联合国介绍(英文版)

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization established on 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations,(国际联盟) the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The UN Headquarters （总部）is situated in Manhattan, New York City and enjoys extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. 1.On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the United Nations Charter. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five then-permanent members of the Security Council—France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and the US—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council took place in Methodist Central Hall Westminster in London beginning 6 January 1946. The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for United Nations Headquarters, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory.The Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General. 1945年4月25日，联合国国际组织会议在旧金山召开，50国政府及诸多非政府机构参与并起草了《联合国宪章》。1945年10月24日，当时的安理会五大常任理事国（法国、中华民国、苏联、英国和美国）及多数其他签署国（46国）共同批准了宪章，联合国正式宣告成立。 1946年1月6日，联合国大会第一次会议（51个国家代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 出席）以及安理会在英国伦敦的卫理公会中央礼堂举行。大会选定纽约作为联合国总部，其设施于1952年完工。联合国总部同联合国在日内瓦、维也纳和内罗毕的总部一样，被指定为国际领土。同时，大会还选举了挪威外相特吕格韦·赖伊为第一任联合国秘书长。 2.The United Nations' system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice.[42] A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship Council, suspended operations in 1994, upon the independence of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory. 2.1 The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations. Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions, but emergency sessions can also be called.The assembly is led by a president, elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents.The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall Westminster in London and included representatives of 51 nations. When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Examples of important questions include recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and budgetary matters. All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council. 联合国大会是联合国的主要合议性团体，包括联合国的所有会员国，每年定期举行会议，但紧急会议亦可以召开[54]。大会由一位主席（由成员国中产生，根据区域进行轮换）和21位副主席主持[55]。第一次会议于1946年1月10日在伦敦西敏卫理公会中央礼堂召开，有51个国家的代表参会[10]。 大会对于重要问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 的投票需要到场且投票的三分之二多数才能通过。重要问题的例子包括关于和平和安全的建议、主要机构的选举、接纳、暂停和开除会员，以及预算事宜[56]。其他问题则由简单多数决定。每个国家只有一票。除预算事项外，通过的决议对于会员没有约束力。大会可以对联合国范围内的一切事项提出建议，但关于和平和安全的事项则属安全理事会考量 2.2 The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the United Nations can only make "recommendations" to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions. The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of 5 permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 10 non-permanent members—Argentina (term ends 2014), Australia (2014), Chad (2015), Chile (2015), Jordan (2015), Lithuania (2015), Luxembourg (2014), Nigeria (2015), Republic of Korea (2014), and Rwanda (2014).[59] The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with member states voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis.[60] The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month. 安全理事会的职责是维护国家之间的和平与安全。联合国的其他主要机构只有对会员国提出“建议”的权利，而安理会则有权提出具有强制性的决议，在宪章第二十五条规定下，会员国必须接受并履行[58]。安理会的决议被称为联合国安全理事会决议。 安理会由15个会员国组成，其中包括5个常任理事国——中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国和美国——以及10个非常任理事国——阿根廷（2014年任期结束）、澳大利亚（2014年）、乍得（2015年）、智利（2015年）、约旦（2015年）、立陶宛（2015年）、卢森堡（2015年）、尼日利亚（2015年）、韩国（2015年）及卢旺达（2015年）[60]。其中五个常任理事国对于联合国决议具有否决权，因此常任理事国能够阻止一项决议的通过，但无法阻止讨论。十个非常任理事国任期两年，根据地域分配原则由大会从成员国中选出。安理会的主席每个月根据字母顺序进行轮换。 2.3 The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide.It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies. The Secretary-General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer". The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. the post shall be appointed on the basis of geographical rotation, and that the Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five permanent Security Council member states.1 联合国秘书处由秘书长主持，由来自全球的公务人员协助运作[63]。它为联合国机构召开的会议提供研究、信息和设施，并根据安理会、大会、经社理事会和其他机构的指示进行工作。 现任秘书长潘基文秘书长在事实上是联合国的发言人和领导人。根据联合国宪章，这一职位是这一组织的“行政首长”。宪章第九十九条规定秘书长可将“其认为可能威胁国际和平及安全之任何事件”提请安理会注意，秘书长在安理会（具有否决权）进行推荐之后由大会进行任命[68]。这一职责没有具体的要求，但如今已形成惯例应有一至两个五年任期，应根据地区轮转任命，且不应来自安理会五大常任理事国。现任秘书长为潘基文，他在2007年接替了科菲·安南，并在此后获得连任，将于2016年年底结束任期. 2.4 The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation. 国际法院（ICJ）位于荷兰海牙，是联合国的主要司法机构，于1945年根据联合国宪章建立起来，并在1946年作为常设国际法院的继承者开始运行。国际法院由15名法官组成，法官任期9年，由大会任命，必须来自不同的国家 2.5 The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. The council has one annual meeting in July, held in either New York or Geneva. Viewed as separate from the specialized bodies it co-ordinates, ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations.[74][75] Owing to its broad mandate of co-ordinating many agencies, ECOSOC has at times been criticized as unfocused or irrelevant. 联合国经济及社会理事会（ECOSOC）在推动国际经济和社会合作及发展方面对大会进行协助。经社理事会有54个成员国，由大会选出，任期三年。主席同样选举产生，任期一年，来自经社理事会中中等或较小的成员国。理事会每年7月召开一次会议，会议地点在纽约或是日内瓦。它的主要职责是收集信息、为会员国提供建议，与专门机构进行协调并提供建议 Specialized agencies The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the UN can establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties.Some of the best-known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Food and Agriculture Organization, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The UN performs most of its humanitarian work through these agencies. Examples include mass vaccination programmes (through WHO), the avoidance of famine and malnutrition (through the work of the WFP), and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people (for example, by UNHCR). 联合国宪章规定，联合国的主要机构可建立专门机构以履行其职责。最为人所知的机构包括国际原子能机构、粮食及农业组织、联合国教科文组织、世界银行以及世界卫生组织。联合国通过这些机构进行大部分的人道主义工作，其中包括大规模疫苗项目（通过WHO）、防止饥荒和营养不良（通过WFP）以及保护难民（如联合国难民署）。 3.Membership With the addition of South Sudan on 14 July 2011, there are 193 United Nations member states, including all undisputed independent states apart from Vatican City. In addition, there are two non-member observer states of the United Nations General Assembly: the Holy See (which holds sovereignty over Vatican City) and the State of Palestine.The Cook Islands and Niue, both states in free association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognised by the Secretariat. 2011年7月14日南苏丹加入之后[81]，目前联合国总共有193个会员国，包括除梵蒂冈之外所有未受争议的独立国家. 此外，联合国大会中还有两个非会员观察员国家：圣座（对梵蒂冈拥有主权）和巴勒斯坦国[84]。库克群岛和纽埃两国皆是同新西兰自由联合的国家，是多个联合国专门机构的正式会员，秘书处承认它们的“完全缔约能力” 4. The Group of 77 The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries.The group was founded on 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).  联合国中的七十七国集团是一个发展中国家的松散联合，目标是促进其成员的共同经济利益和提升在联合国中的集体谈判能力。该集团最初由七十七个国家创立，但截至2013年11月其成员国数量已经扩展至133个。1964年6月15日，在联合国贸易和发展会议上发表了《七十七个国联合宣言》，正式宣布集团成立。