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Mark Twain (marktwain, 1835 ~ 1910) American writer. Formerly known as Samuel lang hearn, Roger Clemens. On November 30, 1835, was born in Missouri, April 21, 1910, died in Connecticut. Mark Twain is the founder of critical realism literature in the United States, the world's most famous short story master. Mark Twain is known as \"American literature Lincoln\" in \"with the most distinctive features of the native American writer\". He experienced from the \"free\" the development of the capitalism to imperialism, his thought and creation is also characterized by from kid to sarcastic to light the development stage of pessimism. Poor at a young age, at the age of 12 because of dropping out of school, his father died to the printing house as an apprentice, a little older then go out to find a job. At the age of 21, pilot life has great interest in the ship, decided to word. The Mississippi River four years, pilots life made him familiar with all kinds of people. This experience for his future creation provides many material. Mark Twain is his pen name taken from waterman life: mark is \"mark\", twain is \"two fathoms (12 feet)\", \"two fathoms mark\" is still a safe level. In 1861, the civil war broke out, he with his brother to Nevada; Involved in prospecting boom before you go to the newspaper work, began writing career. In the 19th century 60 ~ 70 s, Mark Twain humorous short 70 published articles, mostly sketch class. They are the main features of extreme exaggeration, humor, funny. Protagonist, innocent and honest, often thought pure, have a preconceived idea, rebuffed. His best-known play \"Carla vilas county famous jumping frog\" and renowned \"running for governor\", \"mysterious visit\" is always the same. In the part of the works, humorous irony, such as running for governor, the story of bad boy, the boy's tale, etc. \"Humor just trivia\", the authors explain \"humor is not long for humor\", his humor funny from serious purpose. This period he allegorical social phenomenon are: racial discrimination, the press malodorous, speculative psychology and the disadvantages of social morality and hypocrisy. 60 s after Mark Twain to the east, published \"the innocents abroad,\" bitter \"and\" gilded age \"minister three piece. \"The innocents abroad for TongXunJi, is Mark Twain's Europe report. Write a naive and ignorant americans travel in Europe, funny, witty, show the americans in the European feudal society and its superiority in front of mark. \"Bitter\" is a memoir, the writers to Nevada prospecting through, a lot of fiction composition, write hard gold life alive, steaming, during which some exaggeration, funny story to show the Mark Twain's comedy. \"The gilded age\" is his neighbor, writer Charles Werner, written novel, aimed at speculation was crazy society. The novel's characters are entrepreneurs, politicians, farmers and townsfolk. The author through the artistic image tells us: in the era of the free competition of capitalism, get a lot of wealth are speculators, entrepreneurs and politicians, nobody is always in the dream, like the Cyrus colonel, made one after another dream about making money, can be on the table \"in the cold water and raw turnip. In the early 70 s, the same, the daughter of a wealthy businessman Mark Twain ollie eu, langdon marriage, settled in Hartford, Massachusetts. \"Tom Sawyer,\" on the Mississippi River \"and\" huckleberry ? huckleberry Finn \"is written during this period of stable life. The adventures of Tom Sawyer, describes the children pursuit of novelty and adventure of life. Little Tom hate dull small town life, including the hypocrisy of Sunday school the townsfolk habit of rigid and conservative, it was the same sermon speech... With his friend to \"adventure\" on the island, with nature be in harmony are an organic whole, show the children lively childlike. Author recalls on the Mississippi River aquatic life. The river scenery, shipping experience true story, and younger brother were killed, poetic, romantic atmosphere is very thick. Book pilots association of organization and struggle in the 19th century the American labor movement is a valuable historical materials. \"Huckleberry ? huckleberry Finn\" is the masterpiece of Mark Twain, is a masterpiece of American literature. Novels of \"the adventures of Tom Sawyer, content, with Tom's friend huck, the son of a poor whites. He is afraid of drunk father beaten and stand protector of discipline, away from home, meet halfway slave Jim, two people take a raft to escape along the Mississippi River, in search of a free state. Although huck had no education and love lie, but nature is good, good jokes, and compassionate. Along the way take care of huck and Jim huck help Jim hidden. Huck lives for a long time in the slave states, popular often contain the concept of racial discrimination. They are more close to the free state, huck's inner conflict more acute. Slave-holding state law at the time, helped slaves escape is guilty, he decided to write to Jim master report. The desire for freedom, but the thought of Jim in a crisis, and the fine qualities such as SheJiWeiRen, huck felt embarrassed, finally tear up the letter. Huck as an expression of the author freedom, equality of democratic ideals. The book also describes many aspects of social life before the civil war, created many characters. Novels, purely written in American English, the tradition of American literature speaking style. Began in the late 80 s, Mark Twain's works are: the British feudal system with a ridiculous plot criticism of the court of king Arthur, conn., American \", the story of dislocation with clever satire of American racial discrimination \"fool Wilson, I will sing praises to the French national heroine ran, tak, and deeply analyze money corrosion effect, exposing gentleman hypocritical face the corrupted hurd, person\". Mark Twain in the 80 s for a publishing company and invest in new typesetter manufacture engineering. These two job failed, causing Mark Twain bankruptcy. In 1891, he moved to Europe, himself a global tour to repay its debts. Back in 1900. This time, he published full-length works include \"the equator\". The beginning of the 20th century, Mark Twain published a series of anti-imperialist political: the use of lynching \"of the United States,\" for people born in the dark \", \"defended Finn, general, and to pray for the\" war \"and so on. In this paper, the authors accused of imperialist aggression, sympathy and support for the colonists. With deepening of the author's understanding of social reality, his humor style gradually from comic satire and cheerful mood also gradually become a melancholy indignation, particularly in this late in his political imperialism. In what is a person, no. 44, mysterious stranger etc also reveals the life is like a dream in the works of pessimism. He has a long literary career, therefore also has a lot of published works. General classification: Short: first the colonizing surprised playboy, \"million pounds\", \"running for governor\", \"Paul Smith's friends go abroad again the caravelle county famous jumping frog\", \"the Connecticut focal crimes during the carnival in recent documentary\" Medium-length: \"the ruin of those who hurd lai fort\", \"struggle\" Long: \"the innocents abroad traveling\", \"the gilded age\", \"Tom Sawyer,\" huckleberry Finn, and \"the prince and the pauper\", \"life on the Mississippi,\" fool Wilson \", \"Arthur dynasty of a Connecticut Yankee,\" jean valjean, tak\" The detective Tom Sawyer Travel notes: \"the foreign travel\", \"the equator\" Play: \"the star\" Memoirs: \"memoirs of a grant Mark Twain's writing chronology: 1852.5.1 \"colonize the surprised playboy published in Boston's humor weekly journal of handbags. This is Samuel Clemens first. (self-study of Mark Twain in the printing house as an apprentice, typesetting, began practicing writing, published the first age 17.) 1864.6 moved to San Francisco, work in the morning news. Started writing for the people of San Francisco, editor in chief for novelists cuny, hart. 1865.11.18 the Saturday post published in New York, Mark Twain's \"the caravelle county famous jumping frog\". Everywhere were re-published, Mark Twain began in the domestic reputation. 1867.4.25 Charles webb, published the first book that Mark Twain the caravelle county famous jumping frog and other essays. 1869.7 Mark Twain's \"the innocents abroad, publishing, issuers are easy in summer, Bob rees. 1872.2 \"struggle\" by Bob rees publishing companies in the United States. The winter of 1873 Mark Twain cooperate with writer Charles ted ray warner, wrote \"the gilded age\". Warner in Hartford for its neighbors. 1873.12 the publication of the gilded age. Bob rees issuers for American publishing company. (as an era in the history of the United States of a humorous and ironic name, and for the recognition, has no precedent) Mark Twain began to write in the summer of 1874 \"Tom Sawyer, and put the\" gilded age \"into play. It was in New York for the el kua ray farm nearby. 1876.1 the Connecticut focal crimes during the carnival in recent documentary, \"published in the Atlantic. Mark Twain began to write in the summer of 1876 the Hector Kerr berry Finn,, in the kua ray farm. 1876.10 with Bob, hart, cooperative writing comedy \"the star\". In December, but from now on can't keep the friendship between our two people. 1876.12 the adventures of Tom Sawyer, published by the cuny rees. Time is more than one year after delivery, so no good business to catch up with Christmas season. Mark Twain began to consider in a publisher for his work. 1877.7.31 \"star\" in New York's \"fifth street theater performances. Five weeks after the play, performers have losses on the money. 1877.11 started writing \"the prince and the pauper\". In the spring of 1878 - family travel to Europe in the summer of 1879, especially in Germany. For the foreign travel, collected materials. 1880.3 the publication of travel abroad to remember. The publisher cuny rees for American publishing company. 1881.12 the publication of the prince and the pauper. Publisher for Boston's James le Austin valley. 1882.4 Mark Twain revisit the Mississippi River, so that the life on the Mississippi for its lower collecting materials. He visited the Mississippi valley, until the end of may. Mark Twain in the kua ray farm in the summer of 1883 completed the Hector Kerr berry, Finn, writing. \"Life on the Mississippi\" published by Mr Osborne valley. 1885.2.18 \"Hector Kerr berry, Finn, by HuiBo publishing companies. 1885.3 Massachusetts Kang Guer tons of books committee called \"Hector Kerr berry ? Finn,\" boring work, can only be read by slums \". May not be on the shelf, starting a top of a piece of history, its influence until today. Nonetheless, to in May, the \"heck\" sold fifty-one thousand copies. Is individual unit (such as banned books, not national) 1885.12 HuiBo company published \"memoirs of a grant, grant an income of four hundred thousand yuan, can make them from bankruptcy. Mark Twain is convinced he has a talent for doing business. (1869-1877 President. General grant, grant and Mark Twain companionship deep) 1886.1 Mark Twain began to write in the Arthur dynasty Connecticut Yankee. 1889.12 \"Arthur dynasty Connecticut Yankee by HuiBo publishing companies. 1894.4.16 \"Tom Sawyer abroad by HuiBo publishing company. 1894.11 the fool Wilson \"published by the American publishing company. 1896.5 \"jean valjean, tak\" published by Harper corporation. 1896.11 the detective, Tom Sawyer published by Harper company. 1897.11 \"equator travels\" published by the American publishing company. 1901.2 the people to sit in the dark in the north American review. (this is Mark Twain against imperialist aggressions in different parts of the world's masterpiece -- the translator) Winter and spring in 1910, Mark Twain's deteriorating health. 1910.4.21 Mark Twain because division does not put to death. 马克·吐温(marktwain,1835~1910) 美国作家。原名塞缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯。1835年11月30日生于密苏里州,1910年4月21日卒于康涅狄格州。 马克·吐温是美国批判现实主义文学的奠基人,世界著名的短篇小说大师。马克·吐温被誉为“美国文学中的林肯”“最具美国本土特色的作家”。他经历了美国从“自由”资本主义到帝国主义的发展过程,其思想和创作也 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现为从轻快调笑到辛辣讽刺再到悲观厌世的发展阶段。 幼时家境贫困,12岁时因父亲去世辍学,开始到印刷所当学徒,稍大一点便外出找活干。21岁时,对轮船上的领港员生活发生极大兴趣,决定拜师学艺。密西西比河上4年领港生活使他熟悉各式各样的人。这一段经历为他今后的创作提供了许多素材。他的笔名马克·吐温就取自船工生活:mark是“测标”,twain为“两英寻(合12英尺)”,“测标两英寻”说明仍是安全水位。1861年,南北战争爆发,他随哥哥去内华达;先卷入找矿热潮,后去报馆工作,从此开始创作生涯。 19世纪60~70年代,马克·吐温发表幽默短篇共70篇,其中多数为小品类。它们的主要特色是极度夸张、幽默、滑稽。主人公往往天真老实,思想单纯,有一套先入为主的想法,结果处处碰壁。他的成名作《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》和名篇《竞选州长》、《神秘的访问》都是这样写的。在一部分作品里,幽默含有讽刺,如《竞选州长》、《坏孩子的故事》、《好孩子的故事》等。作者解释说“幽默只是花絮”,“为幽默而幽默是不能经久的”,他的幽默滑稽出自严肃的创作目的。这期间他讽喻的社会现象有:种族歧视、新闻界的乌烟瘴气、投机心理以及社会道德的错位与虚伪。 60年代末马克·吐温到了东部之后,发表了《傻子出国记》、《过苦日子》和《镀金时代》三部长篇作品。 《傻子出国记》为通讯集,是马克·吐温的旅欧报道。写天真无知的美国人在欧洲的旅游见闻,滑稽、诙谐,表现出美国人在欧洲封建社会及其印记面前的优越感。《过苦日子》是一部回忆录,写作者到内华达找矿经过,其中有不少虚构成分,把艰苦的淘金生活写得生气勃勃,热气腾腾,其间一些夸张、滑稽的故事表现出马克·吐温的喜剧才能。《镀金时代》是他同邻居、作家查尔斯·沃纳合写的长篇小说,旨在讽刺当时疯狂的社会投机心理。小说的人物有企业家、政客、农场主和小市民。作者通过艺术形象告诉我们:在那个资本主义自由竞争时代,获得大量财富的是投机商、企业家和政客,小人物永远是在做梦,就像那位塞勒斯上校,发财梦做了一个又一个,可餐桌上“只见冷水和生萝卜”。 70年代初,马克·吐温同一位富商的女儿奥利薇亚·兰登结婚,定居在马萨诸塞州的哈特福德。《汤姆·索亚历险记》、《在密西西比河上》和《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》就是这段稳定的生活期间写的。《汤姆·索亚历险记》描写少年儿童追求新奇、冒险的生活。小汤姆厌恶呆板乏味的小镇生活,包括主日学校的虚伪刻板、守旧的小市民习气、老一套的布道演说……他同小伙伴去岛上“探险”,同大自然融为一体,表现出少年儿童的活泼的稚气。《在密西西比河上》回忆了作者当年的水上生涯。大河景色、航运经历、弟弟遇难等真实故事,富有诗意,抒情气氛很浓。 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 中写到领港员协会的组织和斗争是19世纪美国劳工运动的宝贵史料。 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是马克·吐温的代表作,也是美国文学的一部名著。小说续《汤姆·索亚历险记》的内容,主人公换成汤姆的朋友哈克——一个穷苦白人的儿子。他害怕醉鬼父亲毒打,又受不了保护人的清规戒律,离家出走,半路上遇见黑奴吉姆,两人乘木排沿着密西西比河逃亡,去寻找自由州。哈克虽没有受过教育,爱撒谎,但本性善 良,好开玩笑,又富于同情心。一路上吉姆照顾哈克,哈克帮助吉姆匿藏。哈克长期生活在蓄奴州,流行的种族歧视观念常牵制着他。他们越接近自由州,哈克的内心矛盾越尖锐。当时蓄奴州的法律规定,帮助黑奴逃跑是有罪的,他决定写信向吉姆的主人告发。可是一想起吉姆渴望自由,临危不惧,而且舍己为人等优良品质,哈克就感到为难,最后终于把信撕掉。哈克的作为表现了作者自由、平等的民主理想。书中还描写了南北战争前多方面的社会生活,创造了许多人物形象。小说纯粹用美国口语写成,开创了美国文学口语文体的传统。 80年代后期开始,马克·吐温的作品有:用荒诞情节批判英国封建体制的《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》,用巧妙错位的故事讽刺美国种族歧视的《傻瓜威尔逊》,歌颂法国民族女英雄的《冉·达克》,以及深刻剖析金钱腐蚀作用、暴露上等人伪善面貌的《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》。 80年代马克·吐温筹办出版公司并投资新式排字机的试制工程。这两项工作均告失败,致使马克·吐温破产。1891年,他迁家欧洲,自己作环球巡回演讲以偿还债务。1900年回国。这个时期,他发表的长篇作品有《赤道环游记》。 20世纪初,马克·吐温发表了一系列反帝政论:《使用私刑的合众国》、《给生在黑暗中的人》、《为芬斯顿将军辩护》、《战争祈祷》等。在这些论文中,作者控诉帝国主义的侵略行径,同情并支持殖民地人民的斗争。随着作者对社会现实认识的深化,他的幽默风格逐渐从滑稽趋向讽喻,开朗活泼的心情也逐渐变为忧郁愤慨,这在他后期反帝政论中尤为明显。在《什么是人》,《第44号,神秘的陌生人》等作品中还流露出人生如梦的悲观情绪。 他的文学生涯很长,因此发表过的作品也有很多。作品大致分类: 短篇:处女作《拓殖者大吃一惊的花花公子》、《百万英镑》、《竞选州长》、《哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋》《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》、《康涅狄克焦最近的狂欢节上的罪行纪实》 中篇:《败坏赫德莱堡的人》、《艰难历程》 长篇:《傻子国外旅行记》、《镀金时代》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》、《哈克贝里·芬历险记》、《王子与贫儿》、《密西西比河上的生活》、《傻瓜威尔逊》、《在亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》、《冉·达克》 侦探汤姆.索亚》 游记:《国外旅游记》、《赤道游记》 剧本:《阿星》 回忆录:《格兰特回忆录》 马克吐温的创作年表: 1852.5.1《拓殖者大吃一惊的花花公子》发表于波士顿的幽默周刊《手提包》上。这是赛缪尔·克莱门斯的处女作。(自学的马克·吐温在印刷所当学徒、排字时,即开始练笔,发表这个处女作时年17岁。) 1864.6移居旧金山,在《晨报》工作。开始为《旧金山人》写稿,时主编为小说家勃勒特·哈特。 1865.11.18纽约的《星期六邮报》发表了马克·吐温的《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》。各处纷纷转载,马克·吐温开始在国内取得名声。 1867.4.25查尔斯·韦勃出版了马克·吐温的第一本书《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙和其它随笔》。 1869.7马克·吐温的《傻子国外旅行记》出版,发行者为易里夏·勃里斯。 1872.2《艰难历程》由勃里斯的美国出版公司出版。 1873年冬马克·吐温与作家查尔斯·特德雷·华纳合作,写了《镀金时代》。华纳为其在哈特福特的邻居。 1873.12《镀金时代》出版。发行者为美国出版公司的勃里斯。(为美国历史上的一个时代起一个幽默而讽刺的名字,并为世人所认同,尚乏先例) 1874年夏马克·吐温开始写《汤姆·索亚历险记》,并把《镀金时代》编成剧本。当时是在纽约的埃尔弥拉附近的夸雷农庄。 1876.1《康涅狄克焦最近的狂欢节上的罪行纪实》在《大西洋月刊》上发表。 1876年夏马克·吐温开始写《赫克尔贝里·芬历险记》,地点在夸雷农庄。 1876.10与勃勒特·哈特合作写喜剧《阿星》。十二月完成,但两人的友谊从此难以维持。 1876.12《汤姆·索亚历险记》由勃里斯出版。时间是在交稿后一年以上,这样就没有能赶上圣诞节的好生意季节。马克·吐温开始考虑换一家出版商出版其著作。 1877.7.31《阿星》在纽约的“第五条街剧院”演出。五周后停演,演出者在钱财上有亏损。 1877.11开始写《王子与贫儿》。 1878年春—1879年夏全家往欧洲旅行,特别是游了德国。为《国外旅游记》收集了材料。 1880.3《国外旅游记》出版。出版者为美国出版公司的勃里斯。 1881.12《王子与贫儿》出版。出版者为波士顿的詹姆斯·勒·奥斯谷特。 1882.4马克·吐温重访密西西比河上,以便为其《密西西比河上的生活》的下半部收集材料。他遍访密西西比河流域,一直到五月底。 1883年夏马克·吐温在夸雷农庄完成了《赫克尔贝里·芬历险记》的写作。《密西西比河上的生活》由奥斯谷特出版。 1885.2.18《赫克尔贝里·芬历险记》由惠勃斯特出版公司出版。 1885.3麻省康谷尔顿的图书委员会称《赫克尔贝里·芬历险记》为“无聊之作,只能供贫民窟阅读”。不得放在书架上,从而开始了禁书的一段历史,其影响直至今日。虽然如此,到五月份时,《赫克》出售了五万一千本。(这样的禁书是个别单位的,并非全国性的) 1885.12惠勃斯特公司出版了《格兰特回忆录》,格兰特一家收益四十万元,使得他们能免于破产。马克·吐温也深信自己有经商的天才。(格兰特将军,1869—1877任总统。格兰特与马克·吐温交谊较深) 1886.1马克·吐温开始写《在亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》。 1889.12《在亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》由惠勃斯特出版公司出版。 1894.4.16《汤姆·索亚在国外》由惠勃斯特公司出版。 1894.11《傻瓜威尔逊》由美国出版公司出版。 1896.5《冉·达克》由哈泼公司出版。 1896.11《侦探汤姆.索亚》由哈泼公司出版。 1897.11《赤道游记》由美国出版公司出版。 1901.2《致坐在黑暗中的人》在《北美评论》上发表。(这是马克·吐温反对帝国主义在世界各地实行侵略的名篇——译者) 1910年冬春马克·吐温健康恶化。 1910.4.21马克·吐温因狭心症不治逝世。