生态城市主义

16 世界建筑 2010/01 ??? 随着世界气候大会在哥本哈根的召开，可持续发展 问题再次成为全球瞩目的热点。可持续发展的概念在 1987年由布伦特兰 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 提出，强调有限资源的可持续利 用。事隔20多年，全球范围的城市化及地球暖化等问题 日益突出，发展与环境的冲突更加激烈。可持续的相关 说法层出不穷，使得这个概念变得模糊难辨，许多我们 习以为常的名词，如可持续发展、生态城等，遭到滥用， 混淆了我们对于问题的理解，并阻碍了我们提出有效方 法与行动的步伐。 以北美的专业界为例，大家耳熟能详的话题包括“新 城市主义”，提倡回归小城镇步行尺度及大众导向公交系 统等观念；LEED 绿建筑 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 ，以新的建筑技术与法规来 推行节能与环保建筑，并以LEED-ND应用推广到邻里社区 尺度；以及这几年新崛起的“景观城市主义”，从景观与生 态的方法来设计城市边缘地区，关注棕地再开发等课题。 本期专题介绍“生态城市主义”相关的理论与设计 案例 全员育人导师制案例信息技术应用案例心得信息技术教学案例综合实践活动案例我余额宝案例 ，为一股更近的思潮，其论述与发展仍有待观察。这 股思潮引用“生态”及“城市”两个看似对立的观念，激 发出新的设计理念与专业实践。我们可以发现其特色： 更强调生态科技的应用，且直接面对已建成的城市环 境。在立场上也不同于消极的环境与自然保护，而是以 “设计”来积极主动地创造生态的机会。面对全球性的城 市蔓延、气候变迁与可持续发展对策等问题，特别是中 国及亚洲其他国家因为快速城市化，建筑及城市发展与 自然环境之间有着更深的矛盾，“生态城市主义”或许较 其他观点更贴近现实，为国内建筑与城市设计专业提供 另一个思考方向。 本期专题介绍了 Field Operations事务所、生态系 统城市设计室及l’AUC 事务所这3个以城市设计为主的 团体及其作品，分别代表“生态城市主义”在北美、中 国/亚洲及欧洲三地的实践。同时邀请其负责人包括詹 姆斯·科纳、杨沛儒、弗朗索瓦·德科斯特分别提供其 理论论述及设计方法，加上理查德·达根哈特的理论分 析，以深化我们对这个概念的认识。 Field Operations 事务所是一个快速崛起的景观建 筑及城市设计团体，负责人詹姆斯·科纳为美国宾夕法 尼亚大学景观建筑系系主任。科纳近几年倡议“景观城 市主义”理论，承继宾夕法尼亚大学景观生态 规划 污水管网监理规划下载职业规划大学生职业规划个人职业规划职业规划论文 学派 伊恩·麦克哈格以来的思潮，并以其惊人创新能力获得 学界与专业界极大关注。其事务所近几年连续在北美、 The sustainable development issue becomes a global focus again following the UN Climate Change Summit in Copenhagen in December 2009. The definition of sustainable development was proposed in the Bruntland Report in 1987 that emphasizes sustainable approach to develop with limited resources. After two decades or so, we see fiercer conflicts between development and environment in the issues of global-wide urbanization and global warming. The interpretations of sustainability concept are various, blurred and controversial. The terminologies such as sustainable development and eco-city have been abused and become confusing, which affect any effective way to take action. In the case of North American professional field, we are all familiar with the ideas such as New Urbanism that advocates traditional township and transit oriented development; the LEED green building technology and code for energy saving building systems and its application to the neighborhood by LEED-ND; the Landscape Urbanism that attempts to use methods in landscape and ecology to deal with urban fringe and brown field redevelopment. The issue of WA introduces a more recent trend in theory and projects under the category “Ecological Urbanism”, a new discourse that is not yet fully understood. It deals with two contradictory terms, ecology and city, to stimulate new design thinking and alternative way of professional practice. We have observed some cutting-edge thoughts here such as 南美及东亚等地的城市设计竞赛中获奖，已成为美国景 观城市主义的代表性团体，具有广泛的影响。 生态系统城市设计室在美国亚特兰大市，负责人杨 沛儒为美国乔治亚理工学院建筑学院副教授，以生态城市 设计结合城市生态系统模拟研究，探讨如何应用前沿的规 划科技，以生态分析结合城市设计，使其作品能跨出“生 态仅仅作为一种概念”的局限，关注生态设计策略应用于 高密度的城市环境。自2005年获得高雄2009世运会先期 园区规划国际竞赛获第1名后，连续多次获得国内外城市 设计竞赛奖项。其前一阶段作品为其任教于新加坡国立大 学建筑系时结合KDA事务所的实践。 l’AUC 建筑与城市事务所创建于1996年，以法国巴 黎为根据地，主要合伙人为弗朗索瓦·德科斯特、贾迈勒· 克卢奇和卡洛琳·普兰，其作品擅长各项尺度的策略性城 市区域规划与更新发展，2005年将实践扩增至建筑领域， 主要作品分布于法国、欧洲、北非、越南等地。2005年获 得以创新城市规划设计为主题的法国国家青年建筑师奖 项，2009年与让·努维尔、理查德·罗杰斯、MVRDV等10 个团体同时入围参加大巴黎未来愿景国际竞赛。这是一个 很有前途的团队。□ the focuses of ecological technology and ecological solutions for urban environment. It’s different from the passive way of protecting environment and nature. It takes“design”as a progressive way to create opportunities of ecology. Facing global urban sprawl, climate change and sustainable strategies, especially the rapid urbanization in China and Asia, we see deeper contradictions between architecture, development and natural environment.“Ecological Urbanism” may be more realistic than many others. It would provide a new way of thinking to China’s architecture and urban design professional practices. The issue introduces design works from three rising urban design groups: Field Operations，ESD Studio and l’AUC. They represent the ideas of Ecological Urbanism in the contexts of North America, China-Asia and Europe. Besides their projects, the chief designers of the three groups James Corner, Perry Yang and Fran_ois Decoster introduce their theory and design methodology in articles. We have also invited Richard Dagenhart to contribute an article to strengthen our understanding of the theoretical concepts. Field Operations is a rapidly rising group of landscape architects and urban designers. James Corner is also the chair of Department of Landscape Architecture in University of Pennsylvania. Corner is known for being a key figure in the recent discourse of Landscape Urbanism, following Ian McHarg’s ecological planning school of U Penn. James Corner-Field Operations’s incredible creative works have drawn great attentions from both academic and professional areas. They have been awarded prices in recent design competition in North and South American cities and some in East Asia cities. Their influential works are categorized as part of the new thoughts in Landscape Urbanism. ESD Studio (Eco Systems Design Studio) is based on Atlanta. Perry Yang is a faculty in the College of Architecture of Georgia Tech. His ecological sound urban design works combines research in ecological urban simulation by applying new planning technology, which goes beyond ecological design by saying or by conceptualization in many other works that we see today. Most of his works deal with high density urban environment, including his first prize winning scheme in 2005 for the 2009 World Games Park in Kaohsiung, followed by many other design awards in China and South East Asia. Perry Yang’s early works were based on National University of Singapore in collaboration with KDA. l’AUC architects and urbanists is based on Paris in France. The three partners Fran峯is Decoster, Djamel Klouche and Caroline Poulin started their practices in strategic urban and regional planning and redevelopment from 1996. In 2005, they have extended the practice to architecture. Their works go from France, Europe, North Africa to Vienam. In 2005, they were awarded Palmar弒 National des Jeunes Urbanistes. In 2009, l’AUC was selected as one of the ten entries in Grand Paris competitions together with Jean Nouvel, Richard Rogers, MVRDV and others. It is a promising design team. □ 生态城市主义 ECOLOGICAL URBANISM 王毅/WANG Yi