RADIO DEPARTMENT
Thn Inltltuh of E lectrical Englnee ...
Wllh the H Igh F l"1Iquency Altern"or Sho ..... n
In Fig. t. F Ig. 2.
to those o f the German physicist. All my
r.
revious effort, with Rhumkorf (Oils had
e ft me unconvinced, and in order to set-
tle my doubts 1 wenl over the whole ground
once more, very carefully, with thcse im-
EDITOR.
been long ago formulated. It was a per-
feetly well-established fact that a circuit.
traversed by a periodic current. emitted
some kind of space waves, but we were in
ignorance as 10 their character. He ap-
parelllly ga\'e an experimental proof that
they wen'; t ransversal vibrations in the
ether. Most pwple look upon this a s hi ~
great accomplishment. To my lIlind it
Seems that his immortal merit was not so
much in this as in the focusing of the in-
vestigators' attention on the prOCessC5 tak-
ing place in the ambient medium. The
Hertz.-wave theory, by il$ fascinating hold
on the imagination, has stifled creative ef-
fo rt in the wireless art and retarded it for
twcntr-five :rears. But, on the other hand,
it is ImpoSSIble to over-estimate the bene-
ficial effects of the powerful stimulus it
has given in ma ny directions.
As regards signaling without wires, the
due to spectacular features, its
chief import was in showing that
all Kinds of devices could be operated
thm a single wire without return. This
Q:):':::-=-- -;r--{'-'
--
E lect r Ic Tr:tnsm lulon T h ru II S Ing le WI,..
Hydraulic An .log. F Ig. 4.
was the initial !te~ in the evolution o f illY
wirele5s system. The idea preSented itself
to me that it might be possible. under ob-
May, 19 19
"w
IUultratlng T ypica l Arrlngemenu for
CoUectlng E nergy In a SYlum Of Trlnl_
ml .. lo n T hru a Slngl" Wire. Fig. 5.
servance o f proper conditions of resonance,
to transmit electric energy thru the earth,
thus dispensing with all artificial conductors.
Anyone who might wish to examine ilnpar-
tially the merit of that earlr suggestion
must not "iew it in the light 0 present day
science. I only need to say that as late as
1893, when I had prepared an elabdr.ue chap-
ter on my wireless system. dwelling on its
various instrumentali ties and future pros-
pects, Mr. Joseph Wetzler and other friends
of mine emphatically proteSied against its
publication on the ground that such idle and
far-fetched speculations would ~n)ure me in
the opinion of conservative busmcn men.
So it came that only a small part of what
I had intended to say was embodied in my
address of that year before the Franklin
Institute and National Electric Liltht As-
sociation under the chapter "On Electrical
cta grlm E lucida t Ing Eff"ct of Llrge Capac_
Ity on One End. Fig. 5.
Resonance." This little salvage from the
wreck has earned me the title of "Father
of the Wire:Jess" from many well-disposed
fellow workers, rather than the invention
of Kores of appliances which bave brought
wireless trans-
mission within
the reach of
every young
amateur a n d
which. >in a
time not dis-
tant, will lead
to undertak-
ings overshad·
owing in mag-
nitude and
importance all
past achieve-
menu of the
engineer.
The popular
impression is
that my wire·
less work was
begun in 1893,
but as a mat-
ter of fact I
spent the two
prec e ding
years in inves-
tigations. em-
ploying fonns
of apparatus,
some of which
were almost
like those of
today. It was
elear to me
from the very
start that the
successful
con summa-
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER
number of radial improvements_ Suitable
high frequency generators and dcctricaJ os-
cillators had first to be prod~ The
energy of these had to be transformed in
effcct i n~_ transmitters and collcct«l at a
distance in proper receivers. Such a sys-
tem would be manifestly cin:umscriJed m
its usefulnus if all extraneous inlttiu-
ence were: nOt prevented and excJu!;~
secured. In time, however. 1 recognUed
that devices of this kind, to be most ~«1-
£Jnvkd",poci~ £leO'CfaJ~~
.. 1~~,; F.::;:I r
-,;,.,.
, .. ,~.1lih" , .. """),!k"'~d'
Tr~n.ml .. lo n Of E lec t rical Energy T hru th"
Earth a. IIlu lt r~ted In Tnla'i Lecture. B".
fore the Franl(lIn Inltltute and E I"ct riC L ight
Associa t ion In F'bru~rl and March. 1893. and
Mec hanical Analog 0 the Same. FI~. 7.
ive and efficient. should be de:signed with
due regard to the physical propertin of
this planet and the electrical conditions
obtaininc on the: same. I will briefly touch
upon the salient ad"ances as they .... ere
made in the gradual deve:lopment of the
system.
The high frequency alterllator employed
in my first dellionstrations is illustrated in
Fig. 1. It comprised a field ring, with 384
pole projections and a d isc armature with
coils wound in one single layer which were:
connected in various ways according to re-
quirements. It was an excellent machine
for experimcntal purposes, furnishing sinu-
soidal currents of from IO,OClO to 20,000
cycles per s.econd, The output was com-
paratively large, due to the fact that as
much as 30 amperes per SQuare millimeter
could be past thru the coils without injury.
The diag ram in Fig. 2 shows the circuit
a rrangeme:I\IS as used ill my lecture. Reso-
nant conditions were maintained by means
A,(y ar €U"aPI r
"'Q_ .......... -
00'f:g" 18 _~
M>d t"""" ""'"'" ~ ",bNr~
29
Ta'a's Sya-tem of W lrelen T ranlmlnlo'"
Th", th. Earth as Actually Exposed In
H I, Lacturet Befor-e the Franklin In_
Itltute Ind Electric Light "'"oclatlon In
February and Mlrch, 1893, F ig."
of a condenser subdidded into small sec·
tions. the finer adju5tmrots being dlected
by a movable iron core: within an indllct·
ance coil. Loosely linked with the latter
was a high tension scocmdary which was
tuned to the primary.
The operation of devicC$
wire without return was punl;,!"
because of its novelty,
explained by suitabJi!,:_ ,:",.",Iii;~
purpose reference ';s
I n the former the I
conductors are
¥ii¥
Tho
...
e"
Forerunne r of
Audlon - the
Se n sit iv e
Wlteletl Detector
Kn ow n. ae Oe ·
ICrlbed by T.I II In
HI , Lectu re Before
th. Inltltutlon Of
E lec tri cal En gl.
n. a r l. London,
February, 1892.
Fig. II.
seclion, the alternator by an oscillating
piston and the filament of an incandescent
lamp by a minute channel connecting the
pipes. It will be clear from a glance at
the diagram that "ery slight excursions
of the piston would cause the fluid to rush
'11. 10.
with high ve-
locity thru the
small channel
and that vir·
tually all the
ene r gy of
movement
w ou ld be
t r a IIsfonned
into heat by
friction, simi_
larly to that
of the electric
current in the
lamp filament.
The second
diagram will
now be self-
ex]) lanalory,
Corresponding
to the termi-
nal capacity of
the ele<:tric
syste:m an
elastic reser-
v o ir is em-
plo)'C-d which
dispenses with
the necessity
of a return
pipe. As the
piston oscil-
lales the bag
expands and
Contracts, and
the fluid is
tion could only
be brought
about by a
Tnla 's Syllem of Concatenate.f T uned Clrcultl Shown ~nd Described tn U. S. Patent No. 568.178 of
S"ptember 22. 1896, ard ':orrespondlng ....... angementl In Wlrel ... Trantml,,'an,
made 10 surge
thru the re-
stricted pas-
sagewithgre:at
speed, thi.", __ _
rc~uhing in the generation of he>t u in the
incandesccnt lamp. Thooreticalh- consid-
ered, the efficicllcy of conveulon of energy
should be the samc in both c",_es,
Gralllcd, then, that an economic system
of power transmission thru a single wire is
,.
•
Tcsm four~JI''Cutf
tu"ui _,-deu SJU~
J
,
,
F o ur Ctn;ult Tuned Syltem Con_
W ith the Contemporanlou , Hertz_
Walll Syltem, F ig. 11.
practicable, the question arises how to col-
lett the energy in the receilers. \Vith this
object attention is called to Fig. 5, in which
a conductor is sho\\ n excited by an osdl-
lator jo!ne~ t? it alone end. Evidently, as
the penodlc Impulses pan Ihru the win~ ,
uifferellces of potential will be created along
the same as well as at right angles to il
in the surrounding medium and either of
these may be usefully applied. Thus at a,
a circuit compr ising an inductance and (3-
padty is resonantly excited in the t rans-
verse, and at b, in the longitudinal sense.
At c, ener~,'y is collected in a circuit parallel
to Ihe conductor but not in contact wilh it,
and again at d, in a ci rcui t which is pa rtly
sunk into the conductor and may be, or
not, electrically connected to the same. It
is important to keep these typical disposi-
tions in mind. for howel'er the distant ac-
Arrangementl Qf D l re~(I"e Clrcu1ts
Dncrlbed In Tnla', U. S. Patent No.
613,8011 01 NOllember 8. 189l1, on
"Method of and Apparatul for Con_
lroiling Mech.nl l m o f Moving Vu-
.. II or Vehlclet." Fig. 12.
lions of the oscil lator might be modified
tbm the 'immense extem of the globe the
principles involved arc the same.
Consider now the effect of such a con-
ductor of vast dimellsiOlls on a circuit ex-
ci ting it. The upper diagram of Fig. 6 il-
lustrates a familiar oscillating: liystem com-
prising a slr.light rod of sclf-mductancc 2L
with small terminal capacities (( and a node
in the center. In the lower diagram of the
figure a large capacity C is auached to the
rod at one end with the result of shifting
the node to the right. thru a distance cor-
responding to self-inductance X. As both
paru of the s}stem on either side of the
node vibrate at the sallie rate, v,c have c\·i-
demly, (L + X) c = (L _ X) C from
C-,
which X = L When the ca-
c+,
pacily C becomes commen~urate to that of
the earth, X approximates L, in other
words, the noue is close to the ground con-
Ilcction. The I'X(l(/ detr'millPliulI of ils
po.dlioll is f.'Uy imparl/lilt {" tilt (01, .. /(1-
tian of ct rloin 11"'(,.Ilrilll rlrctrical (llid
geodetic dala and I have devised spedaJ
means with this purpose in view.
~Iy original plan of transmitting energy
without wires is shown in the upjl('r dia-
gram o f Fig. 7, while the lower one Dlm-
t rates its mechanical analog, first publisht
in my article in the Ct'''''Jr~ A/IJ{jazillt' of
June, 1900. An alternator, preferably of
high tension, has one of its terminals con-
neCled to the ground and the other to an
elevated capacrty and impresses its oscil-
lations upon the earth. At a distanl point
a receiving circuit, likewise connected to
ground and to an elevated capacit)', collects
some of the energy and actuates a suitable
device. I suggested a multiplication of
such units in o rder to intensify the effects,
an idea which may yet prove \'aluable. In
the analog two tuning forks arc provided,
one at the sending and the other at the re-
ceiving station, each having attached to its
lower prong a piston fitting in a cylinder.
The two cylinders communicate with a
large elastic resen·oir filled with an incom-
JiI~S21i~,.
','''/ .' / -- ---'-"- -',,-::" " ' . k::W;::----·· ~~:>::~:\
f!li/I:! ' .. \\\\'.\\
11111',1,1 \\\ .. ··'\;'1
"'1" • . '\' \'
"::i):! -",.~ 1 111.1'
-_."",, ~ ...:...--
. -'-- _. .,.:;...., - 4_ ~ . au ;
D iagram E xpol lng the Fail icy 0' the Gliding
Walle Th eory .1 P ropounded In Wlrel .. 1
T ext Bookl. Fig. 11.
pressible fluid. The vibrations transmitted
to either of the tuning forks excite them
by resonance and, thru electrical contacts
or otherwise. bring about the desired re-
sult. This, I may say, was not a mere
mechanical illustratiOll, but a simple rep-
resentation of my apparatus for submarine
si/{naling. perfected bf me in 1892, but not
appreciated at that time, altho more effi-
cit'nt than the instruments now in use.
The electric diagram in Fig. 7, which
was reproduced from my lecture. was
meant only for the exposition of the prin-
ciple. The i'rrangement. as I described it
in detail, is shown in Fig. 8. In this case
an alternator energizes the primary of a
transfonner, the high tension secondary of
which is connected to the ground and an
dented capacity and tuned to the imprest
oscillations. The receiving circuit consists
of an inductance connected to the f,:round
and to an elevatcd terminal without break
and is resonantly responsive to the trans-
mitted oscillations. A specific form of re·
cciving de"ice was not mentioned, but I
had in mind to transform the recei" ed cur·
rents and thus make their \'ohlme and ten-
sion suitable for any purpose, This, in
suustance, is the system of toda~ ;and I a!ll.
not aware of a single authentical~ in-
stance of successful transmi,sion at eon-
5iderat~e distance hy different instrumen_
talities. It might, vcrhaps, not be clear to
\ql; .... ~ ,
... ;<,\7:,>:'>-
-,"',,, .-~-.::..-=:::.~~:,\ :,~?-::.-;t
/<~:;:;:?= i'~~:::3-<~>"
I ~ / ' --,.... Q "" .. v.',. ' " ' 1,/,,-......::.:... "'\' If",'1 \\\ '.
I I I !1-4~ 4qn I , \ I \
I I I ,'" , \ I I I
I I: I 1.,- 'fCln " I I I
t : ' i: ' ! I !
Fig. H. Diagram E xplainIng the Re_
lation Between t he Effectille and the
Mea.u~d Current In the Antenna.
those who have perused my first descrip-
tion of'thcse improvemcnts that, besides
making known new and efficient types of
apparatus. r gave to the world a wirekss
system o f potentialities far beyond any-
thing before conceived. I made explicit
Q
6
Ifufz (}Self/c/oI' of
grwl t!nO!I,Y IneH«''''f
Fig. 15. IIIUltraUng One of the General E III _
dence. Aga ln . t the Space Walle Tranlmlulon.
and repeated statements that I contem-
plat~ transmission, absolutely unlimited as
to terrestrial distance and amount of en·
ergy. Bm, altho 1 have oveTC{Jme all ob-
stacks which st'emcd in the beginning un·
surmountable and fowld elegant solutions
of all the problems which confronted me.
yet, e,'en at this very day, the majority of
experts are stiJI blind to the possibilitiu
which arc within easv attainment.
).Iy confidence that a signal could be
easily flashed a round the globe waS
strengthened thru the discovery of the " ro-
tating brush." a wonderful phenomenon
which I have fully dcscribed in my addreu
before the I nstitution of Electrical Engi-
neers. London. in 1892, and which is illus-
trated in Fig. 9. T his is undoubtedly the
most
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