新GRE绿皮三空填空详解详析

例 1.(OG Verbal Practice Set 3 Q4, Medium)Richard M. Russell said 52 percent of the nation’s growth since the Second World War had (i) ______ invention. He said, (ii)______ research, the government’s greatest role in assuring continuing innovation is promoting a strong, modern patent office. “Unless we can (iii) ______ original ideas, we will not have invention.” Mr. Russell said. Speculating on the state of innovation over the next century, several inventors agreed that the future lay in giving children the tools to think creatively and the motivation to invent. BLANK (i) BLANK (ii) BLANK (iii) (A) been at the expense of (D) in addition to restricting (G) evaluate (B) no bearing on (E) aside from supporting (H) protect (C) come through (F) far from exaggerating (I) disseminate KEY: CEH (一) 节选出第二、三空格部分 He said, (ii) ______ research, the government’s greatest role in assuring continuing innovation is promoting a strong, modern patent office. “Unless we can (iii) ______ original ideas, we will not have invention.” 1. 去除 blank2 所在的部分，“He said the government’s greatest role in assuring continuing innovation is promoting a strong, modern patent office.”这句话表明 R 先生 的态度是支持科技创新。 2. 后文中 Unless we can (iii) ______ original ideas, we will not have invention. 是对于上文的重述，R 先生支持创新，因而需要至少不破坏原创性思想。而上文中说要 assuring continuing innovation，innovation 与 original ideas 构成逻辑相关词关系，因 而对其两者所做的动作等价，即 assure，在 blank3 中选出 protect。 3. 为了确保有足够的创新，因而 R 先生对于科技创新的基础——研究的态度与其 对于科学研究的态度相同，因此在这里，对于 continuing创新的要求导致了对于 research 的态度——支持。 4. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空 [1]. in addition to restricting：除了限制之外（相反） [2]. aside from supporting：除了支持之外（正确） [3]. far from exaggerating：除了夸大之外（无关） [4]. evaluate：（评估）to determine the significance, worth, or condition of usually by careful appraisal and study（无关）[5]. protect：（保护）（正确） [6]. disseminate：（传播）to disperse throughout（无关） (二) 最终完成填空 Richard M. Russell said 52 percent of the nation’s growth since the Second World War had (i) ______ invention. 1. R 先生对于科技与国家发展持有一个正态度，因而也反映在其对于国家发展对 于科技进步的依赖上面，其应该认为国家发展是依靠科技进步来实现的，因而在 blank1 中填入一个正态度。 2. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. been at the expense of ：以……为代价（相反） [2]. no bearing on：对……没有影响（相反） [3]. come through：来自于……（正确） (三) 理解句意，看是否逻辑与语义契合：Richard M. Russell 说，二战以来世界各国的 发展有 52%可以归结于发明创造。他说，除了支持科学研究以外，政府对于确保一国 能有持续稳定的发明创造的最重要的任务就是推广一个强有力的现代专利局。R 先生还 说：“除非我们能够保护原创性观点，否则我们就不会有发明创造”。展望下个世纪发明 创造的前景之后，许多发明家在同这样一个观点，就是未来在于给予我们的孩子们创造 性思维的工具，同时给予他们足够的刺激去发明创造新生事物。 例 2. (OG Verbal Practice Set 3 Q5, Medium)Statements presented as fact in a patent application are (i) ______ unless a good reason for doubt is found. The invention has only to be deemed “more likely than not” to work in order to receive initial approval. And, although thousands of patents are challenged in court for other reasons, no incentive exists for anyone to expend effort (ii) ______ the science of an erroneous patent. For this reason the endless stream of (iii) ______ devices will continue to yield occasional patent. BLANK (i) BLANK (ii) BLANK (iii) (A) presumed verifiable (D) corroborating (G) novel (B) carefully scrutinized (E) advancing (H) bogus (C) considered capricious (F) debunking (I) obsolete KEY: AFH (一) 节选出第一空所在部分 Statements presented as fact in a patent application are (i) ______ unless a good reason for doubt is found. 1. Blank1 中应该填入一个形容词，描述 statement 被视为何物的状态，而前后 两个半句间通过 unless 连接，表示相关句子间是反义关系。 2. 后半句说可以找到一个值得怀疑的理由，则前半句说明没有怀疑的理由，则根 据“无罪推定”的背景知识，认为没有怀疑的必要，被认为是真实的。选取 fact 的同义词。 3. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. presumed verifiable：被推定为可信的、真实的 [2]. carefully scrutinized：仔细调查 [3]. considered capricious：被认为是变化无常的 (二) And, although thousands of patents are challenged in court for other reasons, no incentive exists for anyone to expend effort (ii) ______ the science of an erroneous patent. 1. And 引导的表示继续承接上文，“无罪推定”依旧适用。 2. Although 表示两个分句之间的是反义关系，前半句说 patents are challenged， 则后半句应该是不被 challenge。 3. Blank2 中应该填入一个动名词，构成 expend effort doing sth 结构，表示“费 力去做……”，动作发出者是 anyone，接受者是 the science of an erroneous patent。 4. 后半句话应该是不被 challenge 的意思，由于 no incentive exists 表示否定， 则应该选取 challenge 的同义词。 5. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. corroborating：（证实）to support with evidence or authority : make more certain [2]. advancing：（推进）to accelerate the growth or progress of [3]. debunking：（揭穿）to expose the sham or falseness of (三) And, although thousands of patents are challenged in court for other reasons, no incentive exists for anyone to expend effort (ii) ______ the science of an erroneous patent. For this reason, the endless stream of (iii) ______ devices will continue to yield occasional patent. 1. For this reason 表示对上文的继续，即对于专利申请来说，有时不仅仅是没有 人有足够的理由去反驳的以外，还有的是因为没有足够的动力去反驳它们，因而在现实 中，对于有问题的专利的调查是不够的。 2. 由于专利本身就有问题，因而其最终的结果——产品，也是有问题的，应该填 入一个负评价。 3. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. novel：（新鲜事物）new and not resembling something formerly known or used [2]. bogus：（假冒产品）not genuine : COUNTERFEIT, SHAM [3]. obsolete：（过时货）a : no longer in use or no longer useful；b : of a kind or style no longer current : OLD-FASHIONED (四) 理解句意，看是否逻辑与语义契合：在专利申请中被当作事实依据而提出的陈述 在没有足够理由去怀疑它们的时候往往被推定为是真实可信的。而此时这项发明实际上 被认为是“聊胜于无”而去申请最初的专利许可而用的。同时，即便是成千上万的专利因 为其他原因而被告上法庭的情况下，没有其他特别的刺激或激励是任何人有意愿去证实 一个存在错误的专利背后的科学依据是错误的。正因为如此，才会依然有不计其数的、 存在着问题的设备继续在偶然中获得专利许可。 例 3. (OG Authentic GRE Practice Test Section 4, Q20)Wills argues that certain malarial parasites are especially (i) ______ because they have more recently entered humans thanother species and therefore have had (ii) ______ time to evolve toward (iii) ______. Yet there is no reliable evidence that the most harmful Plasmodium species has been in humans for a shorter time than less harmful species. BLANK (i) BLANK (ii) BLANK (iii) (A) populous (D) ample (G) virulence (B) malignant (E) insufficient (H) benignity (C) threatened (F) adequate (I) variability KEY: BEH (一) 首先看 blank2： they have more recently entered humans than other species and therefore have had (ii) ______ time to evolve 1. Therefore 表示对上文的承接，因为 they 最近才进入人体，因而在人体中的演 变时间较短。 2. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. ample：（富饶的）generous or more than adequate in size, scope, or capacity [2]. insufficient：（不足的）not sufficient : INADEQUATE; especially: lacking adequate power, capacity, or competence [3]. adequate：（充足的）sufficient for a specific requirement (二) Yet there is no reliable evidence that the most harmful Plasmodium species has been in humans for a shorter time than less harmful species. 1. Yet 表示对上文的否定，两句话是反义关系，但是由于 no reliable evidence 作为否定词存在对整个句子再次进行取反，因而本句话中 that 引导的从句中所述内容即 为前一句话中的同义转述。 2. 而由于存在时间对比，存在时间较久的与存在时间短暂的物种之间的状态相 反，即存在较久的物种毒性差。 (三) Wills argues that certain malarial parasites are especially (i) ______ because they have more recently entered humans than other species and therefore have had (ii) ______ time to evolve toward (iii) ______. Yet there is no reliable evidence that the most harmful Plasmodium species has been in humans for a shorter time than less harmful species. 1. 带回第一句看看第二句中与之对应部分。 2. 在人体中存在时间短的物种毒性较强，因而没有时间进化到毒性较弱的品种， 对于 blank3，应该填入 less harmful 的同义词。 3. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. virulence：（毒害）the quality or state of being virulent [2]. benignity：（良性的）of a mild type or character that does not threaten health or life [3]. variability：（多变的）able or apt to vary : subject to variation or changes (四) 理解句意，看是否逻辑与语义契合： Wills 称，有些疟原虫特别的危险，因为这些寄生虫近些时间才入侵人体，相比其他类 型的疟原虫而言，这些疟原虫没有足够的时间来向毒害稍微轻一点的程度演化。但是， 现实中却没有足够可靠的证据证实在人体中出现的最有害的几种疟原虫，相比其他有害 程度低一些的疟原虫而言，在人体内出现的时间要短一些。 例 4. (PowerPrep II Section 2 Q6)The question of (i) ______ in photography has lately become nontrivial. Prices for vintage prints (those make by a photographer soon after he or she made the negative) so drastically (ii) ______ in the 1990s that one of these photographs might fetch a hundred times as much as a nonvintage print of the same image. It was perhaps only a matter of time before someone took advantage of the (iii) ______ to peddle newly created “vintage” prints for profit. BLANK (i) BLANK (ii) BLANK (iii) (A) forgery (D) ballooned (G) discrepancy (B) influence (E) weakened (H) ambiguity (C) style (F) varied (I) duplicity KEY:ADG (一) 节选出第二空所在部分 1. Prices for vintage prints so drastically (ii) ______ in the 1990s that one of these photographs might fetch a hundred times as much as a nonvintage print of the same image. 2. Blank2 中应填入一个动词，表示 VP 的价格在 1990 年代的变动，由于没有反 义关联元素，且只有 so… that… 结构存在，故分句之间是同一关系，且没有否定词， 因此对应的单词之间是同义关系。 3. 前半句说到价格的增长，that引导的后半句中对于价格增长的描述只有 fetch a hundred times，因而 VP 的价格在 1990 年代的 10 年间较 NonVP 来说增长了上百倍， 因此这应该是一种短时间且迅速的增长。 4. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. ballooned：（迅速扩大）to swell or puff out : EXPAND [2]. weakened：（削弱）to make weak : lessen the strength of [3]. varied：（变化）DEVIATE, DEPART (二) 选取第三空所在部分 It was perhaps only a matter of time before someone took advantage of the (iii) ______ to peddle newly created “vintage” prints for profit. 1. Blank3 中应该填入一个名词或名词性结构，作为人们获利的依据。 2. 能够获利的根本在与成本与销售价格之间的价格差，因而人们所利用的是上百 倍的差价，所以在 blank3 中填入“差距”一词的同义词。 3. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. discrepancy：（差异）the quality or state of being at variance [2]. ambiguity：（歧义）the quality or state of being ambiguous especially in meaning [3]. duplicity：（表里不一）the quality or state of being double or twofold (三) 完成整个句子 1. The question of (i) ______ in photography has lately become nontrivial. … It was perhaps only a matter of time before someone took advantage of the (iii) ______ to peddle newly created “vintage” prints for profit. 2. 最后一句话中说到了”vintage” prints，加上引号以后表示反语，所以这中 VP 不是真实的，而是”created” ones，因此说，摄影界面临的问题是造假成风。 3. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. forgery：（作假）an act of forging; especially : the crime of falsely and fraudulently making or altering a document [2]. influence：（影响）the power or capacity of causing an effect in indirect or intangible ways : SWAY [3]. style：（风格）a distinctive manner of expression (四) 理解句意，看是否逻辑与语义契合： 摄影界造假的问题在最近变得越来越严重了，Vintage Prints——指那些在摄影师在制作 负片之后产生的相片——的价格在上世纪 90 年代暴涨，有时候某些摄影师会为一个 Vintage Print 要价超过非 Vintage Print 的百倍以上。在这种巨额差价存在的情况下，有 人会为了这些利润而四处兜售自己新创造的“Vintage Print”的事情的出现仅仅是个时间 问题。 例 5. (OG Authentic GRE Practice Test Section 3, Q17) The most striking thing about the politician is how often his politics have been (i) ______ rather than ideological, as he adapts his political positions at any particular moment to the political realities that constrain him. He does not, however, piously (ii)______ political principles only to betray them in practice. Rather, he attempts in subtle ways to balance his political self-interest with a (iii) ______, viewing himself as an instrument of some unchanging higher purpose. BLANK (i) BLANK (ii) BLANK (iii) (A) quixotic (D) brandish (G) profound cynicism (B) self – righteous (E) flout (H) deeply felt moral code (C) strategic (F) follow (I) thoroughgoing pragmatism KEY:CDH (一) 选取第一空所在部分： The most striking thing about the politician is how often his politics have been (i) ______ rather than ideological, as he adapts his political positions at any particular moment to the political realities that constrain him. 1. Blank1 中应该填入一个形容词，用来描述政治家的政治策略的属性。 2. Rather than 对前面的属性取反，写出 ideology，则 blank1中的属性是 ideology 的反义词。 3. As 引导的后半句是对于前半句的重复说明，因而政治家的政策是根据不断变 化的现实而改变的，因而政治家的特点应该体现出“变化”感。 4. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. quixotic：（幻想的）foolishly impractical especially in the pursuit of ideals; especially : marked by rash lofty romantic ideas or extravagantly chivalrous action [2]. self-righteous：（自以为是的）convinced of one's own righteousness especially in contrast with the actions and beliefs of others : narrow-mindedly moralistic [3]. strategic：（有策略的）of, relating to, or marked by strategy (二) 选取第三空所在部分： Rather, he attempts in subtle ways to balance his political self-interest with a (iii) ______, viewing himself as an instrument of some unchanging higher purpose. 1. 句子前面的 rather 表示本句话与前述相反，而在这句话内部，没有任何反义 关联元素，也没有否定词，故对应部分是同义关系。 2. Blank3 中应该填入一个名词或名词性结构，表明政治家在改变自己态度时所 拥有的一种东西。 3. 后面说政治家实际上把自己视为一种更高的目标的执行者，因而其最终是为了 追求自己的人生目标，实现自己的政治价值而存在的，这种更高的目标使得其能够仅仅 通过微调来实现自己的政治价值，而不是突然放弃或支持什么，因而这个是一种正向的 约束。 4. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. profound cynicism：极度犬儒主义（负方向） [2]. deeply felt moral code：深刻的道德准则（正方向） [3]. thoroughgoing pragmatism：彻底的实用主义（方向不定） (三) 选取第二空所在部分： He does not, however, piously (ii) ______ political principles only to betray them in practice. Rather, he attempts in subtle ways to balance his political self-interest with a (iii) ______, viewing himself as an instrument of some unchanging higher purpose. 1. Rather 表示前后两句话相反，最后一句话中说其实政治家从长远上来看是不 动摇的，因而前面的话说的是政治家是动摇的。 2. 而政治家的态度决定了他们的行为方式，他们的动摇是因为其对于政治理想的 把握不够坚决所致，因而其背叛来自于其对于政治理念的不坚定态度，故选取“动摇”一 意。而之间的 however 与 not 是对上半句话的否定，说明政治家其实不是厚颜无耻的之 徒，一心只是为了自己的利益来做事儿。 3. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. brandish：（挥舞）to shake or wave (as a weapon) menacingly [2]. flout：（藐视）to treat with contemptuous disregard : SCORN [3]. follow：（跟从） (四) 理解句意，看是否逻辑与语义契合： 关于政治家最令人震撼的一点是他的政治立场是有策略地变化的，而不是一成不变的理 想主义的，因为他在无时不刻地就当是他所处的政治环境来调整自己的政治立场的。然 而，政治家并不是表面上使用政治原则为自己摇旗呐喊并实际上背叛政治原则的人。相 反的是，政治家通过不断尝试细微的政治立场的调整来使自己的政治利益与自己内心深 处的道德准则产生一个平衡关系，这样看来，实际上政治家应该追求的是一种更高级的、 而且是不变的目标的执行者。 例 6. (PowerPrep II Section 4 Q4) That the President manages the economy is an assumption (i) ______ the prevailing wisdom that dominates electoral politics in the United States. As a result, presidential elections have become referenda on the business cycle, whose fortuitous turnings are (ii) ______ the President. Presidents are properly accountable for their executive and legislative performance, and certainly their actions may have profound effects on the economy. But these effects are (iii) ______. Unfortunately, modern political campaigns are fought on the untenable premise that Presidents can deliberately produce precise economic results. BLANK (i) BLANK (ii) BLANK (iii) (A) peripheral to (D) justifiably personified in (G) usually long – lasting (B) central to (E) erroneously attributed to (H) regrettably unnoticeable (C) at odds with (F) occasionally associated with (I) largely unpredictable KEY:BEI (一) 选取第二空所在部分： … presidential elections have become referenda on the business cycle, whose fortuitous turnings are (ii) ______ the President. 1. 因为总统大选已经成为了对于经济运行的 referenda 即“晴雨表”，那么总统选 举就是人们对于总统是否有效控制经济运行的一次表决，因而如果经济状况不好，人们 就会归咎于总统无能，故而不投票选总统。 2. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. erroneously attributed to：错误地归因于 [2]. occasionally associated with：偶尔一致的 [3]. usually long-lasting：通常来说持久的 (二) 选取第一个空格所在部分： That the President manages the economy is an assumption (i) ______ the prevailing wisdom that dominates electoral politics in the United States. As a result, presidential elections have become referenda on the business cycle, 1. As a result 表示对上一句话的同义，前后两句话意思一致，故可以依据后面一 句话推出前面一句话的意思。 2. 因为人们已经将总统大选变成了经济周期的晴雨表，那么他们应该认为总统对 于经济运行有责任，故而在竞选政治中这种思想是一种主流思想。 3. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. peripheral to：在……周边 [2]. central to：居于……的中心 [3]. at odds with：与……争吵、不和 (三) 选取第三个空格所在部分： … their actions may have profound effects on the economy. But these effects are (iii)______. Unfortunately, modern political campaigns are fought on the untenable premise that Presidents can deliberately produce precise economic results. 1. Blank3 中应该填入一个形容词，用来描述 effects 的实际属性 2. 由于 but 对于上文取反，而 unfortunately 对于整个文章的基调进行取反。 3. 看前一句，说 effect 是 may be profound 的，后面则取反应该选取 profound 的反义词。 4. 看后一句，该句对于整个文章取反以后，原先认为总统能够影响经济运行的观 点应该是不正确的，而这句话中的 premise 被称为是 untenable，是一个负态度，故而 实际上，其前面一句中的效果应该是负态度的，即总统不能控制经济运行。 5. 选择与自主判读已知的词汇填空： [1]. usually long-lasting：通常来说持久的 [2]. regrettably unnoticeable：遗憾地没有被发现的（面大，且不符合行文思路，文 章在说总统不能控制经济发展，而不是说总统对经济发展的影响大小，要与文章 stylistically coherent，故错误） [3]. largely unpredictable：很大程度上不可以预测的 (四) 其他需要注意的词语： 1. referenda：（referendum 的复数形式，公投）the principle or practice of submitting to popular vote a measure passed on or proposed by a legislative body or by popular initiative 2. fortuitous：（偶然的）occurring by chance (五) 理解句意，看是否逻辑与语义契合： 现阶段掌控美国大选政治的主流思想核心在于总统会控制经济这一假设之上。因而，总 统选举被人们用来当作是否对经济运行周期满意的一种公投，正式基于上面所提到的假 设，国家经济运行过程中偶尔发生的震荡被人们错误地归咎于总统身上。其实如果说总 统掌握国家总体运行状态以及国家的司法运作的话还是比较适宜的，尽管总统对这些方 面对国家的经济运行产生重大影响是必然的，但这些影响实际上是相当随机地发生的。 不巧的是，现代政治竞选活动却建立在一个不切实际的假设之上，人们往往认为总统能 够通过其自己的影响刻意创造出某种经济结果。 例 7. (OG Authentic GRE Practice Test Section 4, Q11)(BDG) What readers most commonly remember about John Stuart Mill’s classic exploration of the liberty of thought and discussion concerns the danger of (i) ______: in the absence of challenge, one’s opinions, even when they are correct, grow weak and flabby. Yet Mill had another reason for encouraging the liberty of thought and discussion: the danger of partiality and incompleteness. Since one’s opinions, even under the best circumstances, tend to (ii) ______, and because opinions opposed to one’s own rarely turn out to be completely (iii) ______, it is crucial to supplement one’s opinions with alternative points of view. BLANK (i) BLANK (ii) BLANK (iii) (A) tendentiousness (D) embrace only a portion of the truth (G) erroneous (B) complacency (E) change over time (H) antithetical (C) fractiousness (F) focus on matters close at hand (I) immutable BDG (一) 选取第一个空格所在部分： … classic exploration of the liberty of thought and discussion concerns the danger of (i) ______: in the absence of challenge, one’s opinions, even when they are correct, grow weak and flabby. 1. 分句之间没有表示反义的关联元素，相反的是，只有冒号表示解释说明作用，因 而前后分句之间是同义关系；而没有表示否定的词语出现，故相关对应词语之间 也是同义关系。 2. Blank1 中应该填入一个名词，表示一种……的危险，而这种危险来自于观点因为 缺失挑战而变得不如以前，故来自于一个人的“自满、自大”。 3. 选择与自主判读一致的词汇填空： [1]. tendentiousness：（倾向性）marked by a tendency in favor of a particular point of view : BIASED [2]. complacency：（自鸣得意）COMPLACENCE; especially: self-satisfaction accompanied by unawareness of actual dangers or deficiencies [3]. fractiousness：（争斗）tending to be troublesome : UNRULY (二) 选取第二空所在部分： …Yet Mill had another reason for encouraging the liberty of thought and discussion: the danger of partiality and incompleteness. Since one’s opinions, even under the best circumstances, tend to (ii) ______ … 1. 这里有个特殊情况：“yet”在与“another blabla”连接的情况下，不是作为转折使 用，而是作为递进关系的标志使用。大韦氏上对此的解释是：“in addition : BESIDES ”。 2. 调整语序以后有： … Yet Mill had another reason for encouraging the liberty of thought and discussion: the danger of partiality and incompleteness. Since one’s opinions tend to (ii) ______, even under the best circumstances,… 1. 调整语序后发现，前后两句话由 since 连接，表示因果关系，故前后两句话是同 义关系。 2. 前半句中冒号起解释说明作用，也没有否定词，故前半句表达同一种意思，即一 个人的思想存在着 partiality and incompleteness 的问题；而后面的句子中，是 对前文的继续，因而前后两句话中所说的人们思想的问题一样。 3. 而后面一句话中，even 表示“即便是”的意思，与前文相反，说明在最好的情况 下，思想也存在问题，而这一问题就是之前一句话中说到的关于不完整的问题。 4. 选择与自主判读一致的词汇填空： [1]. embrace only a portion of the truth：仅仅掌握了部分真相 [2]. change over time：随时间改变而变 [3]. focus on matters close at hand：仅仅关注眼前的事情 (三) 选取第三空所在部分： Since one’s opinions, even under the