, optimizing talent, create a good atmosphere. Departments at all levels to put science and technology innovation and talent working in the strategic position of priority development, and full play to the guiding role of Government, vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation and the preferential policies, mobilizing the entire society's awareness of innovation, stimulate creativity. Further open "service the green channel" for talent to provide efficient, convenient, quality service and allow all kinds of talents to focus on innovation, play to our strengths. County-level accreditation in recognition of work in a timely manner, contributing to talent and rewarding scientific and technological achievements to emerge, release patent awards grants, encourage patent applications, social forces are encouraged to set up science and technology awards, create an environment conducive to scientific and technological progress, technological innovation, talent and career policy environment, rule of law, market and social environment. Comrades, technological innovation, talent is a 氯仿 与乙醇、乙醚、石油醚、卤代烃、四氯化碳、中等毒性，强麻醉性 61.15 二硫化碳等混溶 甲醇 与水、乙醚、醇、酯、卤代烃、苯、酮混溶 中等毒性，麻醉性 64.5 四氢呋喃 优良溶剂，与水混溶，很好的溶解乙醇、乙吸入微毒，经口低毒 66 醚、脂肪烃、芳香烃、氯化烃 己烷 甲醇部分溶解，比乙醇高的醇、醚丙酮、氯68.7 低毒,麻醉性，刺激 仿混溶 性 三氟代乙酸 71.78 与水,乙醇,乙醚,丙酮,苯,四氯化碳,己烷混溶, 溶解多种脂肪族,芳香族化合物 与丙酮、甲醇、乙醚、苯、四氯化碳等有机低毒 1，1，1-三氯74.0 乙烷 溶剂混溶 四氯化碳 与醇、醚、石油醚、石油脑、冰醋酸、二硫76.75 氯代甲烷中,毒性最 化碳、氯代烃混溶 强 乙酸乙酯 与醇、醚、氯仿、丙酮、苯等大多数有机溶低毒，麻醉性 77.112 剂溶解，能溶解某些金属盐 乙醇 与水、乙醚、氯仿、酯、烃类衍生物等有机微毒类，麻醉性 78.3 溶剂混溶 丁酮 与丙酮相似，与醇、醚、苯等大多数有机溶低毒，毒性强于丙酮 79.64 剂混溶 苯 难溶于水，与甘油、乙二醇、乙醇、氯仿、强烈毒性 80.10 乙醚、、四氯化碳、二硫化碳、丙酮、甲苯、 二甲苯、冰醋酸、脂肪烃等大多有机物混溶 环己烷 与乙醇、高级醇、醚、丙酮、烃、氯代烃、低毒，中枢抑制作用 80.72 高级脂肪酸、胺类混溶 乙睛 与水、甲醇、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、中等毒性，大量吸入81.60 醚、氯仿、四氯化碳、氯乙烯及各种不饱和蒸气，引起急性中毒 烃混溶，但是不与饱和烃混溶 异丙醇 与乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、水混溶 微毒，类似乙醇 82.40 与乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、四氯化碳等多种有机高毒性、致癌 1，2-二氯乙83.48 烷 溶剂混溶 乙二醇二甲溶于水，与醇、醚、酮、酯、烃、氯代烃等吸入和经口低毒 85.2 醚 多种有机溶剂混溶, 能溶解各种树脂，还是 二氧化硫、氯代甲烷、乙烯等气体的优良溶 剂 三氯乙烯 不溶于水，与乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、苯、乙酸有机有毒品 87.19 乙酯、脂肪族氯代烃、汽油混溶 三乙胺 89.6 水:18.7以下混溶，以上微溶, 易溶于氯仿、易爆,皮肤黏膜刺激 丙酮，溶于乙醇、乙醚 性强 丙睛 高毒性，与氢氰酸相97.35 溶解醇、醚、DMF、乙二胺等有机物，与多 种金属盐形成加成有机物 似 庚烷 与己烷类似 低毒，刺激性、麻醉98.4 性 水 略 略 100 硝基甲烷 麻醉性，刺激性 101.2 与醇、醚、四氯化碳、DMF、等混溶 venture capital investment guarantee mechanisms, talents, positive for special funds, play to the guiding role of financial capital, leveraging features, evolving financial resources, capital, financial capital, protection of social capital into new patterns. 3 innovation environment, optimizing talent, create a good atmosphere. Departments at all levels to put science and technology innovation and talent working in the strategic position of priority development, and full play to the guiding role of Government, vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation and the preferential policies, mobilizing the entire society's awareness of innovation, stimulate creativity. Further open "service the green channel" for talent to provide efficient, convenient, quality service and allow all kinds of talents to focus on innovation, play to our strengths. County-level accreditation in recognition of work in a timely manner, contributing to talent and rewarding scientific and technological achievements to emerge, release patent awards grants, encourage patent applications, social forces are encouraged to set up science and technology awards, create an environment conducive to scientific and technological progress, technological innovation, talent and career policy environment, rule of law, market and social environment. Comrades, technological innovation, talent is a 能与水及多数有机溶剂混溶，仍溶解能力很1，4-二氧六101.32 微毒，强于乙醚2~3环 强 倍 甲苯 低毒类，麻醉作用 110.63 不溶于水,与甲醇、乙醇、氯仿、丙酮、乙醚、 冰醋酸、苯等有机溶剂混溶 硝基乙烷 与醇、醚、氯仿混溶，溶解多种树脂和纤维局部刺激性较强 114.0 素衍生物 吡啶 低毒，皮肤黏膜刺激115.3 与水、醇、醚、石油醚、苯、油类混溶, 能 溶多种有机物和无机物 性 能与乙醇、乙醚、苯等大多数有机溶剂和动毒性和局部刺激性4-甲基-2-戊115.9 酮 植物油相混溶 较强 乙二胺 溶于水、乙醇、苯和乙醚，微溶于庚烷 刺激皮肤、眼睛 117.26 丁醇 与醇、醚、苯混溶 117.7 低毒，大于乙醇3 倍 乙酸 低毒，浓溶液毒性强 118.1 与水、乙醇、乙醚、四氯化碳混溶,不溶于二 硫化碳及C12以上高级脂肪烃 乙二醇一甲与水、醛、醚、苯、乙二醇、丙酮、四氯化低毒类 124.6 醚 碳、DMF等混溶 辛烷 几乎不溶于水，微溶于乙醇，与醚、丙酮、低毒性，麻醉性 125.67 石油醚、苯、氯仿、汽油混溶 乙酸丁酯 优良有机溶剂，广泛应用于医药行业，还可一般条件毒性不大 126.11 以用做萃取剂 吗啉 溶解能力强，超过二氧六环、苯、和吡啶，腐蚀皮肤，刺激眼和128.94 与水混溶，溶解丙酮、苯、乙醚、甲醇、乙结膜，蒸汽引起肝肾 病变 醇、乙二醇、2-己酮、蓖麻油、松节油、松 脂等 氯苯 能与醇、醚、脂肪烃、芳香烃、和有机氯化131.69 低于苯,损害中枢系 物等多种有机溶剂混溶 统 乙二醇一乙与乙二醇一甲醚相似，但是极性小，与水、低毒类，二级易燃液135.6 醚 醇、醚、四氯化碳、丙酮混溶 体 对二甲苯 不溶于水，与醇、醚和其他有机溶剂混溶 一级易燃液体 138.35 二甲苯 不溶于水，与乙醇、乙醚、苯、烃等有机溶一级易燃液体，低毒138.5~141.5 类 剂混溶，乙二醇、甲醇、2-氯乙醇等极性溶 剂部分溶解 间二甲苯 不溶于水，与醇、醚、氯仿混溶，室温下溶一级易燃液体 139.10 解乙睛、DMF等 醋酸酐 140.0 邻二甲苯 不溶于水，与乙醇、乙醚、氯仿等混溶 一级易燃液体 144.41 与水、醇、醚、酮、不饱和烃、芳香烃烃等低毒 N，N-二甲基153.0 甲酰胺 混溶，溶解能力强 环己酮 与甲醇、乙醇、苯、丙酮、己烷、乙醚、硝低毒类，有麻醉性，155.65 基苯、石油脑、二甲苯、乙二醇、乙酸异戊中毒几率比较小 酯、二乙胺及其他多种有机溶剂混溶 环己醇 与醇、醚、二硫化碳、丙酮、氯仿、苯、脂161 低毒,无血液毒性,刺 肪烃、芳香烃、卤代烃混溶 激性 venture capital investment guarantee mechanisms, talents, positive for special funds, play to the guiding role of financial capital, leveraging features, evolving financial resources, capital, financial capital, protection of social capital into new patterns. 3 innovation environment, optimizing talent, create a good atmosphere. Departments at all levels to put science and technology innovation and talent working in the strategic position of priority development, and full play to the guiding role of Government, vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation and the preferential policies, mobilizing the entire society's awareness of innovation, stimulate creativity. Further open "service the green channel" for talent to provide efficient, convenient, quality service and allow all kinds of talents to focus on innovation, play to our strengths. County-level accreditation in recognition of work in a timely manner, contributing to talent and rewarding scientific and technological achievements to emerge, release patent awards grants, encourage patent applications, social forces are encouraged to set up science and technology awards, create an environment conducive to scientific and technological progress, technological innovation, talent and career policy environment, rule of law, market and social environment. Comrades, technological innovation, talent is a 溶解不饱和脂肪烃，与水、醚、酯、酮、芳微毒类 N，N-二甲基166.1 乙酰胺 香族化合物混溶 糠醛 有毒品，刺激眼睛，161.8 与醇、醚、氯仿、丙酮、苯等混溶,部分溶解 催泪 低沸点脂肪烃,无机物一般不溶 与苯混溶，溶于水和醇，不溶于醚 一级易燃液体 N-甲基甲酰180~185 胺 苯酚(石炭溶于乙醇、乙醚、乙酸、甘油、氯仿、二硫181.2 高毒类,对皮肤、黏酸) 化碳和苯等，难溶于烃类溶剂，65.3?以上膜有强烈腐蚀性,可 经皮吸收中毒 与水混溶，65.3?以下分层 与水、乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、丙酮等多种有机低毒，吸湿，不宜静1，2-丙二醇 187.3 溶剂混溶 注 二甲亚砜 与水、甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、甘油、乙醛、微毒，对眼有刺激性 189.0 丙酮乙酸乙酯吡啶、芳烃混溶 邻甲酚 微溶于水，能与乙醇、乙醚、苯、氯仿、乙参照甲酚 190.95 二醇、甘油等混溶 抑制中枢和循环系N，N-二甲基193 微溶于水,能随水蒸气挥发，与醇、醚、氯仿、苯胺 苯等混溶，能溶解多种有机物 统，经皮肤吸收中毒 乙二醇 与水、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸、甘油、吡啶混溶，低毒类，可经皮肤吸197.85 与氯仿、乙醚、苯、二硫化碳等难溶，对烃收中毒 类、卤代烃不溶，溶解食盐、氯化锌等无机 物 对甲酚 参照甲酚 参照甲酚 201.88 毒性低，不可内服 N-甲基吡咯202 与水混溶,除低级脂肪烃可以溶解大多无机,烷酮 有机物,极性气体,高分子化合物 间甲酚 参照甲酚 与甲酚相似，参照甲202.7 酚 苄醇 低毒，黏膜刺激性 205.45 与乙醇、乙醚、氯仿混溶，20?在水中溶解 3.8%(wt) 甲酚 微溶于水，能于乙醇、乙醚、苯、氯仿、乙210 低毒类,腐蚀性,与苯 二醇、甘油等混溶 酚相似 甲酰胺 与水、醇、乙二醇、丙酮、乙酸、二氧六环、皮肤、黏膜刺激性、210.5 甘油、苯酚混溶，几乎不溶于脂肪烃、芳香经皮肤吸收 烃、醚、卤代烃、氯苯、硝基苯等 硝基苯 几乎不溶于水，与醇、醚、苯等有机物混溶，剧毒，可经皮肤吸收 210.9 对有机物溶解能力强 乙酰胺 溶于水、醇、吡啶、氯仿、甘油、热苯、丁毒性较低 221.15 酮、丁醇、苄醇，微溶于乙醚 六甲基磷酸与水混溶，与氯仿络合，溶于醇、醚、酯、较大毒性 233 三酰胺苯、酮、烃、卤代烃等 (HMTA) 喹啉 溶于热水、稀酸、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、苯、中等毒性，刺激皮肤237.10 氯仿、二硫化碳等 和眼 乙二醇碳酸毒性低 238 与热水,醇,苯,醚,乙酸乙酯,乙酸混溶,干燥醚,酯 四氯化碳,石油醚,CCl4中不溶 venture capital investment guarantee mechanisms, talents, positive for special funds, play to the guiding role of financial capital, leveraging features, evolving financial resources, capital, financial capital, protection of social capital into new patterns. 3 innovation environment, optimizing talent, create a good atmosphere. Departments at all levels to put science and technology innovation and talent working in the strategic position of priority development, and full play to the guiding role of Government, vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation and the preferential policies, mobilizing the entire society's awareness of innovation, stimulate creativity. Further open "service the green channel" for talent to provide efficient, convenient, quality service and allow all kinds of talents to focus on innovation, play to our strengths. County-level accreditation in recognition of work in a timely manner, contributing to talent and rewarding scientific and technological achievements to emerge, release patent awards grants, encourage patent applications, social forces are encouraged to set up science and technology awards, create an environment conducive to scientific and technological progress, technological innovation, talent and career policy environment, rule of law, market and social environment. Comrades, technological innovation, talent is a 二甘醇 与水、乙醇、乙二醇、丙酮、氯仿、糠醛混微毒，经皮吸收，刺244.8 激性小 溶,与乙醚、四氯化碳等不混溶 丁二睛 溶于水，易溶于乙醇和乙醚，微溶于二硫化中等毒性 267 碳、己烷 环丁砜 几乎能与所有有机溶剂混溶，除脂肪烃外能287.3 溶解大多数有机物 甘油 与水、乙醇混溶，不溶于乙醚、氯仿、二硫食用对人体无毒 290.0 化碳、苯、四氯化碳、石油醚 三、试剂极性从小到大:烷、烯、醚、酯、酮、醛、胺、醇和酚、酸 (己烷-石油醚、苯、乙醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、丙酮、乙醇、甲醇、水) venture capital investment guarantee mechanisms, talents, positive for special funds, play to the guiding role of financial capital, leveraging features, evolving financial resources, capital, financial capital, protection of social capital into new patterns. 3 innovation environment, optimizing talent, create a good atmosphere. Departments at all levels to put science and technology innovation and talent working in the strategic position of priority development, and full play to the guiding role of Government, vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation and the preferential policies, mobilizing the entire society's awareness of innovation, stimulate creativity. Further open "service the green channel" for talent to provide efficient, convenient, quality service and allow all kinds of talents to focus on innovation, play to our strengths. County-level accreditation in recognition of work in a timely manner, contributing to talent and rewarding scientific and technological achievements to emerge, release patent awards grants, encourage patent applications, social forces are encouraged to set up science and technology awards, create an environment conducive to scientific and technological progress, technological innovation, talent and career policy environment, rule of law, market and social environment. Comrades, technological innovation, talent is a