英语四级考试语法结构总复习
大纲要求
1(“词汇与结构”内容与时间安排
《大学英语四级考试大纲》
规定
关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定
:四级考试的第三部分为“词语和语法结构”(Part ? Vocabulary and Structure),共30
题
快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题
，考试时间为20分钟。题目中约60%为词和短语的用法，约40% 为语法结构。要求学生从每题四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。考试范围包括教学大纲词汇表及语法结构表一级至四级的全部内容。本题满分为15分，每小题0.5分。 2(“词汇与结构”对能力的要求
最新《大学英语教学大纲》(1999)对四级语法的要求是:“巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。” 《大纲》对四级词汇的要求是:“领会式掌握4200
单词
英语单词 下载七年级上册英语单词表下载英语单词表下载深圳小学英语单词表 下载高中英语单词 下载
(其中复用式掌握的单词为2500)，以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条(中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内)，并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。” 这部分测试的目的是考查学生运用词汇，短语以及语法结构的能力。
二、“词汇和结构”部分的出题规律与预测
首先，我们对近几年来英语四级试题中“词汇与结构”部分语法项目与词汇的测试频率进行统计:
词 类 98(6 99(1 99(6 00(1 00(6 00(12 01(6 02(1 总题数
动词(短语) 7 7 7 5 8 7 9 6 56
形容词(短语) 2 1 1 4 4 3 3 3 21
名词(短语) 4 1 2 4 2 2 3 7 25
副词 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 9
介词(短语) 3 6 6 2 1 4 1 1 9
连词 3 1 1 1 2 3 11
非谓语动词 2 2 4 2 2 3 2 4 21
时态、语态 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 13
虚拟语气 2 3 2 5 3 1 2 2 20
各类从句 3 1 2 2 5 2 3 2 20
省略与倒装 1 1 1 3
一致关系 1 1
特定句型 2 2 2 3 2 1 12
其他 2 2 2
从上表可以看出，五年来对词汇的考查主要集中在动词及动词短语、形容词、名词及介词上，它们约占全部测试词汇的60%。我们知道，在词汇方面，动词、名词和形容词是使用频率最高的三大词类。尤其是动词，它的使用机会最多，词汇题的动词出现的频率最高也是与这一事实相符合的。预计今后的词汇题中动词及短语动词的出现次数还会呈遥遥领先之势。语法的考查主要集中在非谓语动词、时态和语态、虚拟语气及各类从句上，近年来考题中的新趋势为:若干考点混合出现;一些交际用语也时常出现在考题中。
三、四级语法结构与词汇考查内容
四级考试对语法词汇的考查与《大纲》要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题，我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现《大纲》的。
1(语法考题的涉及面宽
1
近年考题曾经考到:
几乎所有词类，三种动词的非谓语形式，名词从句，形容词从句，副词从句，独立主格，一致，倒装，强调等
基本语法知识。
2(语法考试的重点突出
语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现如:
虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。
3(具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法和不常用的情况
1)虚拟语气的考点为:
? would rather，that从句，一般过去时:
? It is vital,necessary,important,urgent,imperative,desirable,advisable,natural,essential，that，动词原
形;
? It is time,about time,high time，that，一般过去时:
? proposal,suggestion，that，动词原形;
? lest，that，should，动词原形;
? if only，that，would，动词原形。
2)状语从句的考点为:非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用 at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来
替代if;由even if,so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句;just, hardly…when引导的时间状语从句;more
than，as…as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
3)独立主格结构多以逻辑主语，分词的形式出现。
4)情态动词多与完成时形式连用。
5)定语从句重点考查介词，关系代词(which)和as作为关系代词。
4(词汇的考查重点为
1)动词，名词与介词的搭配如:popular,patient，with; yield,solution,adapt
,transfer,access ，to;accuse, require，of;charge，for;under，discussion等等。
2)习惯用法如:confess to,set about,be used to，doing; be supposed to,have,make sb，do 等。
3)由同一动词构成的短语如:come，go，set，break等构成的短语。
4)单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。
5)介词短语在句中作状语如:in terms of;with the exception of;in vain等，另
外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，none,nothing，but等词在考题中
的出现。
5(近年来考题中的新趋势为:若干考点混合出现:一些交际用语也时常出现在
考题中。
四、复习思路
1(全面掌握基本语法点
2(掌握常用习惯用法和词组
3(注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可直接帮助答题
4(研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住典型题例
I. 时 态
常见考点:
1(过去完成时 (had + done)
1) 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成了的动作。这个过去的时间可以用by, before等介词短语或一个
时间状语从句来表示。
2
The factory had fulfilled its yearly plan of production by last November.
We had not thought of the solution until they gave some hints.
2) 过去完成时可以表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for(有时可省去)或since构
成的短语或since引导的从句连用。
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
3) 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
? hardly / scarcely / barely + 过去完成时(倒装形式)+ when + 过去时;Hardly had I arrived when I had a new
problem to cope with.
? no sooner +过去完成时(倒装形式)+ than +过去时;
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
? by (the end of ) + 过去时间，主句谓语动词用过去完成时。
By the end of that year, Jack had collected more than a thousand foreign
stamps.
2(将来完成时: (will/shall + have done)
表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有by (the time/the end of) + 表示将来时间
的短语和句子;before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子;when, after等 + 将来动作的句子
By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
When you come tonight at eight o'clock, I shall have written my report.
3(完成进行时态:(has/have + been doing) (had been + doing)
表示动作在现在或过去某一时间以前开始，并延续到那个现在或过去的时间，而且可能还要继续进行下去。
It has been raining for three hours.
He told me he had been waiting for me for two hours.
4(在由 after, as, as soon as, before, once, until, when, while 引导的时间状语从句和由as long as, if, unless 等引导的条件
状语从句中，若主句用将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
I will tell him if he comes.
5( 由This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time 引导的that从句往往用完成时态。
This is the first time (that) I’ve drunk Californian champagne.
There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me
that evening.
6. 一般将来时的替代形式:
1) be going to do sth. 在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或即将发生的事情;
I’m going to buy a new house when we save enough money.
2) be to do sth. 表示
计划
项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载
安排将要做的事;
thThere is to be a rail strike on July 18.
3) be about to do sth. 表示即将发生的事情;
We are about to start.
4) be due to do sth. 表示预先确定了的、必定要发生的事;
His book is due to be published in October.
5) be on the point / verge of doing sth. 强调即将发生的某种事态;
The country is on the verge of civil war.
6) be going/ coming/ leaving/ starting/ arriving/ returning等动词的进行时可表示计划或安排即将要发生的事情。
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. Examples:
1. If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she _______. (98.6)
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A. does B. has done
C. will do D. would do
2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now. (96.1)
A. developed
B have developed
C. are being developed
D. will have been developed
3. Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _______. (98.1)
A. has been accepted
B. have been accepted
C.was accepted
D. were accepted
4. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _______ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. (95.6)
A. are often B. often see
C. will often see D. have often see
5. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television ______ the newspaper
completely. (95.6)
A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace 6. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation. (96.6)
A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left 7. It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ______ by about 10%. (96.1)
A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 8. The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends. (97.1)
A. must have lasted
B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted
9. My train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _______ by then. (99.1)
A. will have left B. would leave C. had left D. has left 10. I figure that when you return from your five years’ study abroad all these old houses _______ down. (92.1)
A. will have been pulled B. will have pulled
B. will be pulling D. will be pulled
11. Before the first non-stop(直航) flight made in 1949, it ______ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (96.6)
A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been 12. Until then, his family _______ from him for six months. (97.1)
A. didn’t hear B. hasn’t been hearing
B. C. hasn’t heard D. hadn’t heard
13. A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _______ from the sort of candles
used only in churches. (99.6)
A. had come B. coming C. come D. that came 14. He came back late, _____ which time all the guests had already left. (99.6)
A. after B. by C. at D. during
15. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _______ too long. (00.1)
A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. reading 16. That was the first time the old lady _______ her sufferings to others.
A. was telling B. had told C. tell D. told
4
17. By the time he arrives in Beijing, we _______ here for two days. (01.6)
A. have been staying B. have stayed C. shall stay D. will have stayed
18. By the time you get to New York, I ________ for London. (02.1)
A. am leaving B. shall have left
C. have already left D. would be leaving
II. 虚 拟 语 气
语气(mood) 是种动词形式，表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度，语气分三种:
1( 直陈语气:表示讲话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。
2( 祈使语气:表示讲话人对对方的请求或命令。
3( 虚拟语气:表示讲话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、可能或纯粹的空想。 常见考点:
1( 一般虚拟
一般虚拟也就是由if引起的虚拟。按照不同的时间，主、从句中动词的形式为:
时 间 从 句(If) 主 句
did/were (一、三人称可用was) would/should/could/might do 现在 had done would/should/could/might have done 过去
将来 did/were to do/should do would/should/could/might do
注:1)当条件句中含有were，had或should时，可省略if并倒装。
Were I in your position, I would go.
2)根据内容的不同需要，从句与主句可有不一致的错综时间。(混合虚拟)
eg: If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you might be well now.
If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.
If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.
If it rained tomorrow, I should/would stay at home.
2( 特殊虚拟
情况,: 虚拟条件有时不是通过if从句明显地表达出来,而是隐含在副词、介词短语或上下文中。经常表示这种含蓄条
件的有:otherwise 或or/ with(如果有了)或without(如果没有)but for (要不是，倘若没有)，相当于”if it were
not for…”(表示与现在事实相反)，或if it had not been for… (表示与过去事实相反)
I would have failed in the examination without your help.
But for your timely rescue, the boy would have drowned.
But for your guidance, we should/ would fail.
情况,:
? 对将来发生的事情表示祝愿或愿望时，
wish/ if only后的宾词从句 宾语从句谓语动词用
would(could, might)+ 动词原形;
? 表示与现在事实相反的愿望时，宾语从
句的谓语动词用一般过
去时或过去进行时;
? 对过去发生的 事情表示遗憾或后悔
时，宾语从句的谓语动词
用过去完成时或could/ would have
done;
5
在 It’s (highly/ about) time that从句中的动词常用一般过去时 ( that)从句中
would rather, would sooner, would just as soon后的句中 常用一般过去时表示现在或将来
在suggest, demand, require, I insist等动词后的宾语从句
中
?坚持(insist)
?命令(command, order，direct)
?建议(advise, propose, suggest, move)
?要求(demand, require, request, ask, urge)
在与suggestion, proposal, motion(动议),
requirement, order, decision, request, demand, (should) + 动词原形
plan, recommendation 等词有关的表语从句和同位语从句中
在下列形容词、过去分词和名词作表语的“It's…that…”:important,
crucial, vital, necessary,
essential,advisable,reasonabeproper, impossible, strange, natural;suggested, requested, proposed, ordered, insisted, desired; a pity, a shame, no wonder的句型中
lest, for fear that, in case 引导的从句
例句:
Many congressmen seconded Jefferson's motion that a special committee (should) be set up to look into the problem. Frank's visit to England made it necessary that his sister do more in the house.
It is economically essential to make sure that this entire shipment of new cars get to the port on time.
It is a pity that Peter should be so careless.
Every attention must be paid to him, lest he feel that he is inferior to my other guests.
Examples:
1. Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her
friends very often. (96.1)
A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 2. _______ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96.6)
A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C. Were she to leave D. If she had left 3. _______ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (97.1)
A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive 4. _______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A. Had it not been B. Were it not C. Be it not D. Should it not be 5. We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we ________ him. (95.6)
A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone D. had telephoned
6. He must have had an accident, or he _______ then. (90.1)
A. would have been here B. had to be here
C. should be there D. would be there
7. _______ the fog, we should have reached our destination in time.
A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for
6
8. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _______ now. (99.1)
A. couldn’t have smiled B. wouldn’t be smiling
C. didn’t smile D. won’t smile
9. Look at the terrible situation I am in ! If only I ________ your advice. (93.6)
A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed 10. If only the committee _______ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible. (97.1)
A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve 11. I’m sure he is up to the job _______ he would give his mind to it. (98.1)
A. if only B. in case C. until D. unless 12. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _______ to investigate the incident. (02.1)
A.was set up B. were set up C. set up D.be set up 13. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o’clock at night. (96.1)A. were not played B.
not to play C. not be played D. did not play
14. Jack wishes that he _______ business instead of history when he was in university. (01.6)
A. had studied B. study C. studied D. had been studying 15. It is vital that enough money _______ to fund the project. (97.1)
A. be collected B. must be collected C. is collected D. can be collected 16. It is essential that these application forms _______ back as early as possible. (00.1)
A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent 17. I don’t think it advisable that Tim ______ to the job since he has no experience. (97.6)
A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned 18. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _______ himself. (98.1)
A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure 19. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _______. (98.6)
A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to put off 20. As Commander-in-chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _______ for our defense. (99.6)
A. had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken 21. Mike’s uncle insists _______ in this hotel. (00.1)
A. staying not B. not to stay C. that he would not stay D. that he not stay 22. You don’t have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you ______ on business first. (98.1)
A. would go B. will go C. went D. have gone
23. I’d rather you _______ make any comment on the issue for the time being. (98.6)
A. don’t B. wouldn’t C. didn’t D. shouldn’t
24. Frankly speaking, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being. (99.1)
A. have done B. haven’t done C. don’t do D. didn’t do
25. Wouldn’t you rather your child _______ to bed early? (00.1)
A. go B. went C. would go D. goes 26. Sometimes I wish I ________ in a different time and different place. (00.1)
A. be living B. were living C. would live D. would have lived 27. “You are very selfish. It’s high time you _______ that you are not the most important person in the world.” Edgar said to his
boss angrily. (99.1)
A. have realized B. should realize C. realize D. realized 28. I wish I _______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95.6)
7
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
29. The article suggests that when a person ________ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced
diet.(02.1)
A. be B. was C. is D. were 30. It is important that the hotel receptionist _______ that guests are registered correctly. (01.1)
A. has made sure B. made sure C. must make sure D. make sure
Exercises:
1. It was essential that the application forms ______ back before the deadline.
A) must be sent C) be sent
B) would be sent D) were sent
2. It was important that money ______ for the cause.
A) was collected C) be collected
B) is collected D) collect
3. It is recommended that the project ______ until all preparations have been made.
A) not be started C) is not started
B) will not be started D) is not to be started
4. The teacher asks that we ______ a red pen.
A) don’t use C) not use
B) mustn’t use D) can’t use
5. We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we ______ him.
A) had telephoned C) would telephone
B) must have telephoned D) would have telephoned
6. It is of the utmost importance that you ______ here on time.
A) be C) are to be
B) shall be D) must be
7. Kathy wishes that she ______ more English before arriving in the United States.
A) studied C) has studied
B) studies D) had studied
8. If they _____ me, I would have given them my opinion.
A) asked C) had asked
B) have asked D) would ask
9. I’d sooner you ______ until tomorrow.
A) waited C) will wait
B) wait D) have waited
10. The policeman ordered the suspect _______ his hands from the handle of the door.
A) to don’t remove C) to not remove
B) don’t to remove D) do not remove
11. I’d rather that you _______ with him.
A) didn’t interfere C) should not interfere
B) don’t interfere D) would not interfere
12. The doctor suggested that she ______.
A) did not smoke C) will not smoke
B) not smoke D) does not smoke
13. It is necessary that you _______ present at the meeting.
8
A) could be C) be
B) may be D) will be
14. If the doctor had been available, the child ______.
A) would not die C) would not have died
B) could not die D) could not have died
15. Doctors are now able to cure people of some diseases which in former time ______.
A) had killed them C) must kill them
B) should kill them D) would have killed them
16. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; ______ hard last night.
A) he should have studied C) he must have studied
B) he should study D) he must have been studied 17. If only everything ______ out as we wanted it to in life!
A) works C) worked
B) is working D) has worked
18. My proposal was that ______ the students to write a term paper instead.
A) to cancel the exam and to assign C) canceling the exam and assigning
B) we cancel the exam and assign D) we canceled the exam and assigned 19. Mary wishes that she ______ law instead of history when she was in college.
A) had studied C) studied
B) has studied D) have studied
20. Kumar can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he ______ me how.
A) teaches C) will teach
B) has taught D) would teach
21. You look so tired tohight. It is time you ______.
A) go to sleep C) went to sleep
B) go to bed D) went to bed
28. It is vital that you ______ him to be present at the meeting.
A) do not permit C) will not permit
B) should not permit D) have not permitted
29. It is ridiculous that we ______ short of water in a country where it is always raining.
A) have been C) are being
B) being D) be
29. I wish that you _______ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A) hadn’t C) hadn’t had
B) didn’t have had D) hadn’t have
30. If you had been with us, Stanly, you ______ our excitement.
A) have understood C) will understand
B) understood D) would have understood
III. 非 谓 语 动 词
常见考点:1(动词后接动名词还是不定式，或两者均可，这是个约定俗成的习惯用法问题。根据实际应用的规律，可分为以下三类:
1). 只能接不定式做宾语的动词有:
决定，希望，学，打算，设法，供给，准备(完);
同意，拒绝，未，假装，碰巧，答应，计划(办)。
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decide, hope, learn, plan, manage, offer, prepare
agree, refuse, fail, pretend, happen, promise, plan 2). 只能接动名词做宾语的动词有:
错过没介意，喜欢提建议;不断搞实践，坚持(别)放弃;
承认谅不禁，推迟完成期;避免忆冒险，设想(多)考虑。
miss, mind, enjoy suggest, keep on practice, persist, quit
admit, cannot help, delay/postpone, finish, avoid/prevent/evade, recall/recollect, risk,
consider
注意:下列句型结构:It’s no good/use in doing sth….
There is no need/point/ (in) doing sth.
be busy, be worth doing sth.
have difficulty/trouble in doing sth…. spend/waste time in doing sth…
3). 既可接动名词又可接动词不定式做宾词的有:
? 接动词不定式和动名词作宾语而意义差别不大的动词:
love, like, dislike, hate, begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, propose, etc.
? 可跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语但意义有差别的动词:
? forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)
? stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，的是为了做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做或经常做的事
? remember to do 记住去做某事
remember doing 记得住做过某事
? regret to do 对要做的事遣憾
regret doing 对做的事遣憾、后悔
? try to do 努力、企图做某事
try doing 试验、试一试某种办法
I remember posting the letter for you. (我记得为你寄过信。)
I remember to post the letter for you. (我没忘记为你寄信。)
? need, want, deserve + 动名词/ +不定式被动态, 表被动意义。
The pencil needs sharpening. (to be sharpened) 4) 不定式和动名词的一些较特殊的用法:
? 在had better, would rather… than, cannot but, can but 等词语后和句型“Why…?”或“Why not…”中，动词 不定式
须省掉to;介词except和but前若有动词do的某种形式，他们后面的不定式一般不带to，反之则需带to.
I would rather die than surrender.
? 在某些及物动词的复合宾语中，动词不定式须省掉to, 这些动词有表示生理感觉: see, watch, hear, feel 及使役
动词:make, let, have。
I heard him speak in the next room.
Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.
但上述感觉动词和使役动词转换成被动结构时，其后的不定式一般须带to，如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
? 下列词组中的to是介词，其后要接动名词:
agree to, object to, close to, come to, lead to, refer to, equal to, stick to, belong to, devote to, look forward to, thanks to,
be used to, be accustomed to
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? 英语中如果不定式与其所修饰的名词或代词之间是动宾关系，我们称之为反射不定式。反射不定式如果是“不定
式(及物动词、不及物动词、形容词)+ 介词”结构，这里的介词一般不能省。例如:
He hasn’t decided which hotel to stay at.
In prehistoric times a group of about 60 people had many kilometers of empty land to wander and search for food in.
There are some things to be grateful for.
I have got a loaf of bread: Now I’m looking for a knife ______.
A) to cut it with B) to cut with it C) with it to cut D) it to cut with
2(现在分词和过去分词
分词也是一种非限定动词，它兼有动词和形容词的特征。
及物动词write 不及物动词go
主动语态 被动语态
现 一般式 writing going being written 在
分 完成式 having written having been written
词 having gone
过gone
去written
分
词
1). 现在分词和过去分词的区别:
语态上不同，现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。
e.g. a moving film 一部感动人的电影 a moved audience受感动的观众
时间关系上不同，一般来说，现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往已经完成，
e.g. boiling water 正在开的水 boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水)例句:
Seeing these photos, I could not help thinking of my childhood days in Los Angeles.
Not knowing what to do, she went to the godfather for help.
Frustrated, he went back to his hometown.
注意:修饰过去分词常用much，修饰现在分词和形容词化了的过去分词(如interested, excited)则用very。 2). 分词作状语
? 分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式时，通常可以换为相应的状语从句，表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换成一个并列的谓语成分。
Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up. (When the students saw the teacher entering the room, they
stood up.)
Heated, ice will be changed into water. (When it is heated, ice will be changed into water.)
? 分词作状语与主语的关系
? 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
? 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语的承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
? 分词作状语时前面可用连词if, while, when, once, unless等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句的主语相同时，
可保留该连词，其余部分则简化为分词短语，相当于省略的状语从句。
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If falling ill, I’ll see my doctor.
Even though given every opportunity, they would not try.
Examples:
1. I would appreciate _______ it a secret. (95.6)
A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep 2. Mark often attempts to escape ________ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. (95.6)
A. having been fined B. to have been fined C. to be fined D. being fined 3. I don’t mind ______ the decision as long as it is not too late. (00.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
4. _______ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. (99.1)
A. The girl to be educated B. The girl’s being educated
C. The girl educated D. The girl was educated
5. She was so angry that she felt like _______ something at him. (92.6)
A. to throw B. throwing C. to have thrown D. having thrown 6. The man in the corner confessed to ______ a lie to the manager of the company. (97.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 7. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ______ late for his lecture. (98.1)
A. to have students B. for students’ being
C. for students to be D. to students’ being
8. I remember _______ to help us if we ever got into trouble. (93.6)
A. once offering B. him once offering C. him to offer D. to offer him 9. If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in. (96.1)
A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed 10. The money will be used to keep a space vehicle on the moon busy _______ back to the earth photographs and other
information about the surface of the moon. (92.6)
A. to send B. sending C. to be sent D. being sent 11. Sometimes very young children have trouble ______ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist. (95.6)
A. separating B. to separate C. having separated D. for separating 12. When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. (97.1)
A. cheat B. cheating C. to cheat D. to be cheating 13. Tryon was extremely angry, but cool-headed enough to ________storming into the boss’s office. (02.1)
A. avoid B. prohibit C. turn D. prevent
14. Don’t get your schedule ______; stay with us in this class. (90.1)
A. to change B. changed C. changing D. change
15. Your hair wants _______. You’d better have it done tomorrow. (97.6)
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut 16. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches, chairs or boxes. (00.1)
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 17. _______ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A. When compared B. While comparing C. Compare D. Comparing 18. ______ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96.1)
A. Being published B. Published C. Publishing D. To be published 19. ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. (96.6)
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A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed 20. The house was very quiet, _______ as it was on the side of a mountain. (99.6)
A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated 21. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _______ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (99.6)
A. being B. been C. to be D. having been 22. _______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is
poor. (97.6)
A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal
C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal 23. All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98.6)
A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered 24. All flights ______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. (99.1)
A. were canceled B. having been canceled
C. had been canceled D. have been canceled
25. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _______. (95.1)
A. to correct B. correcting C. having corrected D. being corrected 26. When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. (97.1)
A. cheat B. cheating C. to cheat D. to be cheating 27. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girl as well as boys _______
to go to school. (97.1)
A. to be encouraged B. being encouraged
C. been encouraged D. be encouraged
28. All flights _______ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. (02.1)
A. were canceled B. having canceled
C. has been canceled D. having been canceled
29. The day ______ fine, we decided to go to the park.
A) is C) be
B) been D) being
30. The moon having no atmosphere, ______.
A) and there can be no wind C) there can be no wind
B) so there can be no wind D) where can be no wind
31. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back.
A) being tied C) to be tied
B) having tie D) tied
32. ______ the tree now tall, we get more shade.
A) With C) When
B) Because D) For
33. Their task ______ they went home.
A) has been fulfilled C) has fulfilled
B) having been fulfilled D) had fulfilled
34. Weather ______, the picnic will be held as scheduled.
A) permits C) will permit
B) should permit D) permitting
35. The last bus ______, we had to walk home.
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A) has gone C) having gone
B) left D) leaving
Exercises:
1. The children went there to watch the iron tower ______.
A) to erect C) erecting
B) be erected D) being erected
2. John regretted ______ to the meeting last week.
A) not going C) not having been going
B) not to go D) not to being
3. Mrs. Brown is supposed ______ for Italy last week.
A) to have left C) to leave
B) to be leaving D) to have been left
4. The speaker, ______ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.
A) having known C) knowing
B) being known D) known
5. The second book was ______ by August 1952, but two years later, the end was still nowhere in sight.
A) completed C) to complete
B) to have completed D) to have been completed
6. Her argument was so ______ that I could hardly make any sense of what she said.
A) confusing C) confused
B) to confuse D) being confused
7. I was asked if I would consider _______ the invitation.
A) to accept C) accepting
B) accept D) accepted
8. She said she was not hungry and didn’t feel like ______ anything.
A) eat C) to eat
B) eating D) eaten
9. Bob had his gas and electricity ______ on when he moved into his new apartment last week.
A) turning C) turned
B) turn D) to turn
10. Can’t you do anything but ______ silly questions?
A) ask C) asking
B) to ask D) asks
11. _______ the law is everyone’s duty.
A) Obey C) Obeying
B) To obey D) Having obeyed
12. They are believed ______ this problem. A) to discuss C) to have discussed
B) having discussed D) discussing
13. Now I ______ bacon and eggs every morning.
A) used to eating C) am used to eat
B) am used to eating D) used to eat
14. I have no objection to ______ your story again.
A) hearing C) to hear
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B) hear D) heard
15. ______ that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything.
A) Convincing C) Convinced
B) To convince D) Convince
16. ______ the joke before, I did not find it funny the second time.
A) Hearing C) To hear
B) Heard D) Having heard
17. I have a letter from your uncle. Do you object ______it?
A) to my reading C) that I read
B) from my reading D) to read
18. They preferred to stay at home ______.
A) than go to the movies C) rather than go to the movies
B) than to go to the movies D) rather than to go to the movies
19. I observe him ______.
A) to go out C) go out
B) to have gone out D) gone out
20. I always feel _____ when I’ve finished a piece of work.
A) to please C) pleased
B) pleasing D) being pleased
21. My watch is broken. I must have it _______.
A) repairing C) to be repaired
C) to be repairing D) repaired
22. You ______ the work before your boss comes back.
A) had better to finish C) had to finish better
B) had better finish D) had better finished 23. Bob said that he wouldn’t mind ______.
A) to wait for us C) wait for us
B) waiting for us D) for waiting us
24. Ann doesn’t like milk. She says that she never ______ it at home.
A) uses to drinking C) used to drinking
B) used to drink D) uses to drink
25. Would you please ______ the listening comprehension script until after you have listened to the tape?
A) not to read C) not read
B) don’t read D) don’t to read
26. I want to go to the dentist, but you ______ with me.
A) need not to go C) do not need go
B) need not go D) need go not
27. He said the table wanted ______.
A) to repair C) repaired
B) repairing D) being repaired
28. The story was so funny that she couldn’t help ______.
A) laughing C) but to laugh
B) to laugh D) not laughing
29. The last man ______ the sinking ship was the captain.
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A) left C) leaving
B) leaves D) to leave
30. Many of the Chinese notable novels are reported ______ into English.
A) to translate C) to be translated
B) to translating D) to have been translated
31. The boss is said ______ the book next year.
A) to publish C) to be published
B) to publishing D) to have published
32. I can’t understand ______ a decision until it is too late.
A) him to postpone to make C) his postponing to make
B) him to postpone making D) his postponing making
33. He read the last typing of his book very carefully again ______ sure that it had no mistakes.
A) be C) to be
B) being D) was
34. If the maid comes today, please have her ______ my shirts.
A) washed C) to wash
B) washing D) wash
35. The room was hot, I tried ______ the window, but that didn’t help.
A) open C) opening
B) to open D) opened
36. Most children like ______ outside better than ______ in doors.
A) to play … to play C) playing … playing
B) playing … to play D) to play…staying
37. Since we are university students we should apply ourselves to ______ all kinds of knowledge.
A) study C) studied
B) studying D) being studied
38. There is no point ______ to persuade him to do anything.
A) to try C) of trying
B) in trying D) if you try
39. She said that she would rather not ______ it right now.
A) discussing C) to discuss
B) discuss D) discussion
40. Anna said in her letter that she’d appreciate ______ from you sometime.
A) to hear C) having heard
B) hearing D) to hearing
41. Uncle Dick has already arrived. Do you expect ______ to see him?
A) going C) to go
B) go D) that you go
42. ______ him busy in his garage, I said I would call again later.
A) To find C) Finding
B) When found D) As finding
43. Although the letter to Mike was known ______, he never received it.
A) to have been posted C) to be posted
B) to have posted D) being posted
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44. The sign was put there ______ people to wear hard hats in this area.
A) for reminding C) remind
B) to be reminded D) to remind
45. He denied ______ to service the engine before take-off.
A) to be told C) to have been told
B) having been told D) telling
46. Last month a classroom building was completed ______ many bright classrooms.
A) has C) having
B) to have D) had
47. This problem requires ______ with great care.
A) to study C) to be studying
B) being studied D) studying
48. At noon, all staff members quit ______ a nap.
A) being had C) to have had
B) to have D) having
49. I appreciated _______ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
A) to have C) having had
B) having D) to have had
50. Television, along with other means of communication, helps us to keep ______ about contemporary affairs.
A) informing C) be informed
B) informed D) to inform
51. The teacher doesn’t permit ______ in class.
A) smoke C) to smoke
B) smoking D) to have a smoke
52. Margaret refuses _______ with Richard.
A) cooperate C) cooperating
B) to cooperate D) his cooperating
53. Is there anything you want from town? I am going to get _______.
A) those letters mailed C) to mail those letters
B) mailed letters D) those letters mail
54. I went to the dentist’s yesterday, and I had two teeth ______.
A) pulling C) to be pulling
B) to be pulled D) pulled
55. Joe wants us _______.
A) to go along with him C) go along with him
B) going along with him D) will go along with him 56. The examiner made us ______ our identification in order to be admitted to the test center.
A) showing C) showed
B) show D) to show
57. I am sorry I have kept you ______.
A) to wait C) waiting
B) to have waited D) to be waited
58. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was the first city ______ by an atomic bomb, dropped by the U. S. air force.
A) being struck C) to be struck
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B) having been struck D) to have struck
59. Many houses constructed with large windows ______ to the north need a great deal of fuel.
A) exposing C) were exposed
B) exposed D) When comparing
60. _______ with the earnings of the past three years, the income of the company was greater than ever before.
A) To be compared C) Compared
B) Comparing D) When comparing
IV. 情 态 动 词
常见考点:
1. 情态动词的完成式
1) must have done & can’t / couldn’t have done
must have done 表示对过去事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测，常译为“一定，准是，肯定”，其否定形式是can’t / couldn’t have done，意为“决不可能，不太可能”。
e.g. Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 2) should / ought to have done & shouldn’t / ought not to have done
should / ought to have done 表示过去应该做的却没有做，常含有后悔、责备、埋怨的口吻，意为“本该当„„”，“应当„„
就好了”;
shouldn’t / ought not to have done表示过去不该做的事却给做了，也常含有责备、不满之意，意为“本不该„„”。
e.g. With all the work finished, I should have gone to your birthday party last night.
You shouldn’t have gone back to work yesterday without the doctor’s permission.
3) may / might have done
may / might have done 表示对过去事情的推测，但不十分有把握，意为“可能，或许已经„„”。
e.g. A traffic accident happened yesterday and a driver may have been hurt. 4) could have done
could have done 表示过去有可能或有能力做某事，而实际未做、未能 实现的事;有时也表示轻度批评，意为“本来可
以”。
e.g. The gas leakage could have been avoided if the gas company took immediate measures after the warning call.
5) needn’t have done
needn’t have done 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没有必要„„”。
e.g. I needn’t have bought all that wine---only three people came.
2. 可作情态动词用的短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just)as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, cannot but, may/might as well
Examples:
1. The room is in a terrible mess; it ______ cleaned. (96.6)
A. can’t have been B. shouldn’t have been
C. mustn’t have been D. wouldn’t have been
2. Even if I had had the time to write to her, I _______ done so as I didn’t know her address. (92.6)
A. can not have had B. will not have had
C. must not have had D. might not have had
3. Some women _______ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
(00.1)
A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made 4. Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class; she ______ have studied very hard.
A. may B. should C. must D. ought to
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5. Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _______ during the day. (99.1)
A. must have done B. would have done C. should have done D. may have done 6. With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night. (89.1)
A. mustn’t go B. wouldn’t go C. oughtn’t go D. shouldn’t have gone
7. You ______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. (00.6)
A. shouldn’t follow B. mustn’t follow
C. couldn’t have been following D. shouldn’t have been following
8. You ______ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. (91.6)
A. needn’t have done B. must not have done
C. shouldn’t have done D. mustn’t have done
?. 名 词 从 句
名词从句是在句子中起名词作用的主谓结构，根据句法功能，可分为主语从句，表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句 宾语从句
It's generally believed + People generally believe +
that smoking contributes to lung cancer
People's general belief + is scientifically proved People's general belief is +
同位语从句 表语从句
常见考点:
1. 同位语从句:
在某些抽象名词后常用连接词that引出同位语从句，具体
说明
关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书
这些名词的内容。同位语的先行词通常为:
belief (相信), conclusion (结论), evidence (证据), fact, hope, idea,
普通型 message, news, opinion, point (论点), problem, proof (证据), theory,
thought, rumor (谣言)
疑问型 doubt (怀疑), question
虚拟型 demand, motion (提议), order, proposal (建议), suggestion, etc
※ 注意:区分同位语从句和that引导的定语从句。在同位语从句中，that 只起引入从句的连接作用，在从句中不担当任
何成分，也没有具体词义。而在定语从句中，that是关系代词，在从句中充当一定成分，其词意来自于所修饰
的先行词。
※ 同位语从句与先行词的分隔现象
原 因 例 句
1)主句谓语较短 Suddenly an idea occurred to me that she might lose her
husband.
2)先行词后嵌入一状语 There is a rumor in the town that her husband will desert her.
He refused to consider the suggestion put forward by his 3) 先行词后有一作定colleagues that the party not be called off. 语的短语或从句 Everyone present was amazed at the evidence he revealed in
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court that the judge was the very murder.
2. 介词后的宾语从句往往用which引导，除以下:but that(而不是), except that(只是，除了), in that ( 因为，在于), save
that。
Examples:
1. In some countries, _______ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people. (95.6)
A. which B. one C. that D. what 2. By success I don’t mean ______ usually thought of when that word is used. (96.6)
A. what is B. that we C. as you D. all is 3. Although Anna is happy with her success, she wonders _______ will happen to her private life. (00.1)
A. that B. what C. it D. this 4. I have not found my book yet; in fact, I am not sure ______ I could have done with it. (92.1)
A. whether B. why C. what D. when 5. The mere fact _______ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur. (97.6)
A. what B. which C. that D. why 6. Evidence came up _______ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. (91.6)
A. what B. which C. that D. whose 7. _______ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated. (99.6)
A. It being B. It is C. There is D. There being 8. _______ me have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. (93.1)
A. That B. Those C. What D. Whether 9. We agreed to accept ______ they thought was the best tourist guide. (00.1)
A. whatever B. whomever C. whichever D. whoever 10. _______she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist. (90.1)
A. That was from Stephen B. It was Stephen whom
C. It was from Stephen that D. It was Stephen that 11. _______that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point. (89.1)
A. During the 1960’s B. It was in the 1960’s
C. That it was in the 1960’s D. It was in the 1960’s
?. 定 语 从 句
定语从是在复合句中起定语作用的主谓结构，它所修饰的名词或代词是它的先行词。定语从句由关系词引入，关系
词的作用是引导定语从句并在从句中充当某一句子成分，其词汇意义等于先行词或介词加先行词。如:This is the book
which tells about the moon.句中，which引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，其词汇意义就是the book。
先行词 关系词在句中的功能 关系词
主语 who, that
宾语 whom, that
人 定语 whose
表语 that
主语，宾语 which, that
事物，动物 定语 whose…of which
表语 that
时间名词 主语，宾语 which, that
状语 when, 介+ which
地点名词 主语，宾语 which, that
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状语 where, 介词+ which
人，物 主语，宾语，表语 that
reason 状语 why, for which
way 状语 that, in which
前有as, such, the same 主语，宾语，表语 as
一个句子 主语，宾语，表语 which, as
是all, everything, nothing, that(不用which,
who) anything, something, little, much,
that等
被序数词，最高级形容词，all, every, that(不用which,
no, any, little, much, only, last等修饰 who)
是who, which开头的问句 that(不用which,
who)
无先行词 what
注意事项:
? 必须准确认定关系词在定语从句中充当的成分，否则就会选错关系词。
? 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常与先行词保持人称和数的一致。
? 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，从句谓语是不及物动词时，不要遗漏介词。如:
I have lost the pen with which I often write.
? as 引导的非限制性定语从句含有“正如…”之意，并可置于主句前。Which无“正如…”之意，也不能置于主句前。
? 表部分关系的定语从句 “数量词 + of which (whom)…”
The students, most of whom were girls, enjoyed the film.
Examples:
1. You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _______ to suspend your tent. (95.6)
A. there B. them C. which D. where
2. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _______ obtaining water is not the least. (98.1)
A. for which B. to which C. of which D. in which
3. We need a chairman ______. (98.6)
. for whom everyone has confidence B. in whom everyone has confidence
C. who everyone has confidence of D. whom everyone has confidence on 4. There is hardly an environment on earth _______ some species of animal or other hae not adapted successfully. (90.6)
A. to which B. wherever C. so that D. as to 5. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _______ up to half will be from overseas. (98.6)
A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom 6. The residents, ______ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. (93.6)
A. all their homes B. all whose homes C. all of whose homes D. all of their homes 7. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.
(00.6)
A. whose B. that C. which D. what
8. A survey was carried out on the death rate of newborn babies in that region, _______ were surprising. (98.6)
A. the results of which B. as results C. the results of it D. which results 9. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside. (92.6)
A. as B. when C. until D. before
10. He never hesitates to make such criticisms _______ are considered helpful to others. (92.6)
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A. that B. as C. which D. what 11. There was such a long line at the exhibition _______ we had to wait for about half an hour. (02.1)
so . B. as C. that D. hence
?. 状 语 从 句
根据其用途，我们可将状语从句分为时间状语从句、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步及方式状语从句九种。
1. 时间状语从句
when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, since, once, as soon as, the moment, the minute/instant, instantly…
2. 地点状语从句
where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
3. 原因状语从句
because, as, since, for, now that (既然;由于), considering that, on the ground that, seeing that, in that
4. 结果状语从句
that, so…that, such … that, with the result that
5. 目的状语从句
so, so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that, seeing that,
目的状语从句常用情态动词may(might), shall(should), will(would).
6. 条件状语从句
if, unless, supposing, as long as, on condition that, suppose, provided(that), but that
7. 让步状语从句
though, although, even though/if, no matter…,
8. 方式状语从句
as, as if/though, how, the way, Just as…so“正如…，…也…”
9. 比较状语从句
as…as, as, not so…as, than, the… the…
Examples:
1. Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded _______ other more well-informed
experimenters failed. (98.1)
A. which B. that C. what D. where 2. Not that John doesn’t want to help you, _______ it’s beyond his power. (95.1)
A. in that B. but that C. for that D. and that 3. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary _______ it helps us to find and correct our mistakes. (98.6)
A. by that B. at that C. on that D. in that 4. These two areas are similar ______ they both have a high rainfall during this season. (99.1)
A. except that B. in that C. besides that D. to that 5. Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful _______ it forces people to test the relative merits
(价值，长处，优点) of their attitudes and behaviors. (00.1)
A. by which B. to which C. in that D. so that 6. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, ______ something occurred which attracted my attention. (96.1)
A. unless B. until C. when D. while 7. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _______ it comes to classroom
tests. (96.1).
A. when B. since C. before D. after 8. They decided to chase the cow away _______ it did more damage. (90.1)
A. unless B. until C. before D. although
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9. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was long time _______ the guards discovered what had happened. (93.6)
A. before B. until C. since D. when
10. You see the lightening ______ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. (97.1)
A. the instant B. for an instant C. on the instant D. in an instant 11. “When did he leave the classroom?”
“He left _______ you turned back to write on the blackboard.”
A. the time B. until C. the minute D. before 12. Earthworms exist ________ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.
A. however B. and C. wherever D. but 13. The organization had broken no rules, but ______ had it acted responsibly. (96.1)
A. neither B. so C. either D. both 14. _______ that my heard had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better. (97.6)
A. For B. Now C. Since D. Despite 15. _______ he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. (98.1)
A. As soon as B. As well as C. So far as D. So long as 16. ______ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.
(99.1)
A. If only B. So long as C. Even if D. As far as 17. _______ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (99.6)
A. For B. Since C. Before D. While 18. Government cannot operate effectively _______ it is free from such interference. (94.1)
A. so long as B. so that C. unless D. though 19. Five minutes earlier, _______ we could have caught the last train. (93.6)
A. and B. but C. or D. so
?. 倒 装
1(语法结构上的倒装
1)省略if的虚拟语气条件状语从句 “Were there no air or water,
2)表语，as/ though +主语，link.V. 让步状语从句“Busy as he is,”
V，as +主，谓语(部分) “Try as I might,” 原形
3)So, Nor, Neither 引导的句子。
2(修辞上的要求
1)以否定词或带有否定意义的词位于句首。
never, not, nowhere, hardly, rarely, scarcely, barely, little, seldom
under no circumstances, in no case, at no time, by no means, in no way in vain, not only…but also,
hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than,
not until(引导的从句主谓不倒倒装，主句的主谓结构必须倒装。
--Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
※ -not否定主语时不倒装。 ※ 否定意义有抵消时:not infrequently(经常)
2)only + 副词/ 介词短语/ 状语从句，主谓部分倒装;
※ only + 主语时不倒装
3)以there, here, away, up, down, off, out, in, now, then开头的句子， 动词是go, come, be等时，主谓部分要倒装，但主语
若为人称代词时，则不倒装。
4)So + adj./adv. + that.句型结构
--So excited was he that he couldn’t say a word.
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Examples:
1. _______ for my illness, I would have lent him a helping hand. (95.1)
A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been
_______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. (00.6)
A. As he likes her much B. Although much he likes her
C. Much as he likes her D. Much although he likes her 2. The organization had broken no rules, but _______ had it acted responsibly. (96.1)
A. neither B. so C. either D. both 3. Not until the game had begun _______ at the sports ground. (00.6)
A. should he have arrived B. had he arrived
C. did he arrived D. would he have arrived
Never before _______ so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale.
A. man has been B. will be man C. has man been D. man is 4. We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs. (99.6)
A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use 5. Only when you have obtained sufficient data ______ come to a sound conclusion.
A. can you B. would you C. you will D. you can
6. Only under special circumstances _______ to take make-up tests. (97.6)
A. are freshmen permitted B. permitted are freshmen
C. freshmen are permitted D. are permitted freshmen 7. So confused _______ that he didn’t know how to start his lecture. (95.1)
A. since he became B. would he become C. that he became D. did he become Exercises:
1. So little ______ about mathematics that the lecture was completely beyond me.
A) I know C) do I know
B) I knew D) did I know
2. She never laughed, ______ lose her temper.
A) or she ever did C) or did she ever
B) nor did she ever D) nor she ever did
3. ______ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent.
A) So clever are the construction robots
B) So clever the construction robots are
C) Such construction robots are clever
D) Such clever construction robots are
4. ______ as John is, he could not have done such a thing.
A) A fool C) Fool
B) The fool D) How fool
5. Only after he received first prize _______ with himself.
A) he pleased C) he was pleased
B) did he please D) was he pleased
6. _______ received law degrees as today.
A) Women who have never C) Never so many women have
C) The women aren’t ever D) Never have so many women
7. Under no circumstances ______ that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of our country.
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A) that we should do anything C) we should do anything
B) should we do anything D) that should we do anything 8. On no account ______ to anyone, for I did it for my own sake.
A) my name must be mentioned C) must my name not be mentioned
B) my name must not be mentioned D) must my name be mentioned
9. Only when you have got a good knowledge of English grammar ______ write correctly.
A) you can C) can you
B) you are able to D) can’t you
10. Don’t go to him for help. Little ______ whether we live or die.
A) he does care C) is he care
B) does he care D) he cares
11. At no time ______ about it outside this office.
A) I have talked C) have I talked
B) I talked D) haven’t I talked
12. They never entertain their friends at home, ______ accept any invitations.
A) or they ever C) nor do they ever
B) or do they ever D) not they ever
13. So little __)___ about the city that I lost my way the first day I was there.
A) did I know C) do I know
B) I knew D) that I knew
14. Take care of him and keep in mind that ______ be left alone.
A) by any means he should C) by no means he should
B) by no means should he D) by any means should he 15. Hardly ______ the city when it began to snow.
A) he had got into C) had he got into
B) he has got into D) has he got into
16. Never before _____ out of work as today.
A) have so many people been C) so many people have been
B) have not so many people been D) so many people have not been 17. Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother ______ to swim.
A) it will learn how C) will it learn how
B) how will it learn D) and it learns how
18. Not until World War II ______ in obtaining this compound.
A) we succeed C) we succeeded
B) do we succeed D) did we succeed
19. ______ they were, the rescuers continued searching among the ruins for survivors.
A) Tired although C) Tired so much
B) Tired as if D) Tired as
20. I would have helped him solve the problem ______, but was so busy then.
A) has it been possible C) if it’s possible
B) had it been possible D) if it has been possible
21. ______ I shall go outside.
A) The sun is hot C) Hot as the sun is
B) Hot as the sun D) Though is the sun hot
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22. Hardly had he finished his speech ______ the audience started cheering.
A) and C) than
B) when D) as
23. So complicated ______ that it took us more than one month to solve it.
A) it was the problem C) the problem was
B) the problem it was D) was the problem
24. Nowhere in all the seas ______ exist in such amazing abundance as in the surface waters.
A) life does C) life will
B) life can D) does life
25. No sooner had she uttered the words ______ she began to regret them.
A) whenever C) when
B) than D) then
26. My sister can’t cook; ______.
A) nor my brother can too C) so my brother can neither
B) neither can my brother D) nor my brother can
27. The business is risky. But _______, we would be rich.
A) should we succeed C) might we succeed
B) would we succeed D) could we succeed
28. Only by reading extensively _______ your horizons of knowledge.
A) you will widen C) you may widen
B) can you widen D) so you can widen
29. “On no account _______ to feed the animals”, the warning can be seen on the signboard in front of every cage.
A) allow visitors C) are visitors allowed
B) visitors are allowed D) are allowed visitors
30. ________ is she in London than she rings up her old friends.
A) As soon C) While
B) Only D) No sooner
?. 比 较 结 构
1. 倍数/分数用法
80 percent as much as that of 1998.
The nation’s grain output in twice what it was in 1998.
1999 was 4 fifths more/less than that of 1998.
The nation’s grain output was reduced/ cut, went up/rose, by 80% / 4 fifths .
increased/decreased to 80% / 4 fifths.
by three times.
2. 常考的比较句型
1). would sooner…than, would as soon…as (宁可…而不愿)
I’d sooner/rather resign than take part in such dishonest deals.
2). more of A than B (与其说像B,倒不如说更像A)
The newcomer is more of a salesman than a scholar. 新来的人与其说是位学者,不如说是位推销员.
3). as much A as B (不仅B,也同样A)
The fault may be as much with the whole society as with the young people.
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4). no so much A as B (与其说A, 不如说B)
The selfish man did that not so much for his wife as for himself.
这位自私的人那样做与其说是为他妻子,倒不如说是为了自己.
5). more than + adj./adv./v./n. (不只/止是, 非但…)
He is more than anxious about it. 对此他不止是着急而已.
He is more than complained, he threw the whole book of rules at me.
6). more than to do sth. (很…而不致于…)
Kate knew better than to go with such a rude man.
Your are wiser than to believe his story.
3. 特殊比较级
英语中一部分来自拉丁文以ior结尾的词,本身已是比较级, 与比较介词to 联用,并不能再在这些词前用more.
inferior, superior, junior, senior, prior, posterior
She would make a doctor far superior to the average.
He is 7 years junior to me.
Examples:
1. Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as _______ other musicians. (94.1)
A. superior to B. more superior to C. more superior to D. superior than 2. People ______ older ones are more likely to prefer pop songs and become enthusiastic sports fun. (96.6)
A. other than B. more than C. less than D. rather than 3. The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’t bothered by his loudness ______ by his lack of talent. (99.1)
A. more than B. than C. so much as D. as 4. He likes doing some reading at home _______ to the cinema. (91.1)
A. than to go B. than going C. rather than to go D. more than going 10. They usually have less money at the end of the month than _____ at the beginning. (93.6)
A. which is B. which was C. they have D. it is 11. The little old man was ______ one meter fifty tall and is often mistaken for a teenager from behind. (96.1)
A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as
X. 一致关系
一致关系(Concord or Agreement)是指两个或几个语法成分须在人称、数、性等方面
保持一致。现归纳如下:
1( 由or, nor, either…or, neither… nor, not only…but (also)连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单、复数要与它邻近的主语的数一
致。如:
1) Either you, or I am going to be in charge of this matter.
2) Not only the nurses but also the doctor is patient enough to attend to the invalids. 2(当主语后面跟有with, along with, including, as well as, in addition to, except, no less than, as much as, besides, like, but,
rather than, together with等引起的短语时，其谓语动词不受这些词组的影响，而是依主语的单、复数而定。如:
3) Justice, as well as the law, demands that these bandits be severely punished.
4) The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the loss.
3(ics结尾的学科名称，如physics, statistics, linguistics, mathematics, economics, phonetics, semantics等作主语时，谓语动
词通常用单数，但如果这些词表示“学科”以外的其他意义时，谓语动词用复数。例如:
5) Statistics is not as difficult as some people think.
6) Statistics show that there is a great increase in production.
4 英语中单复数同形的名词，如means, series, species, crops, aircraft, sheep, works等作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数
要根据它们所隐含的意义来确定。如:
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7) Every means has been tried, but in vain.
8) All available means have been adopted to save the badly-hurt workers.
5. 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等名词的复数作主语时，通常作整体看待，动词用单数形式。如:
9) Ten dollars seems a fair charge for the repair.
10) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 6. 有些形式为单数，意义为复数的名词，如people, police, cattle, militia, clergy, poultry等作主语时，后面的谓语动词总
是用复数。如:
11) The police are making enquiries about the murder.
12) The cattle are grazing in the fields.
7. 如果主语由“the + 形容词(或分词)”结构担任时，谓语动词一般用复数。如:
13) The very wise avoid such temptations.
8. each或由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如:
14) Each of the girls whom I invite to take part in the discussion has indicated that she will be happy to come.
15) Anyone who fails the examination can lose their licence.
9. either和neither作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。如:
16) Although both clocks strike cheerfully, neither keeps good time.
Examples:
1. Two weeks ____ quite a short time for us to finish the work.
A. have been B. is C. are D. are being 2. Each of you ____ responsible for the accident.
A. are B. is C. am D. be 3. Every man and every woman working here ____along well with me.
A. is getting B. get C. are getting D. is got 4. The girl as well as the boys____ to drive a car.
A. have learned B. are learned C. has learned D. are learned 5. Although the first part is easy, the rest ____.
A. is supposed difficult B. are difficult
C. has proved difficult D. could have been difficult 6. The manager or his assistant ____ planning to go.
A. was B. were C. be D. will 7. Every means ____ been tried since then.
A. has B. have C. are D. is 8. In the Library of Congress ____ to be found books in various kinds.
A. has B. have C. is D. are 9. Jack reminded ____that the door was open.
A. themselves B. herself C. himself D. ourselves 10.British wine and American wine ____much lighter than Chinese wine.
A. is B. are C. was D. were 11..News of victories ____ pouring in.
A. keep B. keeps C. have kept D. is kept 12.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ____ in the public mind today.
A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed 13.Ten minutes ____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
A. seemed B. to seem C. seem D. seems
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14.The agreeable ____ not always the useful.
A. is B. are C. being D. has 15..Mary, along with her three other students, ____ to represent the union at the meeting.
A. is B. are C. be D. to be 16..Many a boy ____ to swim before he can read.
A. learn B. learns C. learned D. have learned 17.Two-fifths of the people present ____ against the plan.
A. have B. has C. are D. is 18.Either Tom and I____ to buy the disk.
A. are B. is C. am D. were 19. T.he naughty boy as much as his parents ____ responsible for the accident.
A. is B. are C. have D. has been 20.The department store sells what ____ most welcomed by the citizen.
A. is B. are C. has D. have Exercises:
1. A person can expect to receive a traffic ticket when ______ too fast.
A) he drives C) they drive
B) you drive D) we drive
2. Neither of the girls had remembered to ______ on the paper.
A) write their names C) write the names of their own
B) write her name D) write each name
3. Either Paul or his parents will let me use ______ car.
A) his C) its
B) her D) their
4. Mr Jones, along with his wife and three children, ______ going to Athens.
A) is C) were
B) are D) be
5. The college newspaper points only the news that ______ of interest to the students and teachers.
A) is C) one
B) are D) worthy
6. We are each responsible for ______.
A) his own family C) my own family
B) their own families D) our own families
7. The index, or list of important words used, _______ at the end of a book.
A) appears C) appearing
B) appear D) is appeared
8. Nobody but those who survived the crash _______ what really happened.
A) know C) knows
B) knew D) have known
9. His previous experience and his ability to speak several languages ______ the qualities that helped him get the job over all the
other applicants.
A) were C) was
B) are D) is
10. The old-fashioned house, plus its kitchen garden in front of it, _______ at a very low price.
29
A) had sold C) have sold
B) were sold D) was sold
11. What he said or what he thought _______ no businesss of mine.
A) were C) are
B) was D) have been
12. Although a number of police officers _______ the house, the director still worried about the witness’ safety.
A) are guarding C) is guarding
B) was guarding D) were guarding
13. The number of students who have been questioned on this matter ______ quite small.
A) are C) were
B) be D) is
14. One hundred miles ______ covered in a single day.
A) was C) are
B) were D) have been
15. Mr. Robbins, accompanied by several members of the committee, ______ some changes of the rules.
A) have proposed C) has proposed
B) are proposed D) is proposed
16. The well-known actress, along with her manager and some friends, ______ going to a party tonight.
A) will be C) is
B) are D) would be
17. The director of the factory rather than the workers ______ responsible for the serious accident.
A) was C) have been
B) were D) had been
18. Neither his training nor his experience as a railway engineer ______ him for his job.
A) qualify C) are qualifying
B) qualifies D) qualifying
19. Just outside the ruins _______ a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.
A) there are C) are
B) is D) be
20. There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but _______ a return in money to the community.
A) that does not bring C) which do not bring
B) which does not bring D) that do bring
21. The old worker and the young each ______ their own tools.
A) have C) are having
B) has D) is having
22. He as well as I ______ a student of English.
A) is C) are
B) am D) be
23. Either your teacher or you ______ mistaken.
A) are C) has
B) is D) be
24. Not only I but also Tom and Mary __)___ fond of watching television.
A) am C) are
B) is D) be
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25. The first three problems are very easy, ______ difficult.
A) and the rest is C) so the rest are
B) yet the rest is D) but the rest are
26. When and where to build the big hotel _______ yet.
A) is not decided C) has not decided
B) are not decided D) have not decided
27. Twenty years in prison ______ the punishment he had to pay for stealing.
A) are C) were
B) is D) was
28. The geese were flying through the sky in perfect formation following ______ leader.
A) his C) theirs
B) its D) their
29. How close parents are to their children ______ a strong influence on the character of the children.
A) has C) having
B) have D) to have
30. Ted’s family ______ always quarreling among ______.
A) is…itself C) is…themselves
B) are…themselves D) are itself
XI 平 行 结 构
英语中的平行结构是指表达平行概念时要用相同的语法结构，即词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子，前后都要对等。常见的平行结构形式主要有两种。
1(连词连接的平行结构
并列连词and, but, as well as, or else, both and, either or, neither nor, not only but also, whether or, rather than 等以及
从属连词than均可连接平行结构。
1)连接的词或短语的形式一致
e.g. She is a beautiful and elegant woman. 她是一位美丽而优雅的女子。
2) 连接的非谓语动词形式一致
e.g. Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. 有人觉得游泳远比坐在家里读书有趣。 3) 连接的谓语形式一致
This is the lady who listens to the poor and ministers to their wants. 这就是那位能倾听穷人意见并能照顾他们需要的女士。 4) 连接的句子结构一致
e.g. He asked me whether I had received the check and whether I had cashed it. 他问我是否受到了支票并把它兑换成现金了。 2(特定的平行结构
除了以上四种平行结构现象外，在某些词后面以及某些结构中都要用固定的平行结构。这类常用的词和结构有: 1) prefer后面接的平行结构
prefer to do sth.
prefer sth. to sth.
prefer doing (sth.) to doing (sth.)
prefer to do (sth.) rather than do (sth.) 2) 在would /had rather/sooner 以及would /had as soon as 结构中要用平行结构
would/ had rather /sooner do (sth.) than do
would/ had as soon do (sth.)as do (sth.)
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e.g. I would as soon stay at home as go shopping. 我宁愿呆在家里也不愿去逛街购物。
Examples:
1. Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ______ .
A) than more on efficiency B) and more efficiency
C) and more on efficiency D) than efficiency
2. Realizing that he hadn’t enough money and ______ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.
A) not wanted B) not to want C) not wanting D) wanting not 3. In the course of a day students do far more than just ______ classes.
A) attend B) attended C) to attend D) attending 4. They usually have less money at the end of the month than ______ at the beginning.
A) which is B) which was C) they have D) it is 5. He paid more attention to what he ate than ______.
A) what he wore B) that he wore
C) that which he wore D) to what he wore
6. In her writing she often dealt with her own personality as it was, rather than ______.
A) as others defined it B) it was defined by others
C) others’ definition D) its definition by others
7. He would sooner resign than ______ part in such dishonest business deals.
A) to take B) taking C) take D) have taken 8. Communication has created a world economy in which working smarter is more important than ______ .
A) work harder B) working hard C) to work harder D) to working harder 9. I was advised ______ for reservation.
A) to either telephone or to write the hotel
B) either to telephone or to write the hotel
C) that I should telephone or either write the hotel
D) I ought either to telephone or write the hotel
10. Having gone there and ______ out the truth, she started to cry.
A) finding B) finds C) found D) to find 11. My approach is not to pass the test, but ______ the prize.
A) rather getting B) to rather get C) rather to get D) more than getting 12. Heat the soup for ten minutes, and then ______ from the stove.
A) remove it B) removing it C) you should remove it D) to remove it 13. Having no money but ______ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A) not to want anyone B) not wanting anyone
C) wanted no one D) to want no one
14. Nowadays people usually prefer driving to ______ .
A) walking B) walk C) to walk D) walked 15. The physician considers going to bed early to be more sensible ______ late.
A) but staying up B) for staying up C) than to stay up D) than staying up
辩 认 改 错
语法类错误
I( 平行结构，一致性错误
此类错误较明显，一般容易挑出来。如能先辩出此类错误，就不必耗时耗力去考虑其它类错误。
1( 平行结构
32
? 并列的成分、结构、位置、搭配等要完全一致。
1) At school he found that he hated eating in the dinning room, studied for
A B C D his chemistry class, and doing his laundry. 2) Religious ceremonies were performed to mark important stages of life
A B
(births, marriages, deaths) and to ask the spirits for help or thanking
C D
them.
3) To win a big race, a runner must be in perfect shape, have full self-
A B
confidence and most important of all knowing how to pace himself.
C D 4) Usually you will be more likely to find insects if you examine finer
A B
twigs rather than the coarse parts of trees.
C D
5) Jim spent his vacation going to Mexico, flying to Hawaii, and then he
A B C
visited Canada.
D
6) Encyclopedias, may be used to answer question, to solve problems, or
A B C
to obtain information on a particular topic.
D
? 某些连词必须成对出现而不能混用。
7) Clearly, Japan is still not very well understood in the west; what
A
westerners do know seems to be either extremely negative nor extremely
B C D
positive.
牢记以下必须成对搭配使用的连词，混淆换用均为错。
either … or …, neither … nor …, both … and …
not only … but (also)…, between … and …,
no sooner … than …, hardly (scarcely) ... when …
so … that …, too … to …, whether … or …
not … but …, prefer … to … 等。
8) Failure to advertise could result in either reduced sales and less profit
A B C
nor legal action.
D
9) Rubber can be made too elastic that it will stretch more than nine times
A B C
its normal length.
33
D
10) Either humans and animals learned by experience, and what is learned
A B
influences the planning and carrying out of simple actions.
C D
11) No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon when he got out
A B C D
of bed to commerce work.
12) Manufacturers use both chemical or mechanical methods to obtain
A B C
clear glue.
D
? 成对出现的关联词也出现在并列的成为之前，即分别放在两个(或多个)谓语、两个宾语或两个句子(主语)之前。 13) Office revolution not only has changed how work is done but redefined
A B C
the function of everyone who works in an office.
D
14) The value of radar lies in not being a substitute for the eye, but in
A B C
doing what the eye cannot do.
D
15) The question of the origin of the Moon is interesting not only in itself,
A B
but also it is as a part of the larger genesis of the Earth and the solar
C D
system.
16) Tenant farmers are either those rent a farm and work it for themselves,
A B
or work the farm for the owner and receive payment.
C D
II.主谓一致
1. 主语为单数，动词谓语也采用单数形式;主语为复数，动词谓语则采用复数形式。
1) On each side of the high way was hundreds of billboards advertising
A B C
everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit
D
and bedspreads.
2) The replacement of shops such as the grocer’s and the chemist’s by
A B
cafes have left the housewives with insufficient facilities for
C
shopping.
D
3) In the past, some of the most highly stressed areas in education was
34
A B C
the moral improvement of students.
D
4) Warm, shallow, clear sea water, free from silts or clays, are required
A B C D
for coral-reef development.
5) Now the stress of examinations are over, we can all relax for a while.
A B C D 6) The audience is taking their seat seats in the music hall.
A B C D
对句子主语为单数或复数进行判断的几点说明:
7) The family is talking about their plans for the future.
A B C D
8) Physicist and astronomer Sarah Frances were fascinating with
A B
experimental science began in his childhood.
C D 9) Neither Xiao Ming nor his roommates is going to attend the lecture on
A B C D
modern arts.
10) One of the world’s largest cities lie at the east coast of China.
A B C D 11) It is estimated that the majority of the houses at the Badlands National
A B C
Monument is devoid of fuel.
D
12) The number of water molecules present in a given water are fixed.
A B C D 13) Many a problem concerning the agricultural production have been
A B C
solved this way.
D
14) Studying the science of mathematics are one way to cultivate one’s
A B C
reasoning skills.
D
15) Many of the early work of T.S. Eliot expresses the anguish and
A B
barrenness of modern life and the isolation of the individual.
C D
2( 代词一致
代词与所指代的名词不一致的错误表现为
? 性、数不一致:单数的人或物以复数代词指代，或反之。
? 人称不一致:表“我们”的代词以“you”代，或物的代词its与it’s不分等等。
35
16) With its compound eyes, dragonflies(晴蜓) can see moving insects
A B
approximately 18 feet away.
C D
17) Some studies show that young babies prefer the smell of milk to those
A B C
of other liquids.
D
18) No matter what language he is learning, children all seem to follow
A B C
the same order in the acquisition of sounds.
D
19) To the finalists, Peter and I, the last high jump was the most exciting
A B C
as well as the most difficult.
D
20) Due to the fact that this country has not enough natural resources, it
A B
has to import most of it’s energy needs from abroad.
C D 21) Women have always worked in the United States, and her work has
A B
been indispensable in the expansion of American industry.
C D
22) Each man and woman must sign their full name before handing in the
A B C D
examination paper.
III.副词、形容词
英语里只有副词才可修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，在句中作状语，形容词则不能修饰形容词，只用于修饰名词或跟在系动词后作表语或宾语补足语。
1) If you want a real effective stereo that plays music clearly, you’d
A B C
better buy a graphic equalizer.
D
2) So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves that we are
A B
becoming increasing less dependent on specialized labor.
C D
3) George is not enough intelligent to pass this English class without
A B C D
help.
4) He immediately got angrily about Linus’s success.
A B C D 5) The salad tasted so well that my brother returned to the salad jar for
36
A B C
another helping.
D
6) The scientists, concerned about the potential hazards, wanted the
A B
latest research finding made publicly.
C D
7) Flight is a very difficulty activity for most living things.
A B C D 8) In the United States, sleds for recreation were first produced
A B
commercial in the 1870’s or thereabout.
C D
IV. 比较结构
比较结构在历届考试中连续考到，可见我们在考试中遇到比较句型时要特别留意。
1( 前后一致是任何比较结构的原则，即只有相同的事物才可比。
1) Despite this similarity with other creatures, the evolution of
A B
humankind differs from other species in one important and unique
C D
way.
2) To the best of my knowledge, the climate in Arizona is better year-
A B
round than any other state.
C D
3) Venus approaches the Earth more closely than any other planet is.
A B C D 4) You may not realize it, but the weather in Barbados during Christmas
A B C
is like New York in June.
D
5) Temperature measurement developed much more later than other
A B C
kinds of measurement did.
D
2( 比较结构的形式还需一致，即同级比较as…as…在一起用，比较级与than一起用。 6) On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their
A B
studies than are those with little ambition.
C D
7) The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphee is
A B C D
the grizzly bear.
8) Fluorine combines with other elements so readily than any other
37
A B C D
chemical element.
9) Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the bigger planet of the
A B
solar system, with a diameter approximately eleven times that of the
C D
Earth.
3( 我们要特别留意，在同级比较中，as…as…用于肯定，not so…as…用于否定。
10) One expert remarks that a computer with so many tubes as the brain
A B
has neurons would require the Empire State Building to contain it.
C D
11) The tides of the Indian Ocean vary greatly, but not too much as those
A B C D
in the Atlantic or Pacific.
V. 非谓语动词:
非谓语动词类错误是历届考试也是各种语法考试中必考的项目。错误种类多，所占比重也相当高。现将其分为三类，逐一详解。
1( 现在分词与过去分词。
1) Annoying at the long check-out lines, the shopper began to sign
A B
loudly, tap his foot, and glance at his watch.
C D
2) Looking through the window at all the cars on the road, the traffic was
A B
getting heavier than it had been an hour ago.
C D
3) The status of liberty in New York Harbor is symbolic of the
A B
welcoming hand extend to all immigrants to America.
C D
4) Finding in all parts of the state, pines are the most common trees in
A B C D
Georgia.
5) The average age of the Mediterranean olive trees grow today is two
A B C
hundred years.
D
2( 主动态与被动态
在考试中我们首先要看懂句子，弄清动作与主语之间到底是被动还是主动的关系。
1) Not too many years ago, my mother jogged in the alley behind our
A B
house because she was embarrassed to see jogging in public.
38
C D 2) Those part-time students expected to offer some jobs on campus
A B
during the coming summer vacation.
C D
3) Certain minerals are magnetic and are able to detect by magnetic
A B C D
instruments.
4) Suddenly there entered a strange figure dress all in white.
A B C D 3( 动名词与不定式
在英语中某些动词后只能跟动名词(动词的ing形式)，某些动词只能跟不定式。这些词一般没什么规律，只有靠大家用心记和背，用时才不会出错。
1) You will almost always find Caroline playing a video game because
A B C
she enjoys to be challenged.
D
? 后面只能跟动名词作宾语的动词有:
acknowledge, admit, advocate, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, detest, dislike, deny, enjoy, encourage, escape, excuse, fancy,
favour, finish, include, resent, quit, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resist, stand, risk, dread, give up, image, keep from, put
off等。
? 以下习惯用法或短语后必须跟动名词
use
A. It’s no good doing
fun
picnic
B. feel like doing
2) You’d better ask Peter to do it for you because I don’t feel like to do it
A B C
right now.
D
no use / useless
C. It is no sense / senseless doing
no harm
a difficult
a hard time
a good
D. sb have / has trouble / difficulty doing
problem
E. sb be busy doing
F. sth be worth doing
G. spend time doing
waste
39
H. can’t help doing
但是以下习惯用语中，后面要接原形动词:
can’t help but
can do nothing but
cat not but do
can not choose but
can’t do anything but
注意:have no choice but to do
? 在介词词组后，特别要注意的是某些带to的短语，to为介词，后面也必须跟动名词，这些短语包括: be devoted to, be dedicated to, object to, resort to, devote to, contribute to, look forward to, be committed to, be accustomed to, be
opposed to, appose to, be contrary to, in contrast to, with / in regard to, with a view to, as to等。 3) The president devoted his energies to update the curricula, making the
A B C
education offered at Washington college as meaningful and useful as
D
possible.
4) Do you feel like to have a walk with us in a woods by the sea?
A B C D 5) My upbringing was fairly strict with regard to be obedient and
A B C D
truthful.
? 以下动词后只能跟动词不定式作宾语(to+动词原形)
afford, allow, agree, attemp, decide, fail, forbid, manage, expect, hesitate, intend, tend, hope, plan, promise, refuse, pretend, ask,
claim, offer, determine, arrange, be forced, want, wish, warn.
? 以下动词一般接不带to的不定式:
make sb do, have sb do, let sb do, help sb (to) do. ? 某些表感觉的动词后接省去to的不定式，接动名词则表示感觉(觉察到)还在进行或发生的动作，如 notice, see, hear, smell, feel, find 等。
? 某些动词后即可接不定式，又可接动名词，但意义不同，我们要特别注意:
remember (recall) / forget to do sth 记得 / 忘记将要做的事
remember (recall) / forget doing sth 记得 / 忘记已经做的事
stop to do 停下开始做
stop doing 停下来正在做的某事
try to do 努力去做(困难的事情)
try doing 尝试着做
mean to do 打算做某事
mean doing 意味着
used to 过去常常
be used to doing 习惯于做…事
be used to do 被用来做…
regret to do 对将要做的事感到抱歉、内疚
regret doing 后悔、遗憾已经做了某事
6) Mr. Jankin regretted to blame his secretary for the mistakes, for he
A B C
40
later discovered it was his own fault.
D
7) When Cliff was sick, his mother made him to eat chicken soup and
A B C
rest in bed.
D
8) A farmer worker, who stayed up all night, claimed having seen a
A B C
figure cutting corn in the moonlight.
D
9) I was accustomed to arrive at the town in the summer, when holiday
A B C
makers throng coastal resorts.
D
VI. 倒装句
在英语里某些词或词组放在句首的句子，或省略if的虚拟句，要求句中的谓语动词或助动词放在主语之前，称之为
倒装。
1、 句首为否定词或具否定意义的词组作状语，修饰全句，句子要倒装。
1) Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone lips; not only he was the
A B
prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had
C
found a new and most important method of prediction. (96 年考题)
D
2) Never before in the history of this country any one has seen greater
A B
prosperity in the securities markets than in 1993.
C D
3) Not only in obvious situations such as wars and revolutions enemies
A B
are necessary and very useful as a way to focus the attention and
C
energy of our friends and followers, but in our every day activities as
D
well.
2( 在带疑问词的宾语从句中，必须采用正常语序，不能倒装。
4) Why should he have gone to the free trade zone I don’t know; but he
A B
did do, remaining away the whole day.
C D
5) Who among us has not wondered whether is there intelligent life in
A B
galaxies beyond our own?
41
C D
3( 在以only+副词、连词表时间、方式的短语开头的句中，要倒装。
4( 以so+形容词开始的句子要倒装。
5( 在省略if的虚拟句中(非真实条件句)要倒装。
6) Nations would have been more homogeneous than they are today,
A B C
television had been invested a thousand years ago.
D
6( 地点状语放在句首的存在句不倒装。
7) Along both sides of the river are there thousands and millions trees
A B
extending for several hundred miles.
C D
8) Under no circumstances you are to attempt to fix those broken water
A B C
pipes in the basement, do you understand?
D
9) Only in recent years, have people begin to realize that wild dogs, kept
A B
within bounds, often do more good than harm.
C D
VII. 关系代词、关系副词
1) The police finally caught up with the man whom they thought was the
A B C
escaped prisoner.
D
1( 定语从句分限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句不能由that引导。 2) In spite of the ever-increasing exploitation of natural resources, that
A B
has now reached dangerous proportion, little has been done on a
C
world-wide scale to slow down or stop this process.
D
3) Yesterday, Kary and Tom accompanied by some Chinese students,
A
went to the Summer Palace, that is one of the most famous scenic
B C D
spots in Beijing.
2( 定语从句凡是nothing, anything, everything, none, all, one, those, none等不定代词，或者much, little, a few, few 等表数
量的名词，紧跟其后用以修饰的关系代词必须用that而不用which或who.
3( 先行词受only, some, every, all, any, very, the same等修饰，或受序数词，形容词最高级形式修饰时，关系代词无论人
或物，都用that,或不用which或who引导。
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4) Peter is one of the greatest football players who had led his team to
A B C
win the World Cup.
D
4( 如果定语从句中的介词提前，置于引导词之前，或引导词受介词修饰，则不能用that. 5) These are the houses in that all our products are produced and then
A B C D
exported to some western countries. 6) Internet provides as a convenient window which we gain all kinds of
A B C D
information.
7) Chickens are raised for both meat and eggs, that makes them the most
A B C
important domesticated birds in the world.
D
8) Crows build their nests in deuce leaves, among that they can hide their
A B C
young.
D
VIII. 虚拟语气
1( 在表主张、要求、命令等动词后接that引导的宾语从句，必须用(should)+动词原形表虚拟，这些动词包括: suggest, propose, recommend, advise, insist, urge, require, ask, demand, order, command, intend, decide, request, advocate, desire,
maintain等。
1) So great was the influence of Thomas Paine on his own time that John
A B C Adams suggested that the era was called “The Age of Paine”.
D
2) It was the government’s order that the shop stopped its business on
A B C
and after September 1, 1997.
D
3) After the man looking for work completed the application, he was told
A B
that it was necessary that he included a resume.
C D
4) It is desirable that a reward will be offered to the man who saved the AB C boy from the river.
D
2( 非真实条件句(虚拟语气)的基本形式:
假设类型 主句谓语形式 条件句(从句)谓语形式
与现在事实相反 Would +动词原形(v.) 动词过去式(be were)
与过去事实相反 Would have + p.p. Had + p.p
与将来事实相反 Would + v. Should + v.
(should) Were + 动词原形
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(could)
5) Had they known the snowstorm would be so terrible, they didn’t
A B C
venture into it without proper equipment.
D
3( 在wish+宾语从句表达不能实现的愿望，或if only引导的感叹句中。
would rather
表现在不能实现的愿望，从句用一般过去时，be were
表过去不能实现的愿望，从句用had +p.p. 或 would have + p.p.
(could)
表将来不能实现的愿望，从句用 could + v.
would
6) I’d rather you don’t do anything about it for the time being.
A B C D 4( 以下为固定句型
It is high / about time that + 过去式
7) Mary must be over 30 now; it’s about time she should get married.
A B C D 5( 表推测
must + have done 表对过去的推测
must + 一般现在时 对现在情况的推测
8) That small country at one time must be prosperous, for it enjoyed a
A B C
high level of civilization.
D
9) He said that the passager must have had an accident; otherwise he
A B
would arrive by that time.
C D
6( needn’t + 不定式完成时，表不必要做却做了的事。
Sample I. –1
10) I often wonder what my life would be if I didn’t go to the beach that
A B C
afternoon when I was 14.
D
语法与词汇
第一部分 自测题
Test One
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet
with a single line through the centre. 1. By next winter he ______ in England for two years.
A) will have been studying B) will study C) have studied D) will be studying
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2(He showed great______ when they called him a liar.
A) restraint B) response C) resolution D) reliability 3(The delegation has already arrived, but I didn’t know it ______ until this morning.
A) will come B) had been coming C) was come D) comes 4(It isn’t cold enough for there ______ a forest tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.
A) would be B) being C) was D) to be
5(Complete ______ is still shown in many official quarters to the sufferings of the undernourished and persecuted.
A) unconcern B) disinterestedness C) disregard D) indifference 6(Mr. Johnson preferred ______ heavier work to do.
A) to be given B) to be giving C) to have given D) having given 7(______ it is you’ve found, you must give it back to the person it belong to.
A) However B) Whatever C) That D) Because
8(I hope that the little ______ I’ve been able to do has been of some use.
A) that B) which C) who D) whose
9(All the characters in the play are ______, let alone the plot.
A) imaging B) imaginative C) imaginable D) imaginary 10(Please ______ your assignment is fulfilled on time.
A) see that B) see to that C) see D) seeing that 11(Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.
A) restrain B) restrict C) hinder D) prohibit 12. All the oil explorers were in high spirits when they read ______ letters from their families.
A) sentimental B) affectionate C) intimate D) sensitive 13(Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people ______ harm them.
A) more than B) other than C) rather than D)better than 14. I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.
A) do B) didn’t do C) don’t D) didn’t
15(I know nothing about him ______ he is an advanced engineer.
A) apart from B) except for C) besides D) except that 16(British wine and American wine ____much lighter than Chinese wine.
A) is B) are C) was D) were 17(Scientists say that several factors ______change in weather.
A) attribute to B) contribute to C) due to D) distribute to 18. Don’t ______ the news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.
A) release B) discard C) relieve D) retain
19. My new shoes cost me ____ the last pair that I bought.
A) three times B) three times as more as
C) three times as much as D) as much three times as 20. ______ is related to illness is not a new discovery.
A) The food B) That food C) What food D) Which food 21. Only recently ____ that she was suffering from lung cancer
A) we learned B) do we learn C) did we learn D) we did learn 22. The story that follows ______ two famous characters of the Rocky Mountain gold rush days.
A) concerns B) states C) proclaims D) relates
23. My car broke down and ______ I was late.
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A) directly B) consequently C) instantly D) immediately 24. There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know ______.
A) where to choose B) to choose what
C) which to choose D) to choose which
25. I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left. I ____ him earlier.
A) had a telephone B) have telephoned
C) should have phoned D) should be phoned 26(I really appreciate ______ to help me, but I’d rather manage it myself.
A) you to offer B) your offering
C) that you offering D) that to offer you
27. It is useful to be able to predict the extent ______ which a price change will affect supply and demand.
A) about B) for C) to D) with
28. What ______ would happen if anyone knew you felt that way?
A) do you suppose B) you suppose
C) will you suppose D) you would suppose
29. I’ll ______ to make up the list and satisfy everybody in our office.
A) do my utmost B) be at the utmost
C) be to the utmost D) be in the utmost 30. I was advised ______ for reservation.
A) to either telephone or to write the hotel
B) either to telephone or to write the hotel
C) that I should telephone or either write the hotel
D) I ought either to telephone or write the hotel
Test Two
1. I remember ______ the door before I went to bed.
A) locking B) to lock C) to have locked D) being locked 2. You should have put the milk in the ice-box; I expect it ______ undrinkable by now.
A) became B) had become C) has become D) becomes 3(The spy lives in ______ fear of being discovered.
A) perpetual B) periodic C) regular D) frequent 4(You’d better ______ your diet rather than eat the same things all the time.
A) changed B) vary C) convert D) alter 5(______ is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.
A) It is the sun and not the earth
B) Being the sun and not the sun
C) The sun and not the earth
D) That the sun not the earth
6(Over 200 people died ______ the air crash.
A) with regard to B) as a result of
C) on the grounds of D) in the course of
7(He could ______ the shadowy figure of a man standing among the trees.
A) detect B) see C) peek D) discern 8(Realizing that he hadn’t enough money and ______ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.
A) not wanted B) not to want C) not wanting D) wanting not
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9(I must go now. ______, if you want that book I will bring it next time.
A) Successively B) Respectively
C) Accidentally D) Incidentally
10. Since the storekeeper will be on vacation, he asked me to ______ the store and his children.
A) keep track for B) keep up with
C) keep on at D) keep an eye on
11(You want to know why I’m leaving, I’m leaving ______ I’m fed up with it.
A) because B) and C) since D) for 12(Children under the age of 16 are not ______ to enter for the competition.
A) empowered B) permissible C) capable D) eligible 13(Exercise and good health have ______ Mary’s beauty.
A)enhanced B) modified C) risen D) aroused 14(Mary ______ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
A) has received B) ought to have received
C) couldn’t have received D) shouldn’t have received
15. I’m sure your suggestion will ______ the problem.
A) contribute to solving B) contribute to solve
C) be contributed to solve D) be contributed to solving 16(It wasn’t such a good dinner ______ she had promised us.
A) that B) which C) as D) what 17(Buy the time the fire-engine arrived, the fire had been ______ by the inhabitants.
A) put down B) put through C) put out D) put off 18(Tom often attempts to escape ______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A) having been fined B) being fined
C) to have been fined D) to be fined
19(That soldiers who have fought for our country should be given ______ .
A) reputation B) fame C) honor D) favor 20(All the signs ______ an early resumption of the battle.
A) point at B) point C) point out D) point to 21(For a school play, you can use bits of paper for a (an) ______ snowstorm.
A) counterfeit B) unreal C) false D) fake 22( It is hoped that the prisoner will be released through the ______ of the President himself.
A) convention B) intervention C) interference D) concession 23(The air-marshal and chief-of-staff ______ .
A) is killed B) was killed C) are killed D) were killed 24(While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ______ the nurse Florence Nightingale.
A) in line with B) in favor of C) in honor of D) in place of 25. Cathy ______ missed the first train so as to travel on the same one as Jim.
A) deliberately B) intensively C) decisively D) objectively 26(Scarcely had they settled in their seats in the theatre ______ the certain went up.
A) than B) when C) meanwhile D) as soon as 27. A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is ______ condition or events.
A) in response to B) in favor of C) in contrast to D) in excess of 28(Take notes when you are listening to the professor’s lecture, _____ you’ll forget what is discussed in the class.
47
A) or else B) on the contrary C) or rather D) by all means 29. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A) Had it not been B) Were it not C) Should it not be D) Be it not 30(The manager promised to have my complaint.
A) looked through B) looked into C) looked over D) looked after Test Three
1. This is one of the rarest questions that ______ at such a meeting.
A) has ever been raised B) are raised
C) have ever been raised D) is raised
2. A week ______ between Christmas and New Year’s Day.
A) intervenes B) disturbs C) troubles D) interferes
3. Five minutes earlier, ______ we couldn’t have been late for the class.
A) and B) but C) or D) so
4. A lawyer needs an ______ secretary.
A) inefficient B) efficient C) effective D) sufficient 5. Experts say walking is one of the best way for a person to ______ healthy.
A) preserve B) reserve C) maintain D) stay
6. He can not ______ my new jobs at this time. He already has more than he can do.
A) take off B) take over C) take up D) take on
7. I have to book ahead for concerts, ______ are usually held in London.
A) that B) what C) which D) they
8. All the signs ______ an early resumption of the battle.
A) point at B) point C) point out D) point to
9. After the meeting the workers went back to their ______ workshops.
A) respectable B) respective C) respectful D) respected 10. My husband ______ with my proposal to move to a new house.
A) responded B) agreed C) sympathized D) reacted
11. Did you see the traffic accident involving the ______ between a track and two cars the other day?
A) comparison B) commission C) collision D) combination 12. So hardly ______ in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for a few weeks.
A) was he injure B) he did injure
C) did he injured D) he was injured
13. May ran back to the kitchen, eggs ______ carefully in her hands.
A) to be held B) held C) were held D) holding
14. She didn’t tell anybody where she would go lest her husband ______her.
A) find B) finds C) had found D) would find
15. The fog was so ______ that we could see nothing.
A) density B) dense C) dentist D) extensive
16. After two hour’s ______ delay, our train at last arrived.
A) enjoyable B) convincing C) frustrating D) satisfactory 17. After Father went away, nothing distracted me from my sense of loss.
A) abstract B) contract C) distract D) retract
18. He paid more attention to what he ate than ______.
A)what he wore B) that which he wore C) that he wore D) to what he wore
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19. The old man ______ and almost fell down when he was crossing the street.
A) shattered B) stammered C) scrambled D) staggered 20. Have you any white shirts ______?
A) in store B) for store C) for stock D) in stock
21. In order to buy a house she had to obtain a ______ from the bank.
A) finance B) capital C) loan D) debt
22. The naughty boy deserves ______.
A) to warn B) to warn C) warning D) being warned
23. Respect for the law is the foundation of civilized society, ______ breaks it will be punished.
A) Whoever B) No matter who C) Who D) People who
24. They were all very much concerned about her safety, ______ nobody slept well that night.
A) as much as that B) for that must that
C) so much so that D) too much to be that
25. It is said that a ______ critic is coming to give us a lecture on Shakespeare.
A) distinct B) distinctive
C) extinguishing D) distinguished
26. The songs of Michael Jackson were very popular among young people, who regarded him ______ other musicians.
A) as superior than B) as more superior
C) as superior to D) as more superior than
27. Although the federal governments has introduced some new laws against it, it is the local government which are ______
responsible for pollutions control.
A) precisely B) primarily C) progressively D) preliminarily 28. I was caught ______ the rain yesterday.
A) at B) by C) in D) with
29. The policeman rushed to the spot the minute he _______ of the traffic accident.
A) have heard B) heard C) hears D) will hear
30. You ______ me, because I didn’t say that.
A) must misunderstand B) must be misunderstanding
C) must have misunderstood D) had to misunderstand
Test Four
1. All ______ is a continuous supply of fuel oil.
A) what is need B) that is needed
C) that thing needed D) for their needs
2. The swift advance of modern science dates from ______centuries.
A)the sixteenth and seventeenth B) sixteenth and seventeenth
C) the sixteen and seventeen D) sixteen and seventeen
3. Today, housework has been made much easier by electrical ______.
A)appliances B) equipment C) facilities D) instruments 4. Science has brought ______ many changes in our lives.
A) out B) on C) up D) about 5. She was so interested in the book that she ______ it for three hours before she realized it.
A) had read B) read C) was reading D) would have read 6. The student was just about to ______the question, when suddenly he found the answer.
A) arrive at B) submit to C) work out D) give up
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7. Mrs. Brown is supposed ______ for Italy last week.
A)to have left B) to be leaving C) to have been left D) to leave 8. Let’s ______ water for strong wine.
A) substitute B) replace C) exchange D) interchange 9. ______ I had read his letter did I know what had happened to him.
A) Long before B) Just when C) Only after D) Soon until 10. ______ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A)For now B) Now that C) Ever since D) By now 11. The injection has ______ her arm of great pain for the time being.
A) released B) freed C) relieved D) lessened 12. If you ______ see Mrs. Green, give her my regards.
A)should B) shall C) would D) will 13. You ______ just as well write her a letter today.
A) can B) may C) will D) must 14. The lawyer will ______ the contract for you.
A) draw out B) do up C) do out D) draw up 15. He was a good swimmer so he ____ swim to the riverbank when the boat sank.
A)could B) might C)succeeded to D) was able to
16. ______all his talent, he is not much of a writer.
A) In spite B) In spite of C) Although D) Despite of 17. Chemistry is the science of substances ______physics is the science of energy.
A) is B) or C) how D) and 18. It is no ____ arguing about it, because he will never change his mind.
A) use B) help C) time D) while 19. The more civilized man has become, _____he is limited by the disadvantage of his environment.
A) and the more B) the less C) the more D) and the less 20. Convenience foods which are already prepared for cooking are ______ in grocery stores.
A) ready B) approachable C) probable D) available 21. The old lady needs ______ after her shock.
A) to comfort B) be comforted C) conforming D) comforted 22. When he arrived, he found ______ the aged and the sick at home.
A) none but B) none other than C) nothing but D) not other than 23. His ______ change very quickly; one moment he is cheerful, and the next he’s complaining about everything.
A) temper B) moods C) feeling D) sense 24. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A) since B) after C) before D) when 25. When considering how to settle the problem, the most important factor —— weather, he had ______.
A) left out B) left behind C) left off D) left over 26. Their political action ______ the fall of the government.
A) promoted B) accelerated C) hastened D) advanced 27. They will fly to Kunming, ______ they planned to stay for three days.
A) there B) that C) where D) which 28. San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles ______.
A) is rarely B) rarely is C) hardly is D) is scarcely
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29. It is vital that enough money ______ to help the disable..
A) be collected B) can be collected
C) must be collected D) is collected
30. What he said was too ______ for me to understand.
A) complex B) completive C) compliant D) complementary Unit Five
1. By the end of this month, he ______ his second novel.
A) have finished B) will be finishing
C) will have finished D) is finishing
2. When you find some mushrooms in the woods, make sure they are ______ before you cook them.
A) legible B) edible C) eligible D) evitable
3. John is sitting on the rock ______ over whether life is worth living.
A) think B) perceive C) consider D) taste
4. Almost all the cinemas and theatres are equipped with some exits that are prepared for______ .
A) urgency B) emergent C) emergency D) urgent
5. ---“Where should I send my application?”
---“The Personnel Office is the place ______ .”
A) to send it B) send it to C) to send it to D) for sending it 6. There a drought in this area; the government is considering a (an) ______ rainfall to save the crops.
A) imitative B) pretending C) fake D) artificial
7. ______ she likes the present is not clear to me.
A) Whether B) If C) What D) That
8. It is raining. ______, we will have to cancel our picnic.
A) in the event B) at the rate C) according to this D) for this purpose 9. Only in recent years ______ begun to realize that wild dogs often do more good than harm.
A) people have B) have people
C) since people have D) people who have
10. Mary’s anger at last ______ expression in her tears.
A) turned B) found C) convert D) gave
11(Just before they landed, the hostess suggested ______ her passport ready.
A) Kate to have B) Kate having
C) Kate have D) to Kate to have
12. Let’s hurry. We’ve got a very important task. It ______ no delay.
A) suffers from B) concedes to C) allows for D) permits of 13. If you ______ that again, we wouldn’t allow you to work with us.
A) had done B) do C) did D) will do
14. Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions, ______ have been mentioned in previous pages.
A) a few of it B) a few of that
C) a few of them D) a few of which
15. “Would you mind opening the window for a while?”
“______ . I am afraid I will catch a cold.”
A) No, I can’t. B) Yes, I do.
C) I will not. D) I’m sorry, I don’t.
16. The matter can be ______ until the committee meets next week.
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A) left out B) left off C) left over D) left alone
17. The boxer shook hands with his ______ before the match.
A) opponent B) contestant C) competition D) foe
18. Not that Jack doesn’t offer to help you, ______ it’s much too beyond his power.
A) and that B) in that C) but that D) for that
19. With Mr. Allen ______ the lead, they decided to set up a trading company.
A) take B) taking C) to take D) being taken
20. They deceived her ______ buying a worthless diamond.
A) to B) into C) in D) from
21. They hurried there only to find the meeting cancelled. In fact, they ______ at all.
A) needn’t have gone B) can’t have gone
C) must have gone D) might have gone
22. It takes you ______ two hours to get there by train.
A) somewhat B) some ways C) something like D) something of 23. I don’t think it’s wise of you to ______ your knowledge in front of the others.
A) show in B) show up C) show out D) show off
24. The company’s profit have fallen slightly, ______, this is not a serious problem.
A) anyhow B) moreover C) whereas D) however
25. He has not the least ______ of giving up his research.
A) intention B) idea C) wish D) desire
26. He was ______ his wits’ end what to do.
A) no B) of C) in D) at
27. When ______, ice will be changed into water.
A) heating B) heated C) to heat D) be heated
28. The mother didn’t know who ______ for the broken glass.
A) will blame B) to blame C) blamed D) blames
29. My boss asked me to answer the phone, to handle some problems, and ______some letters.
A) to type B) type C) typed D) typing
30. Recent studies done by the World Health Organization have shown that______ more productive than those who smoke.
A) the nonsmoking is B) the unsmoking is
C) the unsmoking are D) the nonsmoking are
Unit Six
1. Every boy is ______ to encounter some setbacks on his way to be a man.
A) obvious B) indispensable C) doubtless D) bound 2. I was talking with Professor Johnson on the phone when suddenly we got ______.
A) hung up B) cut down C) cut off D) cut back 3. The government ____to approve the use of widespread surveillance when the Justice Department took objections.
A) is going B) had been C) was about D) is coming 4. The young man ____give his seat to an old lady on the bus.
A) was made B) was made to C) made D) made to 5. The driver stopped his car ______ when he saw a big bear blocking his way.
A) ambiguously B) excessively C) abruptly D) faultlessly 6. If you ____that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be sleepy.
A) haven’t watched B) didn’t watch
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C) hadn’t watched D) wouldn’t have watched
7. Prof. David and Prof. Brown will ______ in giving lectures to the class.
A) alter B) change C) alternate D) differ 8. Although he had looked through all the reference materical on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her
explanation only ______ to his confusion.
A) extended B) amounted C) added D) turned 9. They would rather ______ for a drink.
A) going B) went C) to go D) go 10. Williams was taken off the short list for the job as his appointment would have caused a lot of ______.
A) dilemma B) challenge C) discordance D) controversy 11.The director of the Sales Department promised to have my complaint______.
A) looked through B) looked over
C) looked into D) looked after
12.The shop-assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of ______quality, he’d tell them so.
A) humble B) minor C) inferior D) awkward 13.I want to go to the dentist, but you ____ with me.
A) need not to go B) do not need go
C) need not go D) not need go
14.Tom likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.
A) get along with B) go back on C) get hold of D) go in for 15.Although the first part is easy, the rest ____.
A) is supposed difficult B) are difficult
C) has proved difficult D) could have been difficult 16. A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is ______ condition or events.
A) in response to B) in favor of
C) in contrast to D) in excess of
17.I want to give my children ____ education I can afford.
A) the much best B) much the most best
C) the very best D) very the best
18. I can’t possibly mark your homework; your handwriting is ______.
A) ambiguous B) vague C) obscure D) illegible 19. She once again went through her composition carefully to ______ all spelling mistakes from it. A) withdraw B) diminish
C) exclude D) eliminate
20.Obviously there was little probability ____ they would succeed, but they didn’t mind.
A) which B) what C) that D) this 21.Hangzhou in China tends to ______ well with tourists.
A) come down B) go down C) turn down D) move down 22. He gets very ______ about scientific experiments being carried out on animals.
A) worked down B) worked up C) worked out D) worked over 23.Tom seldom attends social gatherings, ____.
A) so does his wife B) his wife doesn’t too
C) his wife does not D) nor does his wife 24.They had a fierce ______ as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which had been broken years ago.
A) debate B) disagreement C) clash D) conflict
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25. His features were agreeable; his body, ______ slight of build, had something of athletic outline.
A) though B) as C) somehow D) somewhat 26.Some areas, ______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.
A) due to B) in spite of C) but for D) with regard to 27.He is ______ to speak to others.
A) too much of a coward B) too much a coward
C) so much a coward D) so much of a coward
28. When I arrived in this country, I had to start learning the language from ______.
A) scratch B) scrap C) snatch D) scrape 29. ______ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy
actually is.
A) To give B) Given C) Giving D) Having given 30. All flights ______ because of storm, they decided to take the train.
A) having canceled B) were canceled
C) having been canceled D) have been canceled
Unit Seven
1. By the end of last year, Lily ______ more than 3,000 Chinese words.
A) have learned B) would have learned
C) learned D) had learned
2. The judge declared that the man was ______ of the charge and should be released at once.
A) clear B) naïve C) suspicious D) innocent
3. Linda ______getting up very early when she was a graduate student.
A) took on B) took after C) took to D) took in
4. I will lend you my bike _____you return it to me by tomorrow.
A) in condition that B) in case C) on condition that D) in case that 5. The child heard nothing about what the teacher was saying, for his attention was ______by a bird singing out of the window.
A) disturbed B) attracted C) distracted D) detracted
6. He committed suicide by jumping from the top of a ______building.
A) seven-stories B) seven-story C) seven-storied D) seven storied 7. I would have got drown ______your timely help.
A) except B) for C) but for D) unless for
8. ______, I think your suggestion is entirely impracticable.
A) Being with B) To begin with C) As a beginning D) As it begins 9. ______, the students were behaving very well in class.
A) Needless B) Naturally C) Possible D)Unfortunately
10. He hasn’t even made a ______ since last September.
A) trace B) progress C) success D) dent
11. The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could ______.
A) stand up to B) come up with C) make up for D) put up with 12. His work is ______perfect, I really admire him.
A) anything but B) nothing but C) all but D) only but 13. The children were surprised when the teacher had them ______ their books unexpectedly.
A) closed B) close C) closing D) to close
14. The young man ______ the girl on her beauty and this please her greatly.
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A) complemented B) supplemented C) accomplishment D) complimented 15. Whenever we visited them, they ______ television.
A) have watched B) had watched C) watch D) were watching 16. We have planned to go a picnic today, but ______ the rain we have to cancel.
A) in the light of B) concerning C) because D) as a result 17. The possibility is slight ______ after a dismissal, the factory directors are in danger of retaliation.
A) which B) what C) that D) whether
18. Every means ______been tried since then.
A) has B) have C) are D) is
19. The boxer ______ and almost fell when his opponent hit him.
A) shattered B) stammered C) scrambled D) staggered 20. Don’t trust ______ over-praise you to your face.
A) such men as B) these men as C) such men that D) such men who 21. The more people rely on machine to do work for them, ______ to the physical well-being.
A) sports become the more essential B) the more become sports essential
C) the more essential sports become D) the more sports become essential 22. The ______ problem in our city are the same as yours: crime, overcrowding and poverty.
A) folk B) urban C) suburb D) country
23. His illness probably ______ his carelessness in the choice of food.
A) stemmed from B) because of C) resulted in D) due to 24. Lily’s score on the test is the highest in her class. She ______have studied very hard.
A) may B) should C) must D) ought to
25. He is now ______ to the hot weather in Wuhan.
A) accustomed B) accusable C) accountable D) acquainted 26. The girl ______ the wire into the shape of others.
A) pressed B) circled C) transferred D) twisted
27. She took great ______ to finish her literature paper.
A) pleasure B) delight C) pains D) effort
28. The human body is composed of organs, each______ a definite job to do.
A) have B) has C) to have D) having
29.______, I would not have succeeded in the exam.
A) If it was not for his help B) If it were not for his help
C) Had it not been for his help D) Was it not for his help 30. Jim ______us ______ his news that we were to have an exam.
A) fooled …believe B) fooled …to believe
C) fooled …into believing D) fooled…of believing
Unit Eight
1. I knew I could not finish the homework ____.
A) by he had come B) until he has come C) when he comes D) before he came 2. He was left alone, with ______to take care of him.
A) someone B) no one C) not one D) anyone 3. We must _______that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.
A) assure B) secure C) ensure D) issue 4. It is necessary that an efficient worker ____his work on time.
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A) accomplished B) can accomplish C) accomplish D) has accomplished 5. The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ____wrong on the way.
A) went B) would go C) should go D) should have gone 6. They are going to have the serviceman ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed 7. Your father is very angry ______you staying out so late.
A) for B) to C) with D) on 8. Mary ____ be in pairs because I saw her in town only an hour ago.
A) mustn’t B) isn’t able to C)can’t D) may not
9. The House of Representative ______ proposal for three days.
A) argued B) debated C) discussed D) disputed 10. Two weeks ____ quite a short time for us to finish the work.
A) have been B) is C) are D) are being 11. I’m a bit ______.
A) under the weather B) on the weather
C) under the climate D) on the climate
12. The manager needs an assistant that he can ______to take care of problems in his absence.
A) count on B) count in C) count up D) count out 13. ____ such a total wreck seems miraculous.
A) The driver could survive B) That the driver survived
C) When the driver survived D) Why the driver survived 14. The article to be read is ____difficult.
A) fairly too B) rather too C) quite too D) pretty too 15. Never before ____ himself so powerfully attracted to the idea of traveling by himself.
A) had he felt B) he had felt C) had felt he D) he did feel 16. ____ entering the hall, he found everyone waiting for him.
A) At B) While C) On D) In 17. I bought this eighteen-century pocket watch at a quite ______ price.
A) cheap B) expensive C) dear D) reasonable 18. This test ______a number of multiple choice questions.
A) composes of B) composes in C) consists of D) consists in 19. He is a ______teacher of English.
A) respective B) respected C) respectable D) respectful 20. “Where is my cap?” “It’s on the ______.”
A) kitchen counter B) kitchen’s counter
C) counter of the kitchen D) counter in the kitchen 21(______that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.
A) During the 1960’s B) That it was in the 1960’s
C) It was in the 1960’s D) It was the 1960’s
22. I can’t ______what that object is.
A) make up B) make over C) make out D) make for 23. I’m happy to see you’ve made such a swift _____from your illness.
A) recovery B) renewal C) restoration D) retreat 24. The Soviet Union, which was ______powerful, has now broken down into small republics.
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A) eventually B) formerly C) formally D) virtually 25. Most environmental problems exists because adequate measures for preventing them ____taken in the past.
A) was not B) were not C) being not D) were not being 26. I hate people who ______the end of a film that you haven’t seen before.
A) reveal B) rewrite C) revise D) reverse 27. He built ______on the slope of the mountain.
A) a wooden small house B) a house small wooden
C) a small wooden house D) small wooden a house 28. This is an ideal site for a university ____ it is far from the noisy downtown area.
A) so that B) now that C) in that D) provided that 29. So far there is no proof _____spaceships from other planets do exist.
A) which B) how C) that D) what 30. This medicine might be a failure, for it had little _____on my illness.
A) effect B) affect C) defect D) reflect
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