循证医学_试题(完整有答案)

循证医学_试题(完整有答案) 一、名词解释 E(计算假如能使研究结论逆转所需的阴 性结果的报告数 1(循证医学 6(发 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 偏倚是指 2(系统评价 3(Meta 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 A(有“统计学意义”的研究结果较“无4(发表偏倚 统计学意义”和无效的研究结果被报告和发5(失效安全数 表的可能性更大 6(敏感性分析 B(世界上几个主要的医学文献检索库绝二、单选题 大部分来自发达国家，发展中国家比例很小 1(循证医学就是 C(研究者往往根据需要自定一个纳入标A(系统评价 准来决定某些研究的纳入与否 B(Meta分析 D(研究结果的筛选过程中筛选者主观意C(临床流行病学 愿的影响而引入的偏倚 D(查找证据的医学 E(只检索了某种语言的文献资料 E(最佳证据、临床经验和病人价值的有7(失效安全数主要用来估计 机结合 A(文献库偏倚 2(循证医学实践的核心是 B(发表偏倚 A(素质良好的临床医生 C(纳入 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 偏倚 B(最佳的研究证据 D(筛选者偏倚 C(临床流行病学基本方法和知识 E(英语偏倚 D(患者的参与和合作 8(失效安全数越大，说明 E(必要的医疗环境和条件 A(Meta分析的各个独立研究的同质性3(循证医学所收集的证据中，质量最佳越好 者为 B(Meta分析的各个独立研究的同质性A(单个的大样本随机对照试验 越差 B(队列研究 C(Meta分析的结果越稳定，结论被推C(病例对照研究 翻的可能性越小 D(基于多个质量可靠的大样本随机对照D(Meta分析的结果越不稳定，结论被 试验所做的系统评价 推翻的可能性越大 E(专家意见 E(Meta分析的结果可靠性越差 4(Meta分析在合并各个独立研究结果9(如果漏斗图呈明显的不对称，说明 前应进行 A(Meta分析统计学检验效能不够 A(相关性检验 B(Meta分析的各个独立研究的同质性B(异质性检验 差 C(回归分析 C(Meta分析的合并效应值没有统计学D(图示研究 意义 E(标准化 D(Meta分析可能存在偏倚 5(异质性检验的目的是 E(Meta分析的结果更为可靠 A(评价研究结果的不一致性 10(Meta分析过程中，主要的统计内容B(检查各个独立研究的结果是否具有一包括 致性(可合并性) A(对各独立研究结果进行异质性检验，C(评价一定假设条件下所获效应合并值并根据检验结果选择适当的模型加权合各 的稳定性 研究的统计量 D(增加统计学检验效能 B(对各独立研究结果进行异质性检验和 计算失效安全数 C(计算各独立研究的效应大小后按B(繁忙的临床工作与知识的快速更新和 扩容形成的尖锐矛盾 Mental-Haenszel法进行合并分析 C(日益尖锐的卫生经济学问题对平衡价D(计算各独立研究的效应大小和合并后 的综合效应 格/效益的依据提出了更严格的要求 E(对各独立研究结果进行异质性检验和D(临床治疗由单纯的症状控制转向对治Mental-疗转归与质量的重视 Haenszel分层分析 E(市场经济的冲击，使一些医生因追求11(Meta分析中敏感性分析主要用于 A(控制偏倚 商业利益而热衷于可能没有验证也没有结 B(检查偏倚 果的治疗 C(评价偏倚的大小 4(Meta分析的目的是 D(计算偏倚的大小 A(增加检验效能 E(校正偏倚 B(定量估计研究效应的平均水平 12(下列说法错误的是 C(评价研究结果的不一致性 A(循证医学实践得到的最佳证据在用于D(寻找新的假说和研究思路 具体病人的时候具有特殊性，必须因人而异 E(估计偏倚大小 B(循证医学实践将为临床决策提供依5(进行Meta分析时，如果纳入和排除据，因此惟一强调的是证据 标准制定过严，那么 C(循证医学不等于Meta分析 A(各独立研究的同质性很好 D(循证医学实践不一定会降低医疗费用 B(符合要求的文献很多 E(循证医学实践得到的证据并非一成不C(可能会失去增加统计学功效、定量估变 计研究效应平均水平的意义 三、多选题 D(降低了Meta分析结果的可靠性和有 1(下列说法正确的是 效性 A(循证医学实践的第一步是全面收集证E(没有影响 据 6(下列说法错误的是 B(循证医学的核心是医师的良好技能 A(Meta分析是一种观察性研究 C(循证医学强调的是科学证据及其质B(Meta分析能排除原始研究中的偏倚 量，因此医师的经验可以忽略 C(Meta分析的目的是比较和综合多个 D(循证医学注重后效评价，止于至善 同类研究的结果 E(循证医学不能解决所有的临床问题 D(针对随机对照试验所做的Meta分析 2(下列说法错误的是 结论更为可靠 A(循证医学不否定医师个人经验，但绝E(Meta分析结果的真实性与各个独立不盲从经验 研究的质量没有关系 B(循证医学实践可以解决所有的临床问7(下列说法正确的是 题 A(Meta分析是一种观察性研究 C(只要掌握了系统评价过程，也就掌握B(Meta分析一般不对各独立研究中的了循证医学实践的全部 每个观察对象的原始数据进行分析 D(实施循证医学意味着医生要结合当前C(报告Meta分析结果时，可不考虑研最好的研究证据、临床经验和病人的意见 究背景和实际意义 E(当高质量的研究证据不存在时，前人D(Meta分析的结论推广时应注意分析或个人的实践经验可能是目前最好的证据 干预对象特征、干预场所、干预 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 以及依 3(循证医学发展的背景包括 从性等方面的差异 A(按传统方法解决临床问题有一定局限 E(Meta分析可能得不出明确的结论 四、简答题 1(循证医学的基础是什么? 效应量或危险因素的关联强度而致偏倚发 生。 2(循证医学实践的目的是什么? 5(失效安全数 3(循证医学实践的基本步骤有哪些? 通过计算假定能使结论 4(证据的质量如何分级? 逆转而所需的阴性结果的报告数，即失效安 5(循证医学如何评价证据是否最佳? 全数来估计发表偏倚的大小。失效安全数越 6(大，表明Meta分析的结果越稳定，结论被Meta分析的目的是什么? 推翻的可能性越小。 7(进行Meta分析的指征是什么? 8(Meta分析的基本步骤是什么? 6(敏感性分析 采用两种或多种不同方 9(研究证据的来源有哪些? 法对相同类型的研究(试验)进行系统评价 五、论述题 (含Meta分析)，比较这两个或多个结果 1(从发展的观点出发试说明循证医学的是否相同的过程，称为敏感性分析。其目的局限性。 是了解系统评价结果是否稳定和可靠。 2(试论述循证医学、临床流行病学和系二、单选题 统评价之间的联系和区别。 1.E 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.B 3(试阐述循证医学与传统临床医学的区8.C 9.D 10.A 11.B 12.B 别。 三、多选题 1.DE 2.BC 3.ABCDE 4.ABCD 5.AC 参考答案 6.BE 7.ABDE 一、名词解释 1(循征医学(EBM) 慎重、准确和明四、简答题 智地应用当前所能获得的最佳的研究依据。1(循证医学的基础是什么? 同时结合临床医生的个人专业技能和多年?素质良好的医生;?当前最佳的研究临床经验、考虑患者的权利、价值和期望，证据;?临床流行病学的基本方法和知识;将三者完美地结合以制定出患者的治疗措?患者的参与及合作;?必要的医疗环境和施。 条件。 2(系统评价(SR) 是一种综合文献的 2(循证医学实践的目的是什么?研究方法，即按照特定的问题，系统、全面?弄清疾病发病的危险因素，为疾病的地收集已有的相关和可靠的临床研究结果，防治提供依据;?提供可靠的诊断依据;?采用临床流行病学严格评价文献的原则和帮助医生为患者选择当前最科学、合理的治方法，筛选出符合质量标准的文献并进行科疗措施;?分析和应用促进患者康复的有利学的定性或定量合并，最终得出综合可靠的因素，改善患者预后和提高其生存质量;?结论。 提供可用于卫生管理的最佳研究证据，促进 3(Meta分析 对具有相同目的且相互管理决策科学化。 独立的多个研究结果进行系统的综合评价3(医学实践的基本步骤有: 和定量分析的一种研究方法。即Meta分析?提出明确的问题;?系统检索相关文不仅需要搜集目前尽可能多的研究结果和献，全面收集证据;?严格评价证据;?应进行全面、系统的质量评价，而且还需要对用证据指导决策;?后效评价，通过实践进符合选择条件(纳入标准)的研究进行定量一步提高。 的合并。 4(证据的质量的分级: 4(发表偏倚 指有“统计学意义”的研?第一级:按照特定病种的特定疗法收究结果较“无统计学意义’，和无效的研究集所有多个质量可靠的随机对照试验后所结果被报告和发表的可能性更大。如果Meta作的系统评价;?第二级;单个的大样本随分析只是基于已经公开发表的研究结果，可机对照试验;?第三级:有对照但未用随机能会因为有统计学意义的占多数，从而夸大方法分组的研究(如设计很好的队列研究、 病例—对照研究或无对照);?第四级:无与人类健康有关的问题，如社会、自然或环 境问题; 对照的系列病例观察;?第五级:专家意见。 (25(医学如何评价证据是否最佳? )建立有效的产生、总结、传播和利 ?首先是分析评价证据的真实性;?其用医疗证据的体系，需要花费一定的资源，次是评价其对于临床医疗实践是否具有重虽然从长远看，循证医学会降低医疗费用，要价值;?最后是分析是否能适用于面临的但其不能确保在每一个具体的阶段性治疗临床问题。 措施中一定更廉价; 6(Meta分析的目的是: (3)原始文献研究背景和研究质量不 ?增加统计学检验效能;?定量估计研一，即使经过严格的证据评价，循证医学实究效应的平均水平;?评价研究结果的不一践得到的结论仍有可能存在各种偏倚; 致性;?寻找新的假说和研究思路。 (4)应用循证医学实践得出的结论指导 7(Meta分析的指征是: 医疗卫生决策，为病人提供服务时可能会遇 到各种各样的障碍，如地理上的、组织方面目前认为Meta分析主要适用于随机化 的、传统习惯性的、法律和行为方面的因素对照试验(RCT)结果的综合，尤其存在以 下指征:?需要做出一项紧急决定，而又缺等，致使一项有效的防治措施可能根本无法乏时间进行一项新的试验;?目前没有能力推行，或根本不被病人接受。即使现在可以 推行的措施，由于受诊断方法和水平，医生开展大规模的临床试验;?有关药物和其他 的水平和积极性，病人的依从性等因素的影治疗，特别是副作用评价方法的研究;?研 究结果矛盾时。 响，可能还是不能达到预期的效果; (58(Meta分析的基本步骤是: )医疗卫生决策并不是一个简单的科 ?提出问题，制定研究计划;?检索资学问题，在资源有限的状况下，它又是一个料;?选择符合纳入标准的研究;?纳入研经济和伦理问题。对于一个人来说，他不可究的质量评价;?提取纳入文献的数据信能将他拥有的所有财产都用于医治疾病和息;?资料的统计学处理;?敏感性分析;提高健康，还必须考虑生活的其他需要。如?形成结果报告。 何分配资源是一个个人价值取向的问题。同 9(考试要点研究证据的来源: 理，一个国家和地区的医疗卫生资源也是有 (1)原始资料来源包括专著、高质量期限的，一个病人使用了一项昂贵的检查或治刊上发表的论著、电子出版物等。例如医学疗，意味着很多其他病人可能失去了诊治的索引在线(Medline)、Embase数据库(Embase 机会。决策者必须兼顾个人和社会利益，在Database)、中国生物医学文献数据库经济和伦理原则面前，往往科学证据也不得(CBM)、中国循证医学/Cochrane中心数据不做一定的让步。 库(CEBM,CCD)和国立研究注册(NRR)等2(试论述循证医学、临床流行病学和系等。 统评价之间的联系和区别。 (2)经系统评价的二次研究资料包括循(1)联系:循证医学是在临床流行病学证医学教科书、与证据有关的数据库、网站的基础上发展起来的，可以说临床流行病学等。例如Cochrane图书馆(CL)、循证医是循证医学的理论基础之一，另一方面，临学评价(EBMR)、循证医学杂志(EBM)、床流行病学的发展需要吸收和运用循证医国立指南库(NGC)、指南(Guidelines)学的思想，在循证医学的思想指导下流行病等等。 学在临床上的应用将更为科学和系统。系统 五、论述题 评价是在循证医学和临床流行病学指导下 1(从发展的观点出发试说明循证医学的对文献进行的二次评价，是具体的实践过局限性。 程，如果没有循证医学作为指导，对文献的 (1)虽然循证医学将会大大提高医疗卫利用只会是自发、零乱、单一、孤立的，其生服务的质量和效率，但它并不能解决所有 结果相对不可靠，而质量高的系统评价是循药研制采取更科学的临床试验方法，更易获证医学的要求和基础。 得疗效确切、副作用少的新药;通过对医疗 (2)区别:循证医学的核心是强调要建措施进行评价和规范，根据科学证据制定医立自觉去寻找、研究和运用最佳的证据，并疗费用补偿政策，合理而高效地使用有限的与自身的经验和患者的意愿相结合来指导卫生资源;以证据为基础选择治疗措施，满实践的思想，其目的是解决临床医疗实践中足病人得到既有效又经济的医疗服务的要的难题，从这个意义上讲循证医学首先是指求;治病过程从以医生为中心向以病人为中导实践的一种思想，是解决问题的科学的思心转变，对治疗效果重新定义，从而不断提维方式;而临床流行病学是运用流行病学的高整体医疗水平。 思想和方法，通过严谨的设计、测量和评价， 研究患病群体病人，其主要特征是一门指导一、循证医学概念 临床科研的方法学。而系统评价是对文献的循证医学(EBM)是遵循科学证据的医学， 指的是临床医生在获得了患者准确的临床严格评价和系统综合的一种方法，其应用的 依据的前提下，根据自己纯熟的临床经验和领域不仅限于循证医学，循证医学所包含的 内容也远远超过系统评价。 知识技能，分析并抓住患者的主要临床问 3(循证医学和传统临床医学的主要目的题，应用最佳的和最新的科学证据，作出科 学的诊治决策，联系具体的医疗环境，并取都是要解决临床问题，但它们在很多方面都 得患者的合作和接受，以实践这种诊治决策存在区别。 (1)传统临床医学检索文献不够系统和的具体医疗过程。 完全;而循证医学检索文献系统、完全，为二、循证医学实践的基础 循证医学实践获取最佳证据奠定坚实的基1、高素质的临床医生;2、最佳的研究证据;础。 3、临床流行病学的基本方法和知识;4、患 (2)传统的临床医学缺乏评价标准，评者的参与。 价证据不严格，偏倚多;而循证医学需要对三、经过专家筛选和评价的最佳最新证据来一个研究证据的质量做科学的鉴别，分析它源:1、美国内科学杂志(Annals of Internal 的真实性程度，进一步评价运用于临床医疗Medicine)2、循证医学杂志是否有重要价值，最后看这种证据是否能适(Evidence-Based Medicine)3、Cochrane用于具体的临床实践，使得经过严格评价的图书馆(Cochrane Library)4、临床证据证据真实、可靠、适用。 (Clinical Evidence) (3)传统的临床医学认为掌握疾病的发四、循证医学实践的类别 病机制和病理生理学原理，加上来自非系统循证医学最佳证据的提供者(doer)和最佳观察的临床经验就可以判断患者预后、疗效证据的应用者(user)。 及评价诊疗方法。这样指导临床决策的科学五、循证医学实践的方法(实践循证医学“五性有一定限制，实用性也不肯定;而循证医步曲”) 学认为这些不是指导临床实践的全部依据，1、确定拟弄清的临床问题;2、检索有关的强调来自经系统研究得到的最佳证据，这样医学文献;3、严格的文献评价;4、应用最指导临床决策的科学性强。 佳成果于临床决策;5、总结经验与评价能 (4)传统的临床医学仅通过传统的医学力。 培训方法评价新的诊治方法，常常使得一些六、前景问题的四个基本成分 有效的疗法长期得不到推广，而一些无效或P病人和/或问题 I干预措施(包括一种暴有害的疗法却广泛使用，高额费用购买的医露因素、一种诊断试验、一种预后因素或一疗服务却没有效果，提高医疗水平的能力不种治疗方法等) 肯定。而循证医学是基于研究证据的临床实C对比措施(与拟研究的干预措施进行对比践，可以缩小不同地区临床实践的差异;新的措施) O重要的临床结局。 七、研究证据的分类 5、收集数据;6、分析资料和报告结果;7、(1)原始研究证据 解释系统评价的结果;8、更新系统评价 (2)二次研究证据:1、系统评价2、临床十一、系统评价的评价原则 决策分析3、临床证据手册4、卫生技术评(一)系统评价的结果是否真实 估5、临床实践指南 1、是否根据随机对照试验进行的系统评价;八、系统评价(SR)的概念 2、在系统评价的“方法学”部分，是否描系统评价是一种全新的文献综合评价临床、述了检索和评价临床研究质量的方法;3研究方法，是针对某一临床具体问题，系统不同研究的结果是否一致 全面地收集全世界所有发表或未发表的临(二)系统评价的结果是否重要 (三)系统评价的结果是否能应用于我的病床研究结果，采用临床流行病学严格评价文 献的原则和方法，筛选出符合质量标准的文人 献，进行定性或定量合成，去粗取精，去伪1、我的病人是否与系统评价中的研究对象存真，得出综合可靠地结论。 差异较大而不适宜应用该证据, 特征 2、系统评价中的干预措施在我的医院是否叙述性文献综述 可行, 系统评价 3、自己的病人从治疗中获得的利弊如何, 4研究的问题 、对于拟采用的干预措施和可能由此导致涉及的范畴常较广泛 常集中于某一临床问的不良反应，病人的价值观和选择如何, 题 十二、Meta-分析的概念 Meta-分析师对具有相同研究题目的多个医原始文献来源 常未说明、不全面 学研究进行综合分析的一系列过程，明确，常为多渠道 包括提检索方法 出研究问题、制定纳入和排除标准、检索相常未说明 关研究、汇总基本信息、综合分析并报告结有明确的检索策略 果等。目的在于增大样本含量，减少随即误 分析原始文献的选择 差所致的差异，增大检验效能。Meta-常未说明、有潜在偏倚 又称荟萃分析。 有明确的选择标准 十三、效应量 原始文献的评价 效应量是指临床上有意义或实际价值的观评价方法不统一或未评价 察指标改变量，观察指标若为分类变量资有严格的评价方法 料，可采用的效应量有相对危险度(RR)、结果的综合 比值比(OR)、绝对危险度或率差(RD)等。 多采用定性方法 十四、为什么要进行异质性检验 多采用定量方法 Meta-分析是多个研究效应量间的合并分结论的推断 析。如果研究间效应量不一致，相差过大，有时遵循研究依据，较主观 则不能做汇总分析。因此需要考察研究间效多遵循研究依据，较客观 应量的异质性，进行异质性检验是Meta-分结果的更新 析前进行的必要工作。 未定期更新 十五、异质性检验是Meta-分析计算合并效定期根据新试验进行更新 循证医学考试重应量前所必须的，根据其检验结果选择固定点 效应模型与随机效应模型。 九、叙述性文献综述与系统评价的区别 十六、系统评价与Meta-分析结果的评价标十、系统评价的方法 准 1、确立题目、制定系统评价计划书;2、检1、系统评价与Meta-分析是否明确提出了敏索文献;3、选择文献;4、评价文献质量;感的临床问题 2、文献检索方法是否详尽清楚, 1、在被评价的RCT证据中，一定要注重其3、文献的纳入标准是否合适 研究的样本是来自随机抽样以及研究样本4、是否对每个纳入研究的进行了真实性评具体的随机分组方法，是否采用了“隐匿”价 措施。 5、纳入研究评价结果的可重复性如何 2、被纳入的研究对象之诊断依据是否可靠，6有否具体的纳入及排除标准，明确这些研究、结果合并是否合适(Meta-分析) 对象所患的疾病的代表性如何，弄清楚了这十七、评价病因和危险因素研究结果真实性 的原则 些则对于证据的真实性判断及其应用有一1、病因和危险因素研究是否采用了论证强定的指导价值。 度高的研究设计方法 3、注意试验开始时，组间的临床基线状况2、试验组和对照组的暴露因素、结局的测是否相对一致，可比性如何,有无显著性差量方法是否一致,是否采用了盲法, 异,例如样本例数在组间是否相等，性别与3、观察期是否足够长,结果是否包括了全年龄分布以及病情和病程等等是否可比。 部纳入的病例, 4、干预措施(试验组与对照组)是否明确，4、病因和危险因素研究因果效应的先后顺是否执行了盲法以及盲法类别是什么(如单序是否合理, 盲、双盲或三盲等)，药物的制剂、剂量、5、危险因素和疾病之间有否剂量效应关用药途径是否清楚。疗程的规定是否合理。系, 这些对判断治疗性证据的真实性，需要结合6、病因和危险因素研究的结果是否符合流临床专业知识。 行病学的规律, 5、注意组间的研究对象除接受试验措施之7、病因致病的因果关系是否在不同的研究外，是否存在同时接受了其他治疗措施(含中反映出一致性, 特异与非特异性治疗)。 8、病因致病效应的生物学依据是否充分, 6、试验观测的中间指标和终末指标是什十八、诊断性试验的评价标准 么, (1)诊断性试验的真实性 、入组试验研究对象的总例数，在最终试7 1、是否用盲法将诊断性试验与参考标准(金验的证据(结论)中是否完全。 标准)坐过独立的对比研究, 8、分析证据的统计学方法是否正确和合理，2、该诊断性试验是否包括了适当的病谱 如果方法正确和对结果的差异性判断合理，3、诊断性试验的检测结果，是否会影响到则证据的真实性佳;如对结果分析所应用的参考标准的实施, 统计学方法欠妥，必然要影响证据的真实4、如将该试验应用于另一组病例，是否也性。 具有同样的真实性, 二十、原始治疗性证据的重要性评价 (2)诊断性试验的重要性 第一、真正的阴性结果(证据) 1、是否通过该项诊断性试验，能正确诊断第二、真实的尚有争议的结果(证据) 或鉴别该患者有无特定的目标疾病, 第三、真实有效地治疗证据 2、是否作了分层似然比的计算, (3)诊断性试验的实用性 1、该实验是否能在本单位开展并能进行正 循证医学复习题 确的检测, 2、我们在临床上是否能够合理估算病人的一、名词解释: 验前概率, 1、循证医学 3、检测后得到的验后概率是否有助于我们2、医学证据 对病人的处理, 十九、RCT质量评价关键因素 二、填空题: 1:循证医学由 、 、 三部分B 常规的文献综述 C 临床证据 组成。 D 临床个案与病例分析资料 2、循证医学实践的基础 是 、 、 、 。 4、常用的研究方案及其应用范围和科学论3、EBM实践的最佳证据的三个特征证强度按顺序最好的是 A 断面研究设计方案 是 、 、 。 B 随机对照试验( RCT ) 4、评价系统评价的基本原则 是 、 、 C 队列研究方案 。 D 病例-对照研究 5、循证医学实践的方法的五步曲E 叙述性的临床病例资料总结或报告 是 、 5、下列哪项不是诊断性试验研究评估的基 、 本要求 A 确定金标准 、 B 确定新的诊断性试验 、 。 C 正确选择研究对象 D 新诊断性试验与以往经验性结果作 比较 E新诊断性试验与金标准结果作比较 三、判断题 1、临床经验能成为可靠的证据。 2(二)X型题 、证据的来源分为一级来源证据(原始研 1、下面那几个是二级来源证据(二次研究究证据)、二级来源证据(二次研究证据)。 3、寻找证据时，首先应寻找可靠的系统评证据) 价。 A Cochrane图书馆 4、证据检索的基本思路是先选择敏感度高B 最佳证据 的策略，在此基础上再选特异度高的策略。 C 循证医学评价(EBNR) 5、系统评价和临床试验:应首先检索原始 D 指南数据库 研究系统评价;如果没有，再查系统评价。 2、检索一类研究的策略是 四、多选题 A系统评价 (一)A型题 B经济学评估和卫生需求 1、前瞻性研究方案包括，但除外 C 临床试验 A 随机临床对照研究 D临床指南 B 队列研究 3、 数据库选择以下哪几个是正确的 C 病例-对照研究 A MEDLINE D 临床对照研究 B Cochrane图书馆、 E 描述性研究。 C 美国内科学杂志发表的ACPJC 2、 下列哪个不是有价值的三种形式的证据 D循证医学评价 A 原始的单个证据:即单篇论文提供的4、系统评价的应用的必要性包括 证据。 A 临床实践的需要 B 常规的文献综述 B 科研工作的需要 C 系统评价 C 学科发展的需要 D 临床个案与病例分析资料 D 医学教育的需要 3、下列哪个是国际最新最佳证据的四大来5、 Meta分析的统计描述的数据来源及分源之一 类包括 A 医学杂志 A I类数据 B II类数据 最佳的和最新的科学证据，做出科学的 诊治决策，联系具体的医疗环境，并取C III类数据 得患者的合作和接受，以实践这种诊治D IV类数据 6、EBM临床实践的伦理原则包括 决策的具体医疗过程。 A 尊重原则 2、 成本-效益分析:将不同的结果换算成流 B 自主原则 通货币的形式，用货币量作为共同的获 C 不伤害原则 利单位进行比较。 D 公正原则 3、 效用:即用社会效益和个人主观满意度7、影响预后研究质量的因素有 来测量和评价健康效果。 A 早期诊断和治疗 4、 药物不良反应:在预防、诊断、治疗疾 B 疾病本身的特点 病或调节生理机能过程中，人接受正常 C 病因 剂量的药物时出现的任何有害的和用药 D 医疗条件 目的无关的反应。 5、 证据:主要是指经过试验所得出的结论。 8、查找预后证据的目的有 6、 系统评价:是一种全新的文献综合评价 A 探讨疾病对患者的危害性 研究方法，是针对某一临床问题系统全 B 探讨影响预后的因素 面的手机全世界所有发表或未发表的临 C 探讨改善预后的措施 床研究结果，采用临床流行病学严格评 D 探讨社会、家庭因素 价文献的原则方法，筛选出符合质量标 准的文献，进行定性或定量何处，去粗 存精，去伪存真，得出综合可靠地结论。 9、回顾性研究有 7、 ROC曲线:又称受试者工作曲线，以实 A 随机临床对照研究 验的敏感度(真阳性率)为纵坐标，而 B 病例-对照研究 以1-特异度(假阳性率)为横坐标，依 C 描述性研究 照连续分组测定的数据，分别计算SEN D 回顾性队列研究 及SPN，按照平面几何的方法将给出的 各点连成曲线。 8、 Meta-分析:又称荟萃分析支队具有相同 五、简答题 研究题目的多个医学研究进行综合分析(一)、疾病的循证治疗实际上是一个医疗的一系列过程，包括提出研究问题，制决策的问题，一个患者在诊治过程采用循证定纳入和排除的标准，检索相关研究，治疗的方法经浓缩后可归纳为: 汇总基本信息，综合分析并报告结果。 (二)、Meta分析结果评价标准有哪几项 9、 医疗保密:通常是指医生在医疗活动中 不向他人泄露有关患者的病情或其他隐 私情况，患者的所有个人资料均属保密 内容，对患者隐私的保护并不是无限制 循的，绝对的。 证医学练习题 二、填空题 一、名词解释 1、最佳证据应具备的特性 真实性 、 1、 循证医学:是遵循科学证据的医学，指重要性 、 实用性 。 的是临床医生在获得患者准确的临床依2、成本,效果分析的表示方法包括 据的前提下，根据自己的临床经验和知成本效果C/E 比或 增量效率 ΔC/ 识技能，分析并抓住患者的主要临床问Δ E 比。 题(诊断、治疗、雨后、康复等)，应用3、可作为常用的效用评价指标是 质量调整 寿命年 QALY 和 伤残调整寿命8，预防:怎样通过识别和纠正危险因素年 DALY 。 来减少疾病的发生及如何通过筛查来早期4、根据不良反应与 药物的剂量 的诊断疾病。 关系，将药物不良反应分为A型和B型。 5、获得最佳证据或一级证据所需要的临床2、在临床过程中，临床医师和病人家属所试验必须具备一下特征 大样本关注的内容有何不同? 、 、 对照 、 盲法 随机 6、治疗效果的准确度就是可信的程度，常3、原始治疗性证据的真实性评价，一般要用95%可信区间(95%CI，confidence 考虑哪些方面, interval)来表示，可信区间越小，则可信度答:首先，分写是来自什么样的研究设计方就越 接近 真值。 案，是否有恰当的对照组。 7、卫生技术评估的内容包括: 安全性 、 其次，分析研究对象的诊断标准及其纳入和有效性 、 经济学特性 、 社会排除标准是否明确、 适应性 。 第三，分析组间的临床基线是否可比、干预8、最常见的识别发表偏倚的方法为 漏斗图措施和方法是否科学有效和安全。 法 。 第四，分析终点指标是否确切、有何偏倚因9、病因与危险因素研究的主要方法有 系统素存在及其采取了什么防止和处理方法、依评价 ， 随机对照实验 ， 队列研从性如何。 究 ， 病例对照研究 。 第五，资料收集、整理、统计分析是否合适，10、循证医学中诊断性试验常用的指标: 敏结果与结论是否真实和可靠。 感度 、 特异度 、 患病这些都是涉及证据真实性的关键因素。 率 、 阴性预测值和阳性预测 值 。 4、Meta-分析的统计分析过程, 三、简答题 一、效应量的统计描述:可采用的效用量有1、在临床循证医学实践中提出临床需要解RR,OR,RD,WMD,SD 决的问题是其第一步，请简述临床问题的来二、异质性检验:Q检验，异质性来源与处源, 理。 答:1，病史和体格检查:怎样恰当地采集三、合并效应量估计与统计推断。 病史及体格检查和解释其发现 四、敏感性分析 2，病因:怎样识别疾病的原因(包括 医源性) 3，临床表现:疾病临床表现的频度和5、简述医疗保密的内容。 时间，怎样应用这些知识来进行病人的分类 答:患者的所有个人资料均属保密内容。医 4，鉴别诊断:当考虑病人临床表现的可生应饱受患者隐私和秘密，即为患者保密。能原因时，怎样鉴别出那些可能的、严重的但由于医疗的特殊性，在一些特定情况下医并对治疗有反映的原因。 生又不能向患者透露真实病情，即对患者保 5，诊断性试验:怎样基与精确性、准确密。医务人员不向患者讲真话，而采用“善性、可接受性、费用及安全性等因素来选择意的谎言”，以保证诊治的效果，这在道德和解释诊断性试验，以便确定或排除某种诊上是允许的，但应在得到监护人的知情同意断。 后才能实施。 6，预后:怎样估计病人可能的病程和预 测可能发生的并发症或结局。 6、请简述影响预后研究质量的因素 7，治疗:怎样为病人选择利大于害，并答:一(集中性偏倚(又称就诊偏倚)，控价有所值的治疗方法。 制措施有:随机化，限制，配对，分层，多 因素分析。 述 二、迁移性偏倚(又称撤离偏倚)。病人退研究的涉及的范畴常常集中于某一出研究或移动到别的队列，都与预后有关。 问题 较管风范 临床问题 三，测量性偏倚，如果概念模糊，没有明确原始文常未说明、不全明确，常为多的判断标准，就容易出错，影响研究结果。 献来源 面 渠道 检索方常未说明 有明确的检索7、简述病因危险因素分析与评价对循证诊法 策略 治的重要性 原始文常未说明、有潜有明确的选择答:(病因学研究对医疗决策的价值 P100) 件的选在偏倚 标准 一、一句流行病学的宏观证据作出决策， 择 二、一句临床医疗实践的观察作出决策， 原始文评价方法不统有严格的评价三、医疗决策应注重社会效益 献的评一或未评价 方法 价 结果的多采用定性方多采用定量方 综合 法 法 8、请简述决策树分析的步骤。P168 结论的优势遵循研究多遵循研究依答:第一步，明确决策问题，确定备选决策推断 依据，较主观 据，较客观 方案。 结果的未定期更新 定期根据新试第二步，用别个列出所有可能的发生的机会更新 验进行更新 事件及最终结局，通过决策结、机会结直至 结局结的连结，展示事件的客观顺序。 第三步，明确各种结局可能出现的概率 第四步，对最终临床结局用是以的效用值赋 值。 第五步，计算每一种备选决策方案的质量调 整生命年(QALY)期望值，从各种备选方 案的比较中，选择期望值最高的备选方案为 最佳决策方案。 第六步，应用敏感性试验对决策分析的结论 进行测试。 9、应用有关药物不良反应的研究结果于具 体临床工作时，我们主要从哪几个方面考 虑,P130 答:一，文献报告中的结果是否适合于我经 治的病人 二，估计不良反应对我经治的病人的影响 三，了解病人的医院和希望解决的问题 四，选择疾病治疗中更少发生不良反应的方 法 10、系统评价与叙述性文献综述的区别 特征 叙述性文献综系统评价 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.