动词的分类用法

动词的分类用法 一、 动词的种类 实义动词 系动词 助动词 情态动词 see, go, hit, jump, fly, run, live, be, become, get, be, have, do, will, can, may, should keep, buy, lend等 look, seem等 等 shall 1、 实义动词 (1) 定义 实义动词是有实在意义并能独立作谓语的动词。 (2) 分类 按句法作用可分为及物动词和不及物动词;按动作状态可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。 (3) 用法 a. 及物动词 及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。如: I like this book very much. (接宾语) We call the bird Polly.(接宾语+宾补) Please pass me the salt.(接间接宾语+直接宾语) b. 不及物动词 不及物动词自身意思完整，不需要接宾语。如: Horses run fast. They work in a factory. <注> 有些不及物动词和其他词搭配构成动词词组可以相当于及物动词使用。 动词+介词+宾语(名词&代词) Look at the blackboard. Listen to me carefully. 动词+副词+宾语(名词)&动词+宾语(代词)+副词 Please turn off the light. He picked it up and gave it to me. 动词+副词+介词+宾语(名词&代词) Alice gets along well with her classmates. 动词+名词+介词+宾语(名词&代词) Please pay attention to my reading. c. 延续性动词 延续性动词表示动作是可持续的，可以喝表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如: We have lived in China for many years. <注>常用的延续性动词有live, stay, study, work, keep, teach等。 d. 非延续性动词 非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，动作已经发生便立即结束。如: I have finished my homework. <注>常用的非延续性动词有buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come, catch等。它们不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 He has arrived here.——He has been here for five days. The film has begun.—— The film has been on for ten minutes. 【习 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 讲解】 1、He told them on with the work. A(to go B(going C(go D(went 2、The plane will from Beijing Capital Airport and land in London. A. take up B. take out C. take away D. take off 3、The bus is coming. Be careful when you the bus. A. get on B. get off C. get up D. get to 4、The classroom was so dirty. I decided . A. clean it up B. to clean it up C. clean up it D. to clean up it 5、Old men here are well in the home fro the elderly and they are having a happy life. A. looked after B. looked over C. looked for D. looked down 2、 系动词 (1) 定义 系动词本身有词义，但是不能单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成系表结构来说明主语的特征、性质或状态。 (2) 分类 系动词根据作用可以分为状态持续系动词，感官系动词，变化系动词等。 (3) 用法 a. 状态持续系动词 用来表示主语保持的状态，有be(am/is/are); keep; stay; remain等。如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。 He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 b. 感官系动词 用来表示主语(往往是某物)使人产生的感觉，有look，sound，smell，taste，feel译为―看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……‖。如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 <注> 这五个感官系动词除了能做系动词，还可以做实义动词。 如: She smelt the meat. 她闻了闻那块肉。 c. 变化系动词 用来表示主语变成什么样，有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 如: He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 <注> 这些变化系动词在表示变化的时候，在―变化‖的含以上往往有所区别: ? go和come是一对相反的词。''go+adj.''表示令人不快的事情，而''come+adj.''表示好的事情。go与come前面的主语一般是物。如: In hot weather，meat goes bad. Things will come right in the end. He went mad. Hearing this, she went red. ? run后面接short，dry， low， deep等词，主语多为能流动，能消耗掉的东西。grow与run相对，接表示人或物特征的静态形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，侧重于“逐渐变成”。 如:Their money was running short. Still waters run deep. The girl grew thinner and thinner. Soon the sky grew light. ? turn多接表示颜色的形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，它侧重变得与以前完全不同。如: The man turned blue with fear. The weather suddenly turned much colder. ? fall接asleep， silent等静态形容词和表示疾病的形容词，但不能接形容词比较级。如: She fell ill froom cold. ? ''get+adj.''是口语，用得广泛，get能替代become， become较正式，get与become前面的主语既可以是人又可以是物。如: He became(got) angry. His coat has become(got) badly torn. 另外，get较多地与形容词比较级连用。如:The days are getting longer and longer. 【习题讲解】 1. In late autumn leaves brown. A. get B. turn C. stand D. come 2. Little Jim’s speech sounds . A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely 3. In spring, all the flowers in the garden sweet. A. become B. taste C. smell D. sound 4. His girlfriend a singer. A. has turned B. grew C. has become D. turned 5. The poor boy blind at the age of three. A. turned B. went C. became D. looked 3、 助动词 (1) 定义 助动词本身没有意义或者意义不完整，不能单独作谓语。它必须和其他动词连用，帮助其他动词构成时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等。 (2) 分类 英语中的助动词有:助动词be (am/is/are); 助动词have (has/had);助动词do (does/did); 助动词will(would) & shall(should)。 (3) 用法 a. 助动词be的用法 ? be +现在分词，构成进行时态，如: They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 ? be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，如: The window was broken by Tom. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。 ? be + 动词不定式, 表示最近、未来的 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 或安排，如: He is to go to New York next week. 他下周要去纽约。 <注> 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 助动词have的用法 ? have +过去分词，构成完成时态，如: He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month，they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 ? have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，如: I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。 ? have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，如: English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。 c. 助动词do 的用法 ? 构成一般疑问句，如: Do you want to pass the CET,你想通过大学英语测试吗, Did you study German,你们学过德语吗, ? do + not 构成否定句，如: I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。 He doesn’t like to study.他不想学习。 In the past，many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 ? 构成否定祈使句，如: Don’t go there.不要去那里。 Don’t be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。 <注>构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does. ? 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，如: Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there.我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you.我确实想你。 ? 用于倒装句，如: Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。 <注> 引导此类倒装句的副词有never，seldom，rarely，little，only，so，well等。 ? 用作代动词，用在简答句或反义疑问句中，如: —Do you like Beijing,—你喜欢北京吗, —Yes，I do. —是的，喜欢。(do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.) He knows how to drive a car，doesn’t he, 他知道如何开车，对吧, d. 助动词will/shall的用法 ? shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，如: I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。 He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。 <注> 在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。) He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。) ? should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，如:I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。 ? would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如: He said he would come.他说他要来。 【习题讲解】 1. If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match. A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has 2. When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast. A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise 3. In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction. A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made 4. I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work. A. don’t/had B. didn’t/have C. didn’t/had D. don’t/have 5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time? A. Do/have come B. Did/will have come C. Does/will come D. Do/will have come 4、 情态动词 (1) 定义 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。有一定词义但不能单独作谓语，要与主要动词的原形(或称不带to的不定式)一起构成谓语(除ought to作固定词组看待)。不受主语人称和数的变化影响。 (2) 分类 按词性来分类可分为以下几种: 只作情态动词的:can(could); must; may(might) 既作情态动词又作实义动词的:need 既作情态动词又作助动词的:will(would); shall(should) 具有情态动词的某些特征的:have to; ought to (3) 用法 a. can (could)用法 ? 表示能力，译为“能、会”could是 can的过去式，可以表示过去的能力。 Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。 I could swim when I was seven years old. ? 表示客观的可能。 He can’t (couldn’t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。 ? 表示请求或允许，多用于口语中，意思为“可以”，相当于may。如: Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗, Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗, ? 表惊异、怀疑、猜测。主要用于否定句、疑问句中。 Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢, He can’t (couldn’t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。 ? 以can/could开头的一般疑问句，其肯定和否定回答分别用can/could; can’t/couldn’t b. may (might)用法 ? 表示请求，许可，译为“可以”用于主语是第一人称的一般疑问句。 might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。如: You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。 He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。 May I go now?—Yes, please.— No, you mustn’t .我现在可以走了吗,是的，请吧./不，不可以。 <注> 在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式。肯定回答用Yes, please. / Certainly./ Please don’t ./ You’d better not. 否定回答用 No, you mustn’t. ? 表示推测，译为“可能，也许”，用在肯定句中。might比may在于其上更不确定一些。 He may be at home. 他可能在家。 They might be having a meeting, but I’m not sure. 他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。 ? 表示祝愿。如:May you success! 祝你成功～ c. must用法 ? 表示义务。意为―必须，应该‖(主观意志)。 We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。 ? 表示推测。意为―想必、准是、一定‖等，只用于肯定句。 He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。 She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。 ? 否定句中，mustn’t表示禁止，译为“不允许”，以must开头的疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t，表示“不需要，不必”。如: Must I finish the homework today? Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t. d. need用法 ? need+ do时，为情态动词，译为“需要”，用need提问时，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t。如:You needn’t come to school so early.你不必这么早来学校。 ? need+ to do时，其为实义动词，用助动词(do/does)帮忙提问或否定，如: I need to have a rest.我需要休息一下。I don’t need to go there. ? need+doing时，表示被动意义。如:This old house need repairing.这幢老房子需要修葺。 The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。 e. shall(should),will(would)用法 ? shall用于第一人称表示征询意见、询问。如: Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗, What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么, shall用于第二、第三人称表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思。如: You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令) You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺) He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。(警告) Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心) ? should常用来表示义务，责任，译为“应该”。如: We should abbey traffic laws.我们应该还遵守交通规则。 You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。 You shouldn’t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。 should表示推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。如: They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。 ? will表示意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。如: I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。 That mother will do anything for her son. will表示请求，用于疑问句。如: Will you close the window? It’s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗,有点冷。 Won’t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗, will表示某种倾向或习惯性动作，如: Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。 The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。 ? would表示过去的意愿，如: I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。 would表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。 Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗, Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗, They wouldn’t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。 would表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。 Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。 f. ought to用法 ? 表义务，意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做)，口气比should稍重。 You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲，应当管他。 You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。 ? 表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。 Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。 There’s a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。 g. used to用法 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。 He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。 There used to be a building at the street corner. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房。 I usedn’t (didn’t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。 Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗, h. had better用法 had better后接动词原形表示“最好做某事”，否定形式是had better not do sth.“最好不要做某事”如: You’d better stay at home. You’d better not go there. <注>几组相近情态动词的辨析 1. can 和be able to can 和be able to表示能力的时候用法相同。但是，情态动词can只有两种时态形式，现在式can和过去式could，而be able to有多种时态形式。 Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。 We will be able to come back next week. 我们下周能回来。 2. must和 have to must和have to的意思都是“必须”，常可以互换使用。must表示主观意志，而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有人称和数的变化，have to有人称和数的变化。如: We must work hard at school. That poor girl has to go to hospital. 3. maybe 和 may be may为情态动词，后加动词原形be，用在句中，两者构成完整的谓语形式，与主语形成系表结构，意为―也许是、可能是‖。 如: I can’t find my watch. It may be in your pocket. 我找不到我的手表了，它可能在你的口袋里。 He may be a soldier. 他可能是军人。 maybe是副词，意思是―也许、可能‖，在句中作状语，相当于perhaps，常位于句首。如: Maybe she’ll come this afternoon. 她可能今天下午来。 Maybe you put the letter in your pockets. 大概你把信放在衣袋里了。 另外，maybe和may be可相互转换。如: He may be in the office. = Maybe he is in the office. 他或许在办公室。 You may be right. = Maybe you are right. 你或许是对的。 【习题讲解】 1. There __________ some flowers in the garden. A. were used to be B. used to be C. uses to be D. used to be having 2. "__________ I take it out?" "I'm sorry, you __________." A. Could ...couldn't B. Might...might not C. Could...can D. May...can't 3. All the lights are on, Smiths __________ up. A. must get B. is getting C. must be getting D. would get 4. ________she ride when she was three years old? A. Can B. Could C. Need D. May 5. — Must I finish the work before five o'clock? —No, you________. A. needn't B. mustn't C. have to 二、 动词的基本形式 英语中动词有五种基本形式:动词原形、第三人称单数、过去式、现在分词和过去分词。 1、 五种形式变化规则 形式 构成 例词 动词原形 动词的一般形式 be, have, do, learn 第三人称单数形式 在动词原形后加-s run-runs; like-likes 以o, x, s, sh, ch结尾的动词，go-goes; pass-passes; 在词尾加-es wash-washes; teach-teaches 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，study-studies; try-tries 将y变i再加-es 现在分词 在动词原形后加-ing read-reading 以不发音字母e结尾的动词，live-living; write-writing 去掉e再加-ing 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只sit-sitting; begin-beginning 有一个辅音字母的动词，双写 该字母再加-ing 少数几个以ie结尾的动词，die-dying; tie-tying; lie-lying 要变ie 为y再加-ing 过去式与过去分词 在动词原形后加-ed work-worked (规则变化) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，carry-carried; study-studied 把y变i再加-ed 以e结尾的动词直接加-d live-lived 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只stop-stopped; plan-planned 有一个辅音字母的动词，双写 该辅音字母再加-ed 2、 过去式与过去分词的不规则变化 (1) 巧记ABB型不规则动词(,代表动词原形，BB代表过去式和过去分词) 原型特征 过去式 过去分词 例词 -eep -ept -ept keep, sweep, sleep -ell -old -old sell, tell -end -ent -ent lend, spend, send -ay -aid -aid say, pay -n -nt -nt burn, learn, mean (2) 巧记ABC型不规则动词(A代表动词原形，B代表动词过去式，C代表动词过去分词) 原型特征 过去式 过去分词 例词 -eak -oke -oken break, speak -eal -ole -olen steal -ear -ore -orn wear, bear, tear -ow -ew -own grow, blow, know, throw -i- -a- -u- sink, swim, drink, ring, sing, begin -i- -o- -n drive, rise (3) 巧记AAA型不规则动词(,代表动词原形，过去式和过去分词) 此类动词归纳:hit, hurt, let, spit(吐痰), rid(去掉), cost, read, put, cut 【习题讲解】 1. go (单数第三人称) _______ 2. carry (单数第三人称)_______ 3. take (单数第三人称) _______ 4. have (单数第三人称) _______ 5. give (现在分词) _______ 6. get (现在分词) _______ 7. lie (现在分词) _______ 8. say (现在分词) _______ 9. buy (过去分词) _______ 10. show (过去分词) _______ 11. invite (过去分词) ______ 12. hurry (过去分词) _______ 13. make (过去式) _______ 14. find (过去式) _______ 15. are (过去式)_______ 16. written (原形) _______ 三、 易混淆的动词及词组辨析 1、uesd to do sth. 和 be used to doing sth.的区别 used to do sth.表示过去常常做某事;be used to doing sth.表示习惯于做某事。如: I used to get up at six o’clock in the morning.“我过去常常在早上六点钟起床。” I am used to getting up early.“我习惯早起。” <注> be used to do sth.表示被用来做什么(是被动语态)如: Pens are used to write.“钢笔是用来写字的。” 2、arrive, get和reach表示“到达”时的区别 arrive in+大地点;arrive at+小地点;get to+ 地点名词;reach+地点名词 如: We arrived at the village at five in the afternoon.“我们下午五点钟到达了那个村子。” When did you arrive in Beijing?“你什么时候到的北京,” We can get to school on time.“我们能够准时到校。” Can you reach my home in time?“你能及时到我家么,” 3、borrow, lend和keep的区别 borrow“借”是短暂性动词，表示主语“借入”某物。常用短语是borrow sth, from sb. lend“借”是短暂性动词，表示主语“借出”某物。常用短语是lend sth, to sb. keep“借，保存”是延续性动词，表示长时间地借。如: I borrowed a book from my friend, Lily. Can you lend me some money? How long can I keep this book? 4、dress, put on, wear的区别 dress“穿”可以构成dress sb.“给某人穿衣服” dress sb up“打扮某人” put on “穿上，戴上”，强调动作;wear“穿着，戴着”强调状态，等于be in. 如: The boy dressed himself quickly. The lady dressed herself up and went to the party. Jim put on his coat and went out. Lily is wearing a red skirt today. 5、 see, look ,watch, read的区别 see“看见”强调结果;look“看”强调动作;watch“观看”一般宾语是电视或比赛;read“看 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf ，读报”表示阅读。如: I can see an apple on the table. Look, there is a kite in the sky. Don’t watch TV too much. You may read some interesting books. 6、 bring, take, carry, fetch的区别 bring“带来，拿来”表示拿到靠近说话者的地方;take“拿去，带走”表示拿到远离说话者的地方;carry“扛、搬”表示用力移动，没有方向性;fetch“去取，去拿”表示往返拿物。如:Remember to bring your homework to school tomorrow. Please take these books to Mary. Can you carry this bag to my office? I can fetch the key, don’t worry. 7、 die, dead, death, dying的区别 die“死”瞬间不及物动词，表动作;dead“死的”形容词，表状态;death“死亡”名词;dying“垂死的，要死的”形容词。如: Her grandfather died last year. Her grandfather has been dead for two years. His death was a great loss to China. The poor old man was dying. 8、 speak, talk, say, tell的区别 speak是不及物动词，表示说某种语言或会议上的发言;say是及物动词，可接直接或间接引语，表示说话的内容;talk是不及物动词，常和介词to或with搭配，表示和某人谈话，也表示具有说话能力;tell是及物动词，表示“告诉”，常和story等词连用，表示“讲故事”等。 9、 spend, take, pay的区别 spend指花费时间或金钱，常用句型是spend on sth./ (in) doing sth; take指花费时间做某事，常用句型是It take sb. + 时间+ to do sth. pay与for连用，表示“支付„„费用” 10. lose, forget, leave的区别 lose“丢失，失去“; forget“忘记” forget to do sth “忘记要做的事”forget doing sth“忘记做过的事”; leave sth+地点 “把某物落在某地” 【习题讲解】 l. It _____ me one and a half hours to get there by bus. A. spent B. took C. used D. paid 2. The Young Pioneer ______ water for the old man every day. A. fetches B. brings C. takes D. carries 3. -Don’t keep your mother _____ long. –No, I won’t. A. wait B. waiting for C. wait for D. waiting 4. I can ______ you my dictionary, but you can ______ it for only a week. . A. borrow, lend B. lend, borrow C. lend, keep D. keep, lend 5. The man doesn't know how to ______ this word in English. A. speak B. tell C. talk D. say