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房地产资产经营管理房地产资产经营管理 第五章 房地产资产经营管理 教学目的和要求:资产经营在现代企业经营管理中居于越来越重要的地位,本章要求学生了解房地产资产经营的必要性和房地产资产经营的具体方式。 教学重点:房地产资产经营方式及其选择 教学难点:企业并购、房地产证券化 第一节 资产经营概述 ,一、资产与资产经营的概念 ,(一)资产 某一特定经济组织由于过去的交易事项而取得或控制的可预期的未来经济收益。 ,***名词比较:资产与财产 资产是财产的一部分,是具有增值能力的那部分财产。 ,(二)资产经营 资产的所...

房地产资产经营管理
房地产资产经营管理 第五章 房地产资产经营管理 教学目的和要求:资产经营在现代企业经营管理中居于越来越重要的地位,本章要求学生了解房地产资产经营的必要性和房地产资产经营的具体方式。 教学重点:房地产资产经营方式及其选择 教学难点:企业并购、房地产证券化 第一节 资产经营概述 ,一、资产与资产经营的概念 ,(一)资产 某一特定经济组织由于过去的交易事项而取得或控制的可预期的未来经济收益。 ,***名词比较:资产与财产 资产是财产的一部分,是具有增值能力的那部分财产。 ,(二)资产经营 资产的所有者或代理人以追求最大盈利和促进资产最大增值为目的,以价值形态经营为基本特征,通过对生产要素进行组织、管理、运筹、谋划和优化配置以及对资产结构的调整,实现对多种资源、信息进行综合运行的经营活动。 ,广义:增量资产运营(主要是企业投资)和存量资产运营 ,***狭义:存量资产运营。具体是指以资产急剧增殖和市场控制力最大化为目标,以产权买卖和“以少控多”为策略,对企业和企业外部资本进行兼并、收购、重组等一系列资产经营活动。 二、资产经营的形式 ,(一)依托资本市场进行资产经营的主要方式 ,1、上市经营 (1)直接上市 公开发行股票 (2)间接上市 买壳等 ,2、发行可转换债券 具有股票和债券双重属性,企业一般选择在股市低迷、社会资金紧缺、利率较高的时候发行可转换债券。 ,3、投资基金 方向性产业投资基金,属于长期性股本融资方式。 ,4、抵押经营 ,5、资产证券化 singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task ,(二)依托产权市场进行资产经营的主要方式 ,1 、兼并与收购 ,2 、产权转让 ,3 、资产租赁与托管 ,*** 高比例融资方式:租赁融资、回租融资、回购融资 三、资产经营的效应机制 一般来说,具有六个放大效应: ,1、结构放大效应 ,2、交易放大效应 ,3、市场放大效应 ,4、融资放大效应 ,5、时间放大效应 ,6、效益放大效应 第二节 企业并购 ,一、并购的概念及类型 ,(一)概念 ,一般指一个企业与另一个企业实行股权联合或获得另一个企业净资产的控制权和经营权,而将各独立的企业组成一个经济实体。 ,概念强调了两点:一是企业之前是彼此独立的,之后,它们的经济资源和经营活动由单一的管理机构来控制;二是强调了单一的会计主体。 ,(二)类型 ,1、按照并购的出资方式划分 ,(1)出资购买资产式——对于产权关系、债权债务清楚的企业,出资购买资产的方式能做到等价交换,交割清楚、便捷、迅速。 ,(2)出资购买股权式——以现金、债券等方式购买目标公司的一部分股权,以实现控制后者资产和经营的目标。达到一定比例,要履行相应的 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 和公告制度(任何法人直接或间接singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 持有上市公司发行在外的普通股达到5%,应当在事实发生之日起3个工作日内,向该公司、证券交易所、中国证监会作出书面报告,以后每变动5%需公告。《股票发行与交易管理暂行条例》规定每增减2%即应报告和公告,《证券法》将其改为每增减5%才应报告并公告)。达到一定比例后要向目标公司全体股东发出公开收购要约。 ,(3)以股权换取资产式——收购公司向目标公司发行自己的股票以交换目标公司的大部分资产。 ,(4)以股权换取股权式——股价高的公司收购股价低的公司有利,实现以小博大蛇吞象。 ,2、按照行业相互关系划分 ,(1)横向并购,指一个公司与从事同类生产经营活动的其他公司合并。实现规模经济和提高行业集中程度、市场占有率,进行优势互补。 ,(2)纵向并购,指一个公司向处于同行业不同生产经营阶段公司的并购。提高了与原料供应商和买主(上下游企业)协调一致的能力。 ,(3)混合并购,指从事不相关业务类型的企业间的合并。将经营风险分散到不同的行业中,进入新领域。 ,3、按照并购是否向公开目标公司全体股东提出划分 ,要约收购与协议收购。(《证券法》第四章第81条规定,30%以上必须发出收购要约,申请豁免问题。)要约收购是国际上的主流。《证券法》第88条规定,在收购要约期限内(30—60天),不得采取要约规定以外的形式和超出要约的条件买卖被收购公司的股票。《证券法》第87条规定,收购要约期限届满,收购人持有被收购公司的股份数达到该公司已发行的股份总数的90%以上的,其余仍然持有被收购公司股票的股东,有权向收购人以收购要约的同等条件出售其股票,收购人应当收购。收购要约应当自持股达到30%事实发生日起45个工作日内,发出收购要约,按照要约前12个月,要约人购买该股票支付的最高价和过去30个工作日内该股票平均市场价格二者之间较高的一种,以货币付款方式购买。 ,4、按照并购双方并购完成后的法律地位划分按照法律形式可分为吸收合并、创立合并和控股合并三种。 ,(1)吸收合并:吸收合并也称为兼并,是指一个企业通过发行股票、支付现金或发行债券等的方式取得其它一个或若干个企业。(A、B两公司,A公司吸收B公司为吸收合并,B公司因之解散。A公司+B公司=A公司) ,(2)创立合并:创立合并是指合并是两个或两个以上的企业联合成立一个新的企业,用新企业的股份交换原来各公司的股份。创立合并也就是我国《公司法》中所称的新设合并。(A、B公司合并设立一个新的公司,A、B公司均解散。A公司+B公司=C公司) ,(3)控股合并:控股合并也称取得控制股权,是指一个企业通过支付现金、发行股票或债券的方式取得另一企业或企业公司全部或部分有表决权的股份。在控股合并的情况下,控股企业被称为母公司,被控股企业被称为该母公司的子公司,以母公司为中心,连同它所控股的子公司,被称为企业集团。 singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task ,5、其他特殊的并购形式 ,无偿并购,发生在全民所有制企业之间,无偿划转国有股。 ,承担债务式并购,所有者权益几乎为零或为负的情况下。 ,定向增发并购,香港和海外常见。这种方法,可以实现逆向收购。 二、企业并购动机理论及其评价 19世纪末20世纪初至今发生过五次并购风潮。关于企业并购的动机问题,西方学者一直不断地进行着广泛而又深入的研究,试图从不同的角度揭示隐藏在大量并购活动之后的真正动机。但迄今为止,理论界也未能形成一个比较权威、令人信服的全面解释。与此形成鲜明对比的现实是,企业界的并购浪潮一浪高过一浪,并购数量、规模、方式不断推陈出新,人们迫切需要新的并购理论来解释和预测不断涌现的大量并购活动。介绍现存有关并购动机的理论,对其进行分析、整理、归纳和检验,从而形成规范化的理论体系,就显得尤为必要。 ,目前关于企业购并动机的理论文献,主要包括如下八个方面: ,1、管理协同理论――差别效率假说 ,该理论从管理协同的角度解释了横向并购的动机问题。该理论认为,如果一家公司拥有一支高效率的管理队伍,其管理能力超过了公司日常管理的要求,该公司便有了收购另一家管理效率低的公司的能力,这可使其过剩的管理资源得以充分利用,从而将被收购公司的非管理性组织成本与收购公司过剩的管理成本有机组合在一起。 ,该理论隐含两个假设前提:首先,假设收购公司不能无条件地释放其过剩的管理资源,其管理层是一个整体,并且受不可分割性或规模经济的制约,解雇过剩的人力资源是不可行的;其次,假设被收购企业不能在相关时段内通过直接雇佣的方式组成一支有效的管理队伍。 ,该理论被称为“剔除无效率的管理者”的牵强运用,可解释混合并购的动机问题。“无效率的管理者”(或者称为“不称职的管理者”)的存在,使得任何人都有可能做得更好,从而使购并公司敢于冒着跨行业的经营风险,从事混合购并活动。该理论隐含的假设前提是,市场是无效率的,公司股东无法更换不称职的管理者,从而只有通过代价高昂的购并活动来更换他们。现实中,这种情况十分少见,实证研究也很难支持这一理论,如linch(1971)在对28家混合企业的 研究报告 水源地可行性研究报告美术课题研究中期报告师生关系的个案研究养羊可行性研究报告可行性研究报告诊所 中,发现公司试图收购那些拥有可能被保留下来的有能力的管理者的企业;markham(1973)在对30年内发生的混合并购的调查中,发现仅有16,的兼并企业更换了两个或更多的高级管理人员;在60,的情况下,所有高级管理人员都被保留了下来。由此可见,在解释混合并购的动机方面,该理论过分牵强,至多只能解释极少的混合并购。 ,2、规模经济理论――规模效应假说 singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task ,该理论从规模经济的角度解释了几乎所有类型的并购动机问题。通过实现规模经济,可以达到降低成本,提高技术开发能力和生产效率的目的。该理论隐含的假设前提是,在企业并购活动之前,公司的经营水平或规模都达不到实现规模经济的潜在要求。 ,该理论在70年代的西方和我国目前较为流行。但事实上,规模经济在企业并购中的效应并没有想象中的那么大。纽博尔德(1970)的研究表明,只有18,的公司在购并活动中承认并购动机与规模经济有关;现阶段西方出现的许多超级并购案,动辄上千亿美元,也是规模经济理论所无法解释的。 ,3、资产组合理论――多元化战略假说 ,该理论借助资产组合假说,认为市场环境是不确定的,为了降低和分散风险,企业通常采用混合并购的方式,实现多元化经营。该理论隐含的假设前提是,通过多元化经营降低的市场风险足以弥补由此增加的管理成本和产生的新风险。 ,多元化经营模式曾经十分流行,但20世纪90年代以来,随着核心竞争力、价值链等新管理理论的问世,越来越多的公司倾向于采用专业化的经营模式。seth(1990年)发现混合并购,与其它并购类型一样,并未能降低企业的系统风险。因此,用该理论来解释混合并购的动机,从目前来看,也显得不够有说服力。 ,4、财务协同理论――避税假说 ,该理论基于一个有累积税收损失和税收减免的企业可以与有盈利的企业进行合并,从而实现合法避税的目的。按照美国税法规定,企业可利用税法中的亏损递延条款合理避税。当一个企业出现正常的营业损失时,可以依据亏损递延的“移后挪前法”,在未来18年中将亏损平均分摊到税前列支;若企业不使用现金而使用股票转换方式进行的并购,可以在不纳税的情况下实现资产的流动和转移及其追加投资和资产多样性的目的;若企业使用可转换债券进行并购可享受税法规定的债券利息税前扣除和资本收益延期支付带来的资本收益税。这些税收政策的优惠对于那些内部投资机会短缺而现金流动又很宽余的公司而言,是一个实施并购的直接动机。 ,该理论隐含的假设前提是,企业并购活动产生的税收减免大于并购成本,但是这种情况只有在特定的条件下才会出现。随着税收政策的不断变化,该理论难以解释大多数企业的并购动机。 ,5、投机理论――价值低估假说 ,该理论认为,当并购公司发现由于通货膨胀等原因造成目标公司的股票市价低于重置成本时,或者由于并购公司获得一些外部市场所不了解的信息,认为目标公司价值被低估时,就会采取并购手段,取得对目标公司的控制权。衡量公司价值是否被低估,通常采用两种比率,一是价值比率,即股票市场价值与资产的帐面价值之比;二是托宾比率(又称q比率),即股singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 票市场价值与重置成本之比。 ,该理论隐含的假设前提是,市场不是有效率的,这在一定情况下会发生。如20世纪70年代美国通货膨胀率很高,许多企业的资产被市场所低估,采用托宾比率衡量,一般在0(5―0(6之间,这样实施并购比投资新建公司要经济许多,于是发生了大量的并购活动。但是,该理论只能解释特定条件下的部分并购动机。纽博尔德(1970)将1967―1968年被收购者的价值比率与“出资收购”其他企业的收购者的价值比率作了比较,结果发现其中38例被收购者价值比率高于该行业平均水平,而36例低于工业平均水平,较低的价值比率并不一定能产生并购动机。 ,6、代理成本理论――管理主义假说 理论认为与股东关心企业利润相比,管理者更关心自身的权利、收入、社会声望和职位的稳定性。他们通过并购来扩大企业规模,借此来增加自己的收入并提高职位的保障程度。mueller(1990年)认为管理者有扩大企业规模的动机,因为管理者的报酬是公司规模的函数。meeks等(1975)从一家英国公司的样本中,发现销售额的增长同公司董事工资的增长呈正比例关系,认为公司规模是影响经理收入的主要因素。firth(1980)发现并购公司经理在并购后的两年里,平均收入增加了33,;而未发生并购的公司其经理收入只增加20,。beeker等(1988)发现,美国公司补偿与企业规模的平均弹性是0(3,即企业销售额每增长10,,管理人员的收入补偿增加3,。firth等(1991年)对1974―1980年期间254家英国收购要约样本进行了研究,测试管理人员的奖励增加是否同收购有关。他发现,收购过程导致管理者报酬的增加,并预测了收购企业的管理者报酬增加的幅度。conyon等(1994)在对1985―1990年之间,170家英国公司样本董事的工资支付调查中,发现销售额增长、收购频率与董事工资支付之间是正相关关系。同时,jensen(1986)发现,由于闲置现金流量的存在,使得管理者产生了扩大规模的冲动,从而产生许多净现值为负的并购行为。 ,但是,也有不同的研究否定上述并购动机理论,如lewellen等(1970)发现,管理者的报酬与公司的利润率相关,而不是销售水平。fama等(1980,1983)认为,报酬安排和管理者市场可以使代理问题缓解,股票市场则提供了外部监督手段,因为股价可以反映管理者政策的优劣,股价走低是对管理者施加了压力,使其需要改变经营方式,并且忠实于股东的利益。 ,由此,我们可以发现此理论隐含的假设前提是,公司的法人治理结构无法克服代理成本问题;同时股票市场也是无效率的,无法对管理者行为进行控制与监督。但是实际上,80年代中后期以来,随着股权、期权等多种激励方式的实施和公司法人治理结构的不断完善,股东和管理者的利益越来越紧密地联系在一起,股票市场的效率也不断增强。因此,基于上述动机的并购行为将会越来越少。 ,7、市场竞争理论――市场势力假说 ,这种理论认为,企业并购的动机是基于市场竞争的需要:一方面通过并购活动可以有效地降低进入新行业的障碍,通过利用目标企业的资产、销售渠道和人力资源等优势,实现企业低成本、低风险的扩张;另一方面通过并购活动,将关键性的投入―产出关系纳入企业的控制范围,借助并购活动减少竞争对手,从而提高行业集中度,增强对企业经营环境的控制,提高市场占有率,从而获得长期盈利的机会。惠延顿(1980)发现大公司在利润变动方面比小singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 公司小,这说明大公司由于市场势力强,不容易受市场环境变化的影响,这形成了公司并购活动的动机之一。而renft等(2000)研究了,1994―1995年268家高科技企业,发现获取目标公司的人力资源是最重要的并购动机。 ,此理论从市场竞争的角度来解释并购的动机,隐含的假设前提是,企业并购行为完全由市场所导向,市场结构决定了企业的一切行为及其背后的动机。但是,由于种种其它因素的制约和限制,企业行为不能仅仅用唯一的市场变量来解释;同时,企业目标的多元化也使得企业并购的动机不能完全用市场竞争来解释。 ,8、交易费用理论――组织替代市场假说 该理论认为节约交易费用是企业并购活动的唯一动机,企业并购实质上是企业组织对市场的替代,是为了减少生产经营活动的交易费用。该理论用“资产专用性”解释纵向并购。资产专用性是指某项资产或生产要素最适合于某种特定的配置。它实际上测量的是某一资产对市场的依赖程度,资产专用性越高,市场交易的潜在费用就越高,纵向并购的可能性也就越大,当资产专用性达到一定程度时,市场交易的潜在费用就会阻止企业继续依赖市场,而是将其相关部分内部化,从而发生纵向并购。此理论又用“微型资本市场”解释混合并购。由于某些部门的企业组织管理互不相关的经营活动费用低于通过市场来组织这些经营活动的费用,于是通过混合并购产生了多部门企业组织(即m型结构)。因此,可将多部门企业组织(即混合企业)看作是一个内部化的微型资本市场,通过统一的战略,使资本能集中起来获到最有效的使用。 交易费用理论是对企业并购动机的创造性解释,但是由于该理论比较抽象,很难用实证给予相应的验证,因此也在一定程度上影响了其说服力。 ,****关于企业并购动机的现有理论都是从一定的假设前提出发,从不同的角度探讨了企业并购的动机,但都无法对所有的并购活动给出合理的解释,也没有形成一个权威的、统一的结论。企业并购的动机是多元的,复杂的,很难用一种理论解释清楚,实际的企业并购过程是一个在多因素作用下的互动过程。事实情况也确实如此,每一种理论的提出,都有着相应的实证研究相支持,但是都不足以解释所有的购并动机。 ,研究企业并购动机理论的一般框架时,应该建立一个在一定时空下的并购观;建立并购动机的三个维度,即经济维、管理维和战略维。 ***关于中国企业跨国并购 几家跨国并购的先行者均处于中国开放时间最早,市场化程度最高的家电、计算机、通讯设备制造等行业,随着一大批只能提供中低档产品的企业在中国本土市场上的竞争愈演愈烈,日益扩大的产能必须突破国内面向全球市场才有出路,而只有获得更大的市场空间,才能保证企业拥有强大的科技研发实力,才有生存和发展的机会。 同时行业领先者们已经意识到在中国内部整合资源和在全球范围整合资源之间巨大的差异,将会让中国企业的学习能力和低成本等比较优势逐渐丧失殆尽。 目前国外资本市场上的并购活动绝大多数以股票为支付工具,即以换股的形式singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 实现收购或公司合并。支付股票相对支付现金会有许多好处。支付股票即使报价较高,只要自身股票价格也处于高位,则实际成本则不一定增加。 同时如果以支付股票方式完成交易,原股东会成为未来新公司的股东,不会直接套现撤离,这样可以不损失公司发展的有效要素,让收购效益最大化。囿于中国资本市场所限,中国企业鲜有采用换股的方式。中国企业大都采用支付现金的方式。联想采用了部分现金、部分股票支付的方式,TCL主要采取组建合资公司方式。可见,中国资本市场的不发达以及中国企业治理结构的低层次,无形中增加了中国企业的收购成本。 ***关于外资并购 ,2002年是中国上市公司外资并购史的分水岭。2002年以前,外资并购在中国基本上局限在非上市公司的范畴内。2002年底国家出台允许法人股向外资转让的政策以后,外资跨境并购出现了爆发性的增长。 ,摩根大通认为,有四大动力推动中国并购市场的发展: ,一是国有股减持,政府将继续进行国有企业的重组和改革以降低其所持股份; ,二是战略联盟,国内大公司期望增强竞争力,如中国网通对电讯盈科的收购; ,三是剥离非核心资产,加入WTO后日益加剧的竞争迫使公司将重点转移到核心竞争力中来; ,四是外商投资,一方面,外资公司出于全球战略或经营业绩的考虑,可能希望从中国的一些投资中退出,外资目前正从中国部分周期见顶(或预期产能过剩)的行业中撤离,另一方面,外资对中国的消费、零售、食品等行业进入兴趣逐渐升温。 ,外资并购关注的行业企业: ,一、商业连锁和食品饮料 一是连锁商业企业,包括超市、大卖场、便利店等各种连锁体系,连锁企业所拥有的庞大的销售网络无疑是吸引外资并购的主要原因。 二是专业连锁企业,包括家电、家具、医药等专业零售企业。 ,二、交通运输中的航空和汽车 三、自然资源和公用事业 ,四、医药和金融 ,品牌并购也将成为跨国公司的并购重点,这几年跨国公司对中国各个行业具有市场优势的名牌企业大肆收购,这种品牌并购能够使跨国公司迅速占领市场并获得核心竞争优势 singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task ,外资并购警示:外资大规模并购地域垄断行业 图谋控制中国物价 ,啤酒业 ,水泥行业 ,农业:外资并购涉农企业需进行安全审查 ,房地产业:外资对房地产业的狂热除了高利润、货币投机外,还有一点考虑是,由于土地资源的有限,房地产业具有一定的地域垄断性,并与地方政府利益相生,如果能够取得垄断地位,在房子价格上消费者就似乎没有谈判地位,那么就等于掌握了定价权,掌握了超额的垄断利润。 三、企业并购决策 ,(一)企业并购对象的选择 ,1 、要考虑的因素:猎人企业的购并动机、猎人企业的财务状况、猎人企业的规模 ,2 、可能性分析 , 从并购对象看 , 从猎人企业看 ,3 、并购对象特征评估 ,(二)企业并购对象价值确定 ,1 、资产基准法 ,2 、现金流量法 ,3 、市场比较法 ,(三)支付方式的选择 ,1、选择原则 ,2、主要支付方式(即公司购并的出资方式) 支付是完成并购交易的最后一个环节,也是一宗并购交易最终能否成功的重要因素之一。选择何种出资方式,要视具体情况而定。通常,兼并公司首先要顾及自身的实际情况,如果兼并公司是一个公众公司,那么在支付方式上具有很大的灵活性。除了现金之外,他们还可以更方便地选择股票、债券,或两者的结合等其他的出资方式;与此相反,私人公singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 司一般只能用现金来进行收购,因为买方一般不希望把自己的投资锁定在一种缺乏流动性的证券上。其次,兼并公司还要考虑到本公司股东对股本结构变化的反应、本公司资产的流动性和融资能力等因素。最后,还应考虑到目标公司的股东、管理层的具体要求和目标公司的财务结构、资本结构以及近期股价水平等。 四、企业并购程序 ,1、确定目标 ,2、可行性分析 ,3、资产评估 ,4、确定最终成交价 ,5、并购资金筹措 ,6、签协议并履行相关法律手续 第三节 房地产证券化 ,通俗地讲,资产证券化(包括不良资产证券化和房地产证券化)就是把缺乏流动性,但具有预期稳定现金流的资产汇集起来,形成一个资产池,通过结构性重组,使之成为可以在金融市场上出售和流通的证券,据以融资的过程。 ,资产证券化是近30年来世界金融领域最重大和发展最快的金融创新和金融工具,是衍生证券技术和金融 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 技术相结合的产物。源于70年代美国的住房抵押证券,随后证券化技术被广泛应用于抵押债权以外的非抵押债权资产,并于80年代在欧美市场获得蓬勃发展。90年代起,资产证券化开始出现在亚洲市场上,特别是东南亚金融危机爆发以后,在一些亚洲国家得到迅速发展。国外房地产发展的经验表明:房地产证券化是发展房地产市场最为有效的手段。 一、房地产投资融资证券化的含义与特征 ,(一)房地产证券化的含义 ,房地产证券化是一种侧重于资产负债表外融资、以房地产抵押贷款债券为核心的多元化融资体系,泛指通过股票、投资基金和债券等证券化金融工具融通房地产市场资金的投融资过程,包括房地产抵押债权证券化和房地产投资权益证券化。 ,其核心是房地产抵押债权证券化,即为提高金融资产流动性,以金融资产为担保,公开发行证券筹措资金的过程,如住房抵押贷款担保债券。 ,其宗旨是将巨额价值的房地产动产化、细分化,利用证券市场的功能,实现房地产资本大众化、经营专业化及投资风险分散化,为房地产市场提供充足的资金,推动房地产业与金融业快速发展。****房地产产业投资基金 ,从投资角度讲,就是房地产实物投资转化为金融资产投资的形式,借助有价证券将投资者和房地产实物之间的关系由拥有房地产的所有权改变为拥有有价证券的所有权,以促使不动singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 产的“动产化”,达到资本大众化、产权证券化和经营专业化的目的; ,从融资角度讲,则是指改变以往房地产资金融通主要依靠银行信货这种间接融资方式的做法,使房地产资金的融通转变成主要通过金融市场上的有价证券来实现,以克服单一间接融资方式的不足与“短存长贷” 的矛盾,打破资金使用上的条块分割,促进企业,地区和行业之间的资金联系和经济协作,优化资金的配置,保证资金的合理流向。 (二)房地产证券化的特征 ,1、基础资产的法律形式是 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 权利。 ,2、参与者众多,法律关系复杂。 ,3、独特的融资模式。——表外融资 ,4、安全系数高。 ,5、证券品种多样化,适合于投资。 ,6、政策性强。—— ,房地产证券化之所以起源于美国,是和美国政府的推动作用分不开的。众所周知,美国是崇尚市场机制的国家,但与其它经济金融部门相比,房地产市场是美国政府干预较深的一个领域。 ,一方面通过为抵押贷款提供保险和发起设立三大政府代理机构--联邦国民抵押贷款协会、联邦住房抵押贷款公司以及政府抵押贷款协会参与到证券化业务中来,直接开展住宅抵押贷款证券化交易,并通过它们的市场活动来影响抵押贷款市场的发展。 ,另一方面它则通过制定详尽的法律法规来规范和引导市场的发展:美国政府调整了法律、税务、会计上的规定和准则,包括通过《税收改革法案》;以FAS125规则替代FAS77规则,重新确定了“真实销售”的会计标准;通过了FASIT立法提案等等。所以,房地产证券化市场受政府政策导向影响大。 二、房地产投资融资的特点及其证券化的内在驱动机制 ,房地产的产品单一性、市场地区性、信息不对称性、价值量大和固定性、非兑现性这些特殊性使它具有交易成本高和市场效能低的根本缺陷,成为一种风险大而且不易转移的投资工具。 ,由此造成,房地产投资成为一种资金占用量大、周期长、风险集中,不易流动和变现以及需要具备一定的专业知识的投资。由于这些特点,房地产投资成为一种相对艰难的投资,这种投资把一部分投资者排斥在外,使不具备条件的投资者难以进入,严重影响了资金的来源。 ,如何改造这种既是价值载体又具有实物形态的投资,人们曾创造了各种方法,如组织辛迪加等,但都难以从根本上实现分割化、流动性和大众化的目标。后来兴起的房地产证券化才使得这些问题得到一个比较完善的解决,从而把房地产投资改造成为一种接近于资产的singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 投资,增强了它的吸引力和市场竞争力。 三、我国房地产证券化的发展现状 ,房地产证券化是国际金融发展的趋势,也是市场经济发展的必然结果。目前在我国存在大量的可用于资产证券化的资产,例如房地产基础设施的建设、房地产抵押贷款等。 ,我国的房地产证券化探索始于1992年海南省三亚市推出的“地产投资券”,2005年4月,中国人民银行正式批准中国建设银行开展住房抵押贷款证券化业务,从而迈出我国进行大规模房地产证券化的关键性一步。 (一)房地产抵押债权证券化的发展现状 ,房地产抵押贷款债权的证券化是指以一级市场即发行市场上抵押贷款组合为基础发行抵押贷款证券的结构性融资行为。 ,房地产证券化从银行金融机构的角度看,表现为金融机构出于单纯的融资目的,将其拥有的房地产抵押权即债权分割成小单位的有价证券面向公众出售以筹集资金的方式。由此形成的资金流通市场,称之为房地产二级抵押市场。 ,从我国目前的实际情况来看,抵押债权证券化的发展基本空白。主要表现为: ,(1)抵押贷款的规模很小。拿中国建设银行来讲,该行房地产信贷部所经办的抵押贷款业务仅占到房贷部贷款总额的10,左右,占总行贷款总额的比例还不到1,。由于没有相当规模的抵押贷款积累,抵押债权的证券化便难以推行; ,(2)我国住房抵押贷款市场只有一级市场还不存在二级市场。我国的住房抵押贷款市场结构单一,仍处在放贷——还款的简单循环阶段,由此决定了抵押贷款资金的流动性差,抵押贷款市场需进一步发展。 (二)房地产投资权益证券化的发展现状 ,房地产投资权益的证券化,又称商业性房地产投资证券化,是指以房地产投资信托为基础,将房地产直接投资转化为有价证券,使投资者与投资标的物之间的物权关系转变为拥有有价证券的债权关系。 ,我国改革开放以来,伴随着资本证券市场的不断形成和发育,房地产投资权益证券化也得到了一定程度的发展,并成为我国当前房地产证券化发展的主体格局。主要表现在以下两个方面: ,(1)房地产股票市场的发展。我国目前股票市场的上市公司中,几乎80,左右的企业,其从股票市场上发行股票筹集来的资金均有一部分流入房地产业。有条件的房地产企业,除了可以在深交所和上交所办理一定的手续上市外,还可以在NET和STAQ两个场外交易所系统上市。这都为房地产融资业务的进一步扩展创造了极为有利的条件; ,(2)房地产债券市场的发展。我国目前的债券市场上,为房地产开发而发行的债券已有两种:singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 第一种是房地产投资券。第二种是受益债券。 四、我国实施房地产证券化的必要性和可行性 ,(一)房地产证券化的必要性 ,1、有利于提高银行资产的流动性,释放金融风险。由于个人住房抵押贷款期限比较长,而商业银行资金来源以短期为主,因而产生了由于“短存长贷”引发的流动性问题。目前我国商业银行个人住房抵押贷款占全部贷款的比例不高,资金也比较宽松,流动性没问题,但是存在业务发展的不平衡现象。参照发达的市场经济国家,我国的住房抵押贷款业务还有很大的增长空间,银行资产的流动性风险逐渐显现出来。房地产证券化有利于释放由此产生的金融风险。 ,2、有利于拓展房地产业资金来源,构建良好的房地产运行机制。目前,我国商品房空置量已超过1.2亿平方米,积压其上的国有商业银行贷款已超过2000亿,再加上新建的商品房,要想全面启动房市,至少需要3500亿元的巨额资金。这样巨大的资金缺口仅靠我国现有的住宅金融支持是远远不够的,而推行房地产证券化,直接向社会融资并且融资的规模可以不受银行等中介机构的制约,有助于迅速筹集资金、建立良好的资金投入机制。 ,“121”文件(2003年 6月5日,中国人民银行发布《关于进一步加强房地产信贷业务管理的 通知 关于发布提成方案的通知关于xx通知关于成立公司筹建组的通知关于红头文件的使用公开通知关于计发全勤奖的通知 》,即“121号文件”,以控制房地产信贷风险,其中的核心内容有: 房地产开发企业申请银行贷款,其自有资金应不低于开发项目总投资的30,;商业银行发放的房地产贷款严禁跨地区使用;商业银行不得向房地产开发企业发放用于缴交土地出让金的贷款。 ,3、有利于健全我国的资本市场,扩大投资渠道。房地产证券化作为重要的金融创新工具,给资本市场带来的重大变化是融资方式的创新,将大大丰富我国金融投资工具,有利于增加我国资本市场融资工具的可选择性,房地产证券化可使筹资者通过资本市场直接筹资而无须向银行贷款或透支,同时其较低的融资成本有利于提高我国资本市场的运作效率。 (二)房地产证券化的可行性 ,1、实施房地产证券化的宏观环境日趋成熟 ,(1)国际上房地产证券化的成功经验 自从1930年美国政府二级抵押贷款市场开拓以来,各市场经济国家均推出了多样化且富有弹性的房地产证券化产品。发达国家成熟的经验对我国房地产证券化的推行有着重要的借鉴意义。 ,海外房地产证券化的立法: ,海外房地产证券化的法律规定,从体例上看,可以分为分散立法型(美国、英国、法国、德国、澳大利亚、加拿大和我国香港地区)和统一立法型(日本、韩国、印尼、马来西亚、泰国和我国的台湾地区),这两种体例跟各自的国情是紧密联系的。 singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task ,a美国关于房地产证券化的法律规定。 美国是最早进行房地产证券化的国家,在法律制度方面积累了非常丰富的经验,其主要立法有:1933年的《证券法》、1934年的《证券交易法》。 1940年《投资公司法》。 在房地产投资信托方面,应当说,《投资公司法》与1935年《公用事业控股公司法》、1939年《信托契约法》、1940年《投资顾问法》,都成为日后投资公司经营房地产投资信托业务管理规则的基本框架。《第125号财务会计准则》(FAS125)、《转让、提供金融资产服务及债务清除之会计处理》。 两法采用金融合成分析法,改变过去对“真实销售”只“重形式轻实质”的缺陷,该法还对房地产证券化中的会计报表及其报表合并等问题作了详细规定,有利于保护投资者的合法权益。 ,b英国关于房地产证券化的法律规定。 英国自1987年开始发行按揭支撑证券,在抵押贷款市场,通过证券化的资产建立出借机构。例如国家房屋贷款有限公司、私人抵押有限公司。英国的抵押支撑证券通过建筑保险、人寿保险和抵押赔偿单进行组合。银行、机构投资者和海外投资者是英国证券化市场的主要投资者。在法律方面,英国1986年《建筑团体法》中“适宜抵押公司”指导建筑团体发行抵押支撑证券;1991年《流动资产咨询注解》鼓励建筑团体在抵押支撑证券市场的投资;1989年2月《贷款转让与证券化准则》由英格兰银行颁布,起到了宏观调控与监督的作用;此外《关于统一国际资本衡量和资本标准的协议》、《1986年财政支付法》、《1974年消费者信用法》、《1989年公司法》、《披露草案42》和《披露草案49》,在众法之间既有鼓励房地产证券化也有约束的作用。 ,c日本关于房地产证券化的法律规定。 日本的房地产证券化起步于80年代中后期,当时在法律上还存在着诸多限制,致使该产品无法在市场上广泛开展,直到1997年金融风暴后,日本金融市场受到重击,在残酷的现实环境催迫下,1998年通过《特殊目的公司法》,并于2000年修正为《资产流动化法》,至此,才为日本证券化市场的全面开展扫清了法律上的障碍。 此外,在日本推动金融资产证券化的同时,我们仍然不能忽视以下法律在证券化中的作用:《抵押证券法》、《抵押证券业规制法》、《信托法》、《信托业法》、《特定债权事业规制法》。这些法相较《资产流动化法》来说,虽然更分散,但仍然具有补充适用的价值。 ,d韩国关于房地产证券化的法律规定。 韩国的资产证券化实践主要出现在1997年金融危机之后,这之前基本未开展资产证券化业务,也没有制定相关的法规,而仅允许离岸资产的跨国界证券化。金融危机爆发后,韩国的金融业暴露出许多问题,在严格的金融监管下,韩国的金融机构都在尽力通过提高资本充足率来改善它们的安全性,金融机构进行有效的资产负债管理的重要性变得更加突出。随着金融改革和调整的深化,韩国政府希望通过证券化的方式来清除不良贷款,以最大限度地降低对整个社会的冲击。于是在1998年7月就颁布了《资产证券化法案》,该法从立法预告到法案生效,历时仅2个多月。 singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task ,,,,我国房地产证券化相关立法应采取哪种模式 ,(2)土地产权和房地产产权改革提供了前提条件 随着土地使用制度改革的不断深入,用地单位或居民逐步拥有了房地产产权,通过承租国有土地,补交土地出让金的方式拥有了土地使用权。同时,住房制度的改革使居民通过购买公有住房、微利房、商品房、自建、合建等方式逐步拥有了住房的所有权,为土地和房屋的抵押开辟了道路,也为房地产权益的分割提供了条件,为推广房地产证券化做了积极的准备。 ,(3)快速发展的房地产市场和金融市场是经济基础 从整个国家的宏观经济基础看,我国金融体制改革不断深化,经济运行状况良好,发展势头强劲。国民经济连续几年保持了7.5%以上的增长率,为房地产证券化创造了一个稳定的宏观经济环境。2003年以来,我国房地产投资增速快速下降,但房地产投资额一直处于上升趋势,总体上呈现出与经济发展相对应的快速增长特征。同时,国家针对房地产金融领域的违规操作现象,自2001年以来连续出台了一系列促进金融市场健康发展的房地产金融政策,繁荣的房地产市场和规范发展的金融市场为房地产证券化提供了经济基础。 ,2、初步具备实施房地产证券化的微观基础 ,(1)房地产市场存在巨大资金缺口 1998年住房制度市场化改革以后,城镇居民长期被抑制的住房需求逐步释放,投资性的需求在增长。但从房地产市场供给上看,现在我国大多数开发企业不具备雄厚的开发资本,银行贷款、信托融资、发行企业债券、发行股票并上市、股权投资、产业基金等融资方式均有一定局限性,只有推行房地产证券化,在金融市场上直接向社会大众融资,才能较好地解决房地产开发资金短缺的矛盾。房地产进入流通领域满足单位和个人的消费需要,庞大的住房消费市场的资金来源不可能依靠国家财政,也不可能完全依靠银行,住房消费的直接融资是必然趋势,推行房产证券化也成为一种必然。 ,(2)住房抵押贷款证券化业务基本成熟 住房抵押贷款是最容易进行证券化的优质资产之一,其原始债务人信用较高,资金流动性稳定,安全性高,各国的资产证券化无不起源于住房抵押贷款证券化。而我国随着住房货币供给体制逐步取代住房福利供给体制以来,住房抵押贷款不断上升已经初步形成规模。 ,(3)庞大的房地产证券化投资需求群体 我国居民拥有大量储蓄,这样一个拥有大量结余资金的群体,将为房地产证券化及其上市创造一个必要的市场环境。首先,证券可以根据需要以一定的面额等额分割,可以用较小的数额表现,房地产证券化的实施将大大降低资金进入的“门槛”。其次,房地产证singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 券不仅可以使投资者享受资金在房地产领域运动所产生的增值回报,在有价证券代表有关房地产产权(如持有房地产产权收益凭证)的情况下,这笔资金可以根据需要转化为房地产的实物消费。 ,(4)走向规范的资本和证券市场 以买卖发行各种债券和股票的资本市场在我国已形成基本框架,资本市场的发展不仅为房地产证券提供了市场规模,也因资本市场证券品种丰富而使房地产融资形式有多样化的选择。我国的证券市场也已初具规模,形成了以众多证券公司组成的证券发行市场和上海、深圳两地证券交易所、STAQ系统和NET系统为代表的证券交易市场,并且交易的容量和辐射范围不断地扩大,硬件和软件均达到国际先进水平,这就为房地产证券的交易提供了良好的发展空间。 ,3、政府的推动 证券化是一种市场行为,但也离不开政府的有力支持。在房地产证券化发展的初期,我国政府也极力推动住房抵押证券化的发展。例如,2005年3月,由中国人民银行牵头,发展改革委、财政部、建设部、税务总局等十部门负责人共同组成了信贷资产证券化业务试点工作协调小组,在国务院直接领导下,具体组织和协调信贷资产证券化的试点工作,分析研究试点工作进展情况,讨论有关难点问题并商议解决方案。 五、我国当前实施房地产证券化的制约因素 ,(一)体制制约 房地产证券化是发达国家金融创新的产物,其基础是私有制,房地产产权的细分出售正是私有化的集中体现。而我国所要建立的社会主义市场经济体制显然是有别于西方国家的市场经济体制。从实际情况看,目前我国还不能将大量资金投资于房地产,而是优先用于农业、能源、交通、原材料等短线部门,这就决定了我国所要推行的房地产证券化有一定的范围限制。况且,我国现行的房地产投资与金融体制正在进行重大改革,专业银行商业化、利率市场化、项目业主负责制等举措正是改革的重大步骤,但是这些目标的真正实现还要经历一个相当长的过程。这也在一定程度上制约了我国的房地产证券化进程。 ,(二)法规制约 住房贷款证券化是一项极其复杂的系统工程,将银行债权转化为投资者有价证券持有权的过程中,涉及原始债权人、证券特设机构、信用评级机构、贷款服务、证券投资者等方面的利益。然而,我国现行《证券法》的相关条款中,缺乏对资产证券化在房地产融资业务应用中的规定,这势必增加住房贷款证券化的推进难度。同时,在建立风险隔离机制所要借助的相关法律有《破产法》和《信托法》,由于这两种法规在国内出现的时间还不长,实施过程中难免存在种种困难。 ,(三)资本市场的制约 现阶段,我国的证券市场虽然发展迅速,但仍属初级阶段,市场容量和市场规模十分有限。而房地产证券化品种很多,一经推出势必会给已经“饱和”的证券市场带来巨大singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task 压力,这对证券市场的发展很不利。房地产证券化工具多半是依赖于证券交易所进行交易的,房地产证券流通市场要承受证券市场与房地产市场的双重风险,这更会使其在流通中受阻。 ,(四)房地产金融一级市场欠发达 西方房地产证券化的规律是:房地产金融一级市场发展到一定程度后,必然要寻求发展二级市场,因为二级市场能解决一级市场发展中面临的流动性、资金来源、信贷集中性等主要矛盾;二级市场的出现又促进了一级市场的发展。我国长期实行的福利住房制度使房地产金融市场一直没有获得真正的发展,尤其是国有四大商业银行在金融市场上的垄断地位,决定了我国房地产金融市场以非专业性房地产金融机构的商业银行为主体。 ,(五)信用制约 现阶段,我国尚无完整意义上的个人信用制度,银行很难对借款人的资信状况作出准确判断,对个人信贷业务的贷前调查和对贷款风险的评价显得困难重重。由于个人流动性大、财务收支状况难以确定,银行为了减少信贷风险,只好在贷款方式上严格控制,无形中制约了个人信贷业务规模的扩展,而规模过小的住房抵押贷款初级市场对证券化的推行是没有实际意义的。 ,(六)技术制约 首先,房地产证券化虽然原理简单,但真正的实施难点很多。其次,我国现阶段的会计与税收处理远远不能满足房地产证券化进展的需要。怎样才能避免双重征税是一个复杂的问题,不同的会计处理会导致不同的证券化成本与收益,如何设计合理的房地产证券化会计制度将是一个漫长的过程。第三,我国对房地产证券化技术的研究刚刚起步,国内缺乏相关技术人才,房地产证券化具体操作技术尚不成熟,这将成为制约我国房地产证券化进程的重要因素。 ,,,,美国次贷危机带来的深远影响(金融体系——实体经济) ,,,,给我们哪些启示 抵押债权证券化流程: ,购房人按揭贷款买房 ,——贷款银行、贷款公司、贷款经纪公司等出售抵押贷款 ,——房利美、房地美等金融机构设SPV将抵押贷款进行打包、重组、分割 ,——(评级机构评级)证券市场分层销售 singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task ,——机构投资者购买证券 ,Special Purpose Vehicle,简称SPV。在证券行业,SPV指特殊目的的载体也称为特殊目的机构/公司,其职能是在离岸资产证券化过程中,购买、包装证券化资产和以此为基础发行资产化证券,向国外投资者融资(是指接受发起人的资产组合,并发行以此为支持的证券的特殊实体。 ,SPV的原始概念来自于中国墙(China Wall)的风险隔离设计,它的设计主要为了达到“破产隔离”的目的。 ,SPV的业务范围被严格地限定,所以它是一般不会破产的高信用等级实体。SPV在资产证券化中具有特殊的地位,它是整个资产证券化过程的核心,各个参与者都将围绕着它来展开工作。 ,参照各国的资产证券化实践和相关立法,SPV的法律形态主要有信托、公司、有限合伙三种。 实践中,SPV有特殊目的公司(Special Purpose Company,SPC)和特殊目的信托(Special Purpose Trust, SPT)两种主要表现形式。 ,一般来说,SPV没有注册资本的要求,一般也没有固定的员工或者办公场所,SPV的所有职能都预先安排外派给其他专业机构。SPV必须保证独立和破产隔离。SPV 设立时,通常由慈善机构或无关联的机构拥有,这样SPV会按照既定的法律条文来操作,不至于产生利益冲突而偏袒一方。SPV的资产和负债基本完全相等,其剩余价值基本可以不计。 ,SPV可以是一个法人实体。SPV可以是一个空壳公司。SPV同时也可以是拥有国家信用的中介。 singing songs progress, and breaks down barriers to air, widely welcomed by the Japanese youth. Soon, the political team was held in town "25 rent" forum to promote rent, attended by KMT County Government, county offices, Yan Tomb District Government and representatives from all walks of the local youth. The meeting, the objections raised by the representatives of the County Committee, the two sides hotly debated. The local gentry and County Committee of the Kuomintang have attacked political team for unusual activity, Zhuang Shaozhen became a major goal. Renewed from the flag publications, organized anti-Japanese campaign, then to convene "25 rent" Forum, sparking a burst of publicity heat to promote youth war played a role. But the second wave of anti-communist, Kuomintang is mulling, wujiangludong, Lu XI two local forces took the opportunity to launch the "Shen" (the KMT County Chief Shen Liqun) activity, they shouted "County Government with the Communist party activities," created unprecedented tensions. Shen Liqun feel nervous, he was accused of "accommodate the alien parties" and deal with danger, prophesy and found no Communist Party in his County, and caused the storm to Zhuang Shaozhen to open the new identity. Between October, rumors in southwest area of Wujiang in tianmu mountain, "Black said. South Bureau and ordered the withdrawal of Sunan County owned lands, to youth task
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