生物化学英文习题

Chapter1 Nucleic Acids I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1.The direction of nucleic acid is A.From N to C B. From 5’ to 3’ C. From C to N D. From 3’ to 5’ E. None of above 2. The description of the secondary structure of DNA double helix are correct, EXCEPT A.Two antiparallel strands B.Deoxyribose-phosphate frame located outside the strands C.Two strands are joined by hydrogen bond formed between A-T and G-C D.Diameter of helix is 2 nm, and 10 bases in each turn E.Nucleosome is the structure unit of DNA double helix 3. The correct description about Tm is A.The temperature at which half of the maximum absorbance value of DNA at 260nm during heat denaturation B.The temperature at which maximum absorbance value of DNA at 260nm during heat denaturation C.The optimum temperature for DNA synthesis D.High Tm value is related to low G-C content E.The temperature to form DNA and RNA hybrid molecule 4. If the coden of mRNA is ACG, then the anticoden of tRNA is A.UGC B. TGC C. GCA D. CGU E. TGC 5. The linkage between nucleotides is A.2’,-3’ phosphodiester bond; B.3’,-5’ phosphodiester bond C.2’,-5’ phosphodiester bond; D.Hydrogen bond E.Peptide bond 6. The template strand of D NA is 5’-ATTCAG-3 ’ , its transcript is A.5’ -GACTTA-3’ B.5’ -CTGAAT-3’ C.5’ -UAAGUC-3’ D.5’ -CUGAAU-3’ E.5’ - TAAGTC-3’ II、Fill in the blanks. 1. Eukaryotic mRNAs can be modified after transcription at the 5’end with a modified residue called a____________, at the 3’end 80 to 250 A residues are added to create a ____________. 2. Each nucleotide consists of three components, _____________, ______________, ______________. 3. The conformation for DNA proposed by Watson and Crick is called B form, the other two conformations existing in the cell are ____________, ______________. III、Explain the following terms. 1.Hybridization of nucleic acids 2.Tm 3.ribozyme 4.codon 5.anticodon 6.Hyperchromic effect 7.DNA denaturation 8.Annealing 9.snmRN 10.nucleosome Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. 1. State the functions of three major kinds of RNA (mRNA, tRNA and rRNA). 2. Please describe the secondary structure of DNA proposed by Watson and Crick. 3. State briefly the differences between DNA and RNA. 4. Please describe the structural features of eukaryotic mRNA. Chapter2 Proteins I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1. All of the following amino acids are acidic or basic amino acids, EXCEPT A.Asp B.Glu C.Lys D.Arg E.Ser 2. Which is the linkage bond for the peptide? A.Hydrogen bond B.Peptide bond C.Hydrophobic interactions D.Electrostatic interaction E.3’, 5’–phosphodiester bond 3. The protein molecule (pI=6.5) will mobile the to positive electrode when the pH of electrophoresis buffer is A.pH=3.0 B.pH=4.0 C.pH=5.0 D.pH=6.5 E.pH=8.0 4. The amino acid in proteins is A.L-β-aimno acids; B.D-β-aimno acids; C.L-α-aimno acids; D.D-α-aimno acids; E.All of above 5. The chemical bond in charge of maintaining secondary structure of proteins is A.Salt bridge; B.Disulfide bond C.Hydrogen bond; D.Peptide bond; E.Hydrophobic interaction 6. The chemical bond in charge of the primary structure of proteins is A.Salt bridge; B.Disulfide bond C.Hydrogen bond; D.Peptide bond; E.Phosphodiester bond II、Fill in the blanks: 1. The secondary structures of protein include ___________, ___________, ___________, and ___________. 2. The absorbance peak value of protein is at ___________nm, and that of the nucleic acid is at ___________nm. 3. The force maintaining higher structure of proteins are noncovalent. They are ______________, ______________, _______________, ________________. III、Explain the following terms. 1.GSH (glutathione) 2.Motif 3.protein denaturation 4.petptide unit 5.domain 6.pI of protein 7.α-helix 8.Peptide bond 9.amino acid residue 10.salting out Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. 1. List the approaches commonly used in separation and purification of protein molecules, and explain simply the major mechanism of each one. 2. Briefly explain the structural features and classification of amino acids constitute of different proteins. 3. What is primary structure of protein? Please state the relationships between the primary structure and functions of proteins by an example. Chapter3 Vitamins I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1. Vitamin D belongs to A.Fat soluble B.Water soluble C.Both A and B D.Insoluble E.Not above all 2. The active form of Vitamin D is A.25-(OH)D3 B.1,25-(OH)2D3 C.1,24,25-(OH)3D3 D.24,25-(OH)2D3 E.Not above all 3. The active form of folic acid is A.F B.FH2 C.FH4 D.NAD+ E.FAD 4. The deficiency of which will cause anmia? A.Vitamin B6 B.Vitamin B12 C.FH4 D.All of the above E.Not above all II、Fill in the blanks: 1. ____________ and ____________ are the cofactors (coenzymes) of the dehydrogenases, and they are derived from Vitamin B2; ____________ and ____________ are also the cofactors (coenzymes) of the dehydrogenases, and they are derived from Vitamin ____________. 2. The active forms of vitamin A are ____________, ___________and ___________. An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is ___________ III、Explain the following terms. 1.provitamin A 2.lipid-soluble vitamins 3.water-soluble vitamins Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. Try to explain the biochemical functions of vitamin C and its deficiencies. Chapter4 Enzymes I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1. The factors related to the kinetics of enzyme reaction are included, EXCEPT A.pH and temperature B.[Enzyme] C.[Substrate] D.Inhibitor E.Time 2.About competitive inhibitors, which of the following is NOT true? A.Similar to the substrates B.Bind to the active centre of the enzymes C.Bind to the enzyme reversibly. D.Bind to the enzyme by non-covalent bond E.None of the above 3. About non-competitive inhibitors, which one is true? A.K m↑, Vmax remains constant B.K m↑, Vma x↓ C.K m remains constant, Vmax↓ D.K m↓, Vma x↑ E.K m↓, Vmax remains constant 4.Inhibition of phosphate pesticide on choline esterase belongs to A.Irreversible inhibition B.Reversible inhibition C.Competitive inhibition D.Noncompetitive inhibition E.Uncompetitive inhibition II、Fill in the blanks: 1. The essential groups in active center of an enzyme are______________and _________________. 2. Holoenzyme = _____________ + ____________. 3. The three properties of enzymatic catalyzed reactions are _____________, ______________, _________________. 4. When V equals to 80% Vmax, [S]= ______ Km. When V equals to 90% Vmax, [S]= ______ Km. 5. The specificities of enzymes can be briefly divided into three types: _____________, ______________and________________. III、Explain the following terms. 1.Isoenzyyme 2.Km 3.Active center of an enzyme 4.Allosteric enzyme 5.Competitive inhibition 6.Optimum temperature Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. 1. What is the activation of zymogen? State the biological significance of the process. 2. Briefly state the significance of Km and Vmax. 3. Compare the characters of three types of reversible inhibition. Chapter 5 Carbohydrate Metabolism I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1. The unique pathway for mature red blood cells to obtain ATP is ( ) A. pentose phosphate pathway B. tricarboxylic acid cycle C. β-oxidation of fatty acid D. glycolysis E. gluconeogenesis 2. Which compound can NOT be used to do gluconeogenesis? A. Acetoacetate B. Glycerol C. Pyruvate D. Glutamate E. Succinate 3.The pathway for mature red blood cells to obtain NADPH is ( ) A. pentose phosphate pathway B. tricarboxylic acid cycle C. β-oxidation of fatty acid D. glycolysis E. gluconeogenesis 4. In the muscle, glucose 6-phosphhate can convert into the following compounds EXCEPT A. Glycogen B. Acetyl CoA C. Lactate D. Glucose E. Fructose 6-phosphate 5. Which compound is NOT the coenzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? A. FAD B. NAD+ C. Biotin D. CoASH E. Lipoic acid 6. Which enzyme is the key enzyme in glycogenolysis (glycogen degradation) ? A.Phosphorylase B.Hexokinase C.Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase D.HMG-CoA reductase E.Pyruvate kinase II、Fill in the blanks. 1. The active form of glucose in glycogenesis is , the active form of choline in phospholipid synthesis is , the active form of SO42-in sulfation is , the active form of methyl in methylation is . 2. Glucose 6- phosphate (G-6-P) is an important intermediate compound involved in the carbohydrate metabolism pathways, e.g., ____________, ____________, ____________ , ____________, and ____________. III、Explain the following terms. 1.Glycolysis 2.Tricarboxylic acid cycle 3.Pentose phosphate pathway 4.Glycogenesis 5.Glycogenolysis 6.Gluconeogenesis 7.Blood sugar 8.Cori cycle (Lactate cycle) 9.Glycogenosis or glycogen storage disease 10. Aerobic oxidation Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. 1. The major function of pentose phosphate pathway. 2. List the major products of Tricarboxylic cycle and pentose phosphate pathways, and state their biological significance. 3. Simply state the several steps of aerobic oxidation pathway. 4. State the source, fate and regulation of blood glucose. Chapter 6Biological Oxidation I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1. The order of the members of NADH oxidative respiratory chain is A.NAD+→ complex II → complex I → CoQ → complex III→ cytochrome C→complex IV B.NAD+→ complex I → complex III → CoQ→ cytochrome C→ complex IV C.NAD+→ complex II → complex III → CoQ→ complex C→ complex IV D.Complex II → NAD+→ CoQ → complex III→ cytochrome C→ complex IV E.NAD+→ complex I → CoQ → complex III→cytochrome C→ complex IV 2.NADP+ may be reduced to NADPH in A.Glycolysis B.Gluconeogenesis C.Pentose phosphate pathway D.The pathway of fatty acid degradation E.The reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase 3.Two hydrogen atoms (2H) in cytosolic NADH(+H+) are transported from cytosol to mitochondria through A.Citrate B.Citrate-pyruvate shuttle C.Malate or α-glycerol phosphate shuttle D.Oxaloacetate-pyruvate cycle E.Pentose phosphate pathway 4.Electrons from pyruvate enter the mitochondrial electron transport chain at the level of A.CoQ B.LDH C.NADH-CoQ reductase (complex I) D.CoQ-cytochrome c reductase (complex III) E.Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) II、Fill in the blanks. 1. The two respiratory chains of oxidative phosphorylation are ____________ and ____________. 2. Biological oxidation is a process in which the ____________ are completely oxidized to ____________, ____________ and a large amount of ____________ released. III、Explain the following terms. 1.ATP synthase 2.Mixed function oxidase 3.Reactive oxygen species, ROS 4.α-Phosphoglycerol shuttle 5.Malate-aspartate shuttle 6.Biological oxidation 7.Oxidative respiratory chain 8.Oxidative phosphorylation 9.Free radical 10.Substrate cycle Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. 1. What is biological oxidation? Compare the difference between nutrition oxidation in vivo and nutrition oxidation in vitro. 2. What is Oxidative phosphorylation? State the order of the members of two important oxidative respiratory chains. Chapter 7 Lipid Metabolism I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1. The rate-limiting (key) enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis is A. HMG-CoA synthase B. Mevalonate kinase C. HMG-CoA reductase D. HMG-CoA lyase E. Squalene epimerase 2. The rate-limiting (key) enzyme for fatty acid synthesis is A. Acetyl CoA carboxylase B. Carnitine-acyl transferase C. Palmitate decarboxylase D. Acyl CoA transferase E. β-ketoacyl CoA synthetase 3. The precursor for acetoacetate formation in the liver is A. β-hydroxybutyrate B. Acetoacetyl CoA C. β-hydroxybutyryl CoA D. Mevalonate E. HMG-CoA 4. The rate-limiting(key)enzyme for fatty acid synthesis is A. Acetyl CoA carboxylase B. Carnitine-acyl transferase C. Palmitate decarboxylase D. Acyl CoA transferase E. β-ketoacyl CoA synthetase 5. The oxidation and degradation of fatty acids in the cell A. Begins with the fatty acid thioester of CoA B. Does not produce useful energy for the cell C. Occurs primarily in the nucleus D. Is inhibited by carnitine E. Proceeds through successive shortening of fatty acids by three-carbon units 6. Which of the following lipases is hormone sensitive? A. Pancreatic lipase B. Lipoprotein lipase C. Liver triacylglycerol lipase D. Adipose tissue triacylglycerol lipase E. Phospholipase II、Fill in the blanks. 1. One of the common used techniques for plasma lipoprotein classification is , according to this method, the lipoproteins can be classified into , , _____ , . 2.The initial material for Ketone body synthesis is____________, the key enzyme is ____________.Ketone bodies are ____________, _____________,and ____________. II、Explain the following terms. 1. Ketogenesis 2. Depot fat mobilization 3. Lipoprotein 4. β-oxidation of fatty acids 5. Ketone bodies 6. LDL 7. Lipid 8. Unsaturated fatty acid 9. Essential fatty acid 10. Hormone-sensitive lipase, HSL Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. 1. What is the meaning of apolipoprotein, explain their functions. 2.Explain the effect of insulin on lipid mobilization. 3.State the classification, the major components, synthesis site of lipoproteins and their functions 4.Please state the regulation functions of insulin on lipid metabolism. Chapter 8 Protein Catabolism I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1. The important role of PAPS is A. to replenish ribose 5-phosphate B. as an initial material for synthesizing pyrimidine C. to provide active sulfate group for sulfation of some compounds D.to provide methyl group for methylation of some compounds E.an enzyme involved in biosynthesis of cholesterol 2.The important role of S-adenosylmethionine is A. to replenish methionine B.to synthesize tetrahydrofolic acid C.to provide methyl group for methylaton D.to produce adenosine E.to synthesize homocysteine 3. Which of the following amino acids is nutritionally non-essential amino acid? A. Phenylalanine B. Glutamate C. Methionine D. Tryptophan E. Threonine 4. Which amino acid is nutritionally essential? A. Aspartate B. Glutamic acid C. Alanine D. Tyrosine E. Methionine 5. The transportation form of ammonia in blood is A. Glutamate B. Tyrosine C. Glutamine D. Glutathionine E. Aspartate 6. One carbon units produced in amino acid metabolism are included, EXCEPT A. CH3- B. CH2- C. O=CH- D.NH=CH- E. CO2 II、Fill in the blanks. 1. is the active form of methionine for providing methyl group to methylation of many biological molecules. 2. is the active form of sulfate for adding sulfate group to sulfation many biological molecules. 3. The transamination reactions of amino acid are ____________, _______________ , and_______________. The major transaminase in the heart is _______________, and in the liver is ____________. III、Explain the following terms. 1. Nitrogen balance 2.Urea cycle (Ornithine cycle) 3.One carbon unit 4.Transamination 5.Combined deamination 6.Essential amino acid 7.Putrefaction 8.Glucogenic amino acids 9.Active methionine 10. Pyridoxal phosphate Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. 1. The major process of urea synthesis. 2. State the source and fate of amino acid in vivo. 3. State protein putrefaction and the important products of putrefaction. Chapter 9 Nucleotide metabolism I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1.The first synthesized purine nucleotide in the de novo synthesis of purine nuecleotides is A. AMP B. GMP C. CMP D. IMP E. UMP 2. One of the properties in purine de novo synthesis is that A. the first step is the production of PRPP B.one carbon unit is provided by S-adenosylmethionine C.orotate phosphate is an intermediate D.glycine does not incorporate in the pathway E. aspartate is the direct nitrogen donor 3.The end catabolic product of purine nucleotides in human is A. Urea B. Uric acid C. Creatinine D. Creatine E. -alanine 4.One of the properties in pyrimidine synthesis is that ( ) A.the base is synthesized based on 5-phosphoribose B.One carbon unit is provided by FH4 C.Whole glycine molecule incorporates in the synthesis D.The first synthesized intermediate is carbamoyl phosphate E.Glutamate is the nitrogen donor 5.Which is the end product of purine degradation in humans? A.NH3 B. CO2 C. Uric acid D. β- alanine E. β-aminoisobutyrate II、Fill in the blanks. 1.There are two pathways of synthesis nucleotides: ____________ and____________. 2.The degradation of pyrimidine nucleotide produces ____________, ____________, ____________ or ____________. III、Explain the following terms. 1. Ribonucleotide reductase 2. Anti-metabolites of nucleotides 3. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate kinase 4. Salvage pathway 5. De novo synthesis 6. Nucleotide 7. Aspartate transcarbamoylase 8.Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase 9. Inosinate, IMP 10. Gout Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. 1.What are the important biological functions of nucleotides? 2.State main characteristics of de novo synthsis of nucleotide and main key enzymes during the synthesis process. Chapter 10 Regulation of Metabolism I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1. The component in muscle tissue that contains the ATPase activity required for contraction A. Actin B. Myosin C. Sarcoplasmic reticulum D. Motor end-plate E. Calcium 2. The majority of energy for muscular contraction is stored in muscle tissue in the form of A. ADP B. Phosphoenolpyruvate C. Cyclic AMP D. ATP E. Creatine phosphate 3. Which of the following biochemical phenomena is characteristic only of mammalian liver? A. Gluconeogenesis B. Glycogen synthesis and storage C. Serum albumin synthesis D. Hydroxylation of phenylalanine E. Epinephrine sensitivity 4. Of the following body fluids, the one with the lowest pH is A. Plasma B. Pancreatic juice C. Liver bile D. Gastric juice E. Sweat II、Fill in the blanks. 1. The metabolic regulation at mammalian includes three levels, they are , and . 2.The fast regulation of enzyme activities includes and . 3.The mechanism of allosteric regulation is binds to of the enzyme,causing the change of the enzyme, so the enzyme activity is changed. IV、Explain the following terms. 1.Chemical modification 2.Feedback regulation 3.Compartmentation 4.Regulatory enzyme 5.Metabolism 6.Rate-limiting enzyme 7.Rate-limiting reaction 8.Allosteric regulation 9.Metabolic regulation 10.Covalent modification Ⅳ、Briefly state the following questions. 1. State the relationship between three kinds of important nutritions(glucose, lipid and protein), explain the reason they can not displace completely each other. Chapter 11 DNA Biosynthesis I、Choose correct answers. 1. The characteristics of gene expression are A. Temporal specificity B. Spatial specificity C. Inducible expression D. Constitutive expression E. All of above 2. The sequence of one DNA strand is ATGCAA, the complementary strand of DNA is A.ATGCAA B.TTGCAT C. UUGCAU D. TACGTT E. UAGCAA 3. The description of the secondary structure of DNA double helix are correct, EXCEPT A.Two antiparallel strands B.Deoxyribose-phosphate frame located outside the strands C.Two strands are joined by hydrogen bond formed between A-T and G-C D.Diameter of helix is 2 nm, and 10 bases in each turn E.Nucleosome is the structure unit of DNA double helix4. The enzyme in charge of proofreading function in DNA replication is A.Topoisomerase B.Helicase C.DNA polymerase D.Primase E.DNA ligase 5. In the replication of eukaryotic DNA, ( ) A.the leading strand is synthesized in the direction taken by the replication fork. B.the lagging strand is synthesized in the direction taken by the replication fork. C.both leading strand and lagging strand are synthesized in a direction opposite to that in which the replication fork moves. D.the template is read in the 5’→ 3’ direction. E. a new DNA strand is always synthesized in the 3’→ 5’ direction. II、Fill in the blanks. 1.About DNA replication, the template is ____________, the materials are____________, the direction is____________, and the enzyme is____________. III、Explain the following terms. 1.Okazaki fragments 2.frame shift mutation 3.xeroderma pigmentosis 4.recombi nation repair 5.semiconservative replication 6.excision repairing 7.RDDP 8.cDNA 9.point mutation 10.telomere and telomerase 11.coding strand IV、State the following questions. 1.State the functions of the major enzymes and proteins involved in DNA replication. 2.What is telomerase? How it works? Chapter 12 RNA Biosynthesis I、Choose correct answers. 1. Which base is not present in mRNA? A. A; B. C; C. G; D. T E. U 2. The template strand of DNA is 5’-ATTCAG-3 ’ , its transcript is A. 5’ -GACTTA-3’ B. 5’ -CTGAAT-3’ C. 5’ -UAAGUC-3’ D. 5’ -CUGAAU-3’ E. 5’ - TAAGTC-3’ II、Fill in the blanks. 1.Eukaryotic mRNAs can be modified after transcription at the 5’end with a modified residue called a____________, at the 3’end 80 to 250 A residues are added to create a ____________. 2.In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II catalyzes the transcription to form , the later is then processed to form . the processing includes , , , and . 3.In eukaryotic RNA transcription, RNA polymerase I is responsible for synthesis, RNA polymerase II for synthesis, and RNA polymerase III for synthesis. 4. In prokaryotic RNA transcription, the subunit of RNA polymerase is responsible for . III、Explain the following terms. 1.hogness bos 2.ribozyme 3.extronmolecular disease 4.cDNA 5.reverse transcriptase 6.Pribnow box 7.intron 8.cis-acting element 9.trans-acting factor 10.RNA splicing 11.coding strand (in RNA transcription) IV、State the following questions. 1.Explain the effect of reverse transcriptase. 2.List the similarities and differences between replication and transcription. Chapter 13 Protein Biosynthesis I、Choose correct answers. 1. The direction of protein synthesis (polypeptide chain) is B.From N to C C.From 5’ to 3’ D.From C to N E.From 3’ to 5’ F.None of above 2. The sequence of nucleotide of initiation coden is A. UGA B. UAA C. UAG D. AUG E. AGU 3. If the coden of mRNA is ACG, then the anticoden of tRNA is A.UGC B. TGC C. GCA D. CGU E. TGC 4. The gene expression can be regulated at the following levels EXCEPT A. DNA replication B. Transcription C. Translation D. Post-transcription E. Post-translation 5. Which of the following steps is NOT included in the protein biosynthesis? A. Activation of amino acids B. Initiation of protein biosynthesis C. Elongation of polypeptide chain D. Termination of protein biosynthesis E. Post-transcrptional processing II、Fill in the blanks. 1.For protein synthesis, the elongation (ribosomal cycle) stage can be divided into three steps: _____________, ____________, and ____________. 2. The central dogma of molecular biology shows the general pathways of information flow via the replication from to , transcription from to , and translation from to . 3. For protein synthesis the elongation (ribosomal cycle) stage can be dividied into _____________, __________________and______________ . 4.The sequence of nucleotide from the termination codon are ___________ , ____________ , and ___________ . 5.The first added amino acyl group in the initiation stage of protein synthesis is (in prokaryotes) or (in eukaryotes). III、Explain the following terms. 1.open reading frame (ORF) 2.frame-shift mutation 3.termination codon 4.signal fecognition particles 5.SD sequence 6.ribosome cycle 7.animoacyl-tRNA synthetase 8.signal peptide 9.Molecular chaperone IV、State the following questions. 1.Please state the functions of three major kinds of RNA (mRNA, tRNA and rRNA)in protein biosynthesis? 2.How many properties of genetic code? 3.Compare the similarity and difference of replication and transcription. Chapter 14 Regulation of gene expression I、Choose correct answers. 1. The potential points of regulation are included EXCEPT A. Synthesis of the primary RNA transcript (transcription) B. Posttranscriptional modification of mRNA C. Messenger RNA degradation D. Protein synthesis (translation) E. All of above 2. Which of the following explanations about enhancer is NOT correct? A. Enhancer is DNA cis-acting elements B. Enhancer is quite distant from the promoter C. Enhancer is bound by transcription factors D. Enhancer can increase the activity of transcription E. Enhancer can decrease the activity of transcription 3. Which of the following materals is NOT the PCR components? A. Template B. Primer C. ddNTPs D. DNA Polymerase E. Mg2+ II、Explain the following terms. 1.attenuator 2.operon 3.enhancer 4.Transcription factor III、State the following questions. 1. Illustrate the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotic system with lactose operon as an example. Chapter 15 DNA Technology I、Choose correct answers. 1. Which of the following process is NOT included in the genetic engineering? A. acquirement of the target DNA. B. selection of the proper vector. C. ligation of target DNA and vector D. introduction of the recombinant into the recipient cells. E. gene transfer by micro-injection 2.Restriction endonuclease was originally found in ( ) A. Bacterium B. Yeast C. Plant D. Mammalian E. phage 3.Northern hybridization is used to detect ( ) A. DNA B. RNA C. Protein D. Carbohydrate E. Lipid II、Fill in the blanks. 1.The main steps of PCR which are composed of three defined sets of temperatures and times include_____________, _____________, and _____________. 2.The commonly used method to obtain the target gene is . The basic steps of this technique are , , and . 3.The basic characteristics of cloning vectors include , , ,and . 4.Two important tool enzymes in genetic engineering are and . 5.Vectors used in genetic engineering include:, and . 6.The basic steps of PCR are: ,and . III、Explain the following terms. 1.restrictive endonuclease 2.cNDA library 3.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 4.Gene therapy 5.Klenow fragment IV、State the following questions. 1. Please describe the processes of genetic engineering. 2. List the methods to obtain the target gene. Chapter 18 Glycoproteins,Proteoglycans and Extracellular Matrix I、Choose correct answers. 1. The N-linked glycoproteins have sugar chains connected to which amino acid A. Asp; B. Met; C. Thr; D. Ser; E. Asn; II、Explain the following terms. a)proteoglycan b)glycoprotein c)Extracellular Matrix III、State the following questions. 1.Note the main function of glycoprotein oligosaccharide chain. 2.State the functions of proteoglycans. Chapter19 Cellular Signal Transduction I、Choose one correct answer. Mark your answer by circling the capital letter you choose. 1. Second messengers in signal transduction are included EXCEPT A. DAG B. G protein C. Ca2+ D. cAMP E. IP3 2. Which one is NOT the binding features of ligand to receptor? A.High specificity B.High Affinity C.saturable D.irreversible E.binding by non-covalent 3. Which hormone of the following regulates metabolism by membrane receptors? A.sex hormone B.glucocorticoid C.T4 D.Active vitaminD3 E.adrenaline 4. Which of the following does NOT belong to intercellular signal molecules? A.Nitric oxide B.glucose C.glycine D.acetylcholine E.prostaglandin II、Explain the following terms(Each question: 3 score, Total: 30) 1.Receptor 2.G protein 3.Signal transduction 4.Secondary messenger 5.cAMP-dependent kinase 6.Receptor tyrosine kinase 7.Primary messenger 8.PKA III、Briefly state the following questions. 1. Please describe the signal transduction pathway of cAMP/protein kinse A (adrenalin pathway). 2. State briefly the structure of G protein and its function. 3. Please list the signal transduction pathways mediated by membrane receptors. Chapter 20 Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes and Growth Factors I、Choose correct answers. 1.The mechanisms of oncogene activation are included in following EXCEPT A. oncogene mutation B. oncogene chromosomal re-arrangement C. oncogene amplification D. oncogene obtaining promoter E. oncogene phosphorylation 2. Tumor suppressor gene is A. fos B. jun C. Rb gene D. myc E. myb 3. p53 is a ( ) A. Viral oncogene B. Cellular oncogene C. Tumor suppressor gene D. Proto oncogene E. Growth factor d)rb gene is a ( ) A. Viral oncogene B. Cellular oncogene C. Proto oncogene D. Tumor suppressor gene E. Growth factor II、Explain the following terms. 1.anti-oncogene 2.proto-oncogene 3.apoptosis 4.Housekeeping gene III、State the following questions. 1.Discussion on the activation mechanism of proto-oncogene. 2.What is the proto-oncogene and its role in vivo. 3.The relationship between the occurrence of cancer and oncogenes/tumor suppressor gene. Chapter21 Liver Biochemistry I、Choose one correct answer. 1. Bile acids are synthesized from the following material A.Phospholipids B.Apolipoprotein C.Triacyglycerol D.Chylomicron E.Cholesterol 2. Which of the following materials is NOT the donor substances in phase Ⅱ reactions of biotransformation? A.Glucuronic acid B.Glutathione C.Glycine D.Glutamine E.Sulfate 3. The important role of PAPS is A.to replenish ribose 5-phosphate B.as an initial material for synthesizing pyrimidine C.to provide active sulfate group for sulfation of some compounds D.to provide methyl group for methylation of some compounds E.an enzyme involved in biosynthesis of cholesterol 4. Conjugated bile acids mainly refer to A. bilirubin diglucuronide B. bilirubin-sulfate C. bilirubin-glycine D. bilirubin-albumin E. bilirubin-GSH II、Explain the following terms. 1.Biotransformation 2.SAM 3.primary bile acids 4.secondary bile acids 5.Monoamine oxidase(MAO) 6.Conjugated bilirubin 7.Indirect bilirubin III、Briefly state the following questions. 1.Please explain enterohepatic circle of bile acid and its significance. 2.State the different reactions of biotransformation. 3.Describe the functions of bile acids. Chapter22 Blood Biochemistry I、Choose one correct answer. 1. The structure of hemoglobulin (Hb) is A.It contains 4 subunits (α2β2) B.It has quaternary structures C.It contains heme as a prothetic group D.Spatial structure changes from tense to relax form when binding to O2 E.All of the above 2. Which of the following cells is involved in the 2’3-bisphosphoglycerate(2,3-BPG) pathway? A.White blood cells B.Mature erythrocytes C.Liver cells D.Platelets E.Pancreas cells 3. The key enzyme for heme biosynthesis is A.UPGIII isomeiase B.ALA synthetase C.ALA dehydratase D.Deaminase E.Heme synthase 4. The unique pathway for mature red blood cells to obtain ATP is A. pentose phosphate pathway B. tricarboxylic acid cycle C. β-oxidation of fatty acid D. glycolysis E. gluconeogenesis 5. The pathway for mature red blood cells to obtain NADPH is ( ) A. pentose phosphate pathway B. tricarboxylic acid cycle C.β-oxidation of fatty acid D. glycolysis E. gluconeogenesis II、Explain the following terms. 1.2,3-BPG pathway III、Briefly state the following questions. State the metabolic characters and significances of glucose in red blood cells.