英语课后习题及答案

Unit11.Inparagraphs1and2,theauthortellsastoryaboutaprofessorinRobertA.Fowkes’sclass.Whatwasstrangeabouttheprofessor?A:First,theprofessorsaid“ladiesandgentlemen,”whiletherewasonlyonestudent.Second,RobertA.Fowkes,theonlystudentinclass,missedoneclass,buttheprofessordidn’tgivethelectureFowkeshadmissed,butgavethenextoneinthesequence.2.Whywasthelecturesystempopularinthethirteenthcentury?A:Inthe13thCenturybooksweresorareandexpensivethatfewstudentscouldaffordthem.3.Inparagraphs5–7,whatdoestheauthoruseanimaginaryclasstoshowus?A;Theauthorusesanimaginaryclasstoshowustheinadequacyofthelecturesystem.4.Intheimaginaryclass,whatmakesMaryandotherstudentsbored?A:Thewaytheprofessorlectures:Heisjustreadingfromastackofhisveryoldnotes.5.WhydoMaryandherfellowstudentsstickitoutwhilesomedropoutofcollege?A:Maryandsomeotherstudentsbecomeresignedtothelecturesystemandwaittobecomejuniorsandseniors.Then,theywillattendsmallerclassesandatlastgetthekindofpersonalattentionthatreallearningrequires.6.Inparagraph10,theauthordiscussesactivelearningandpassivelearning.Givesomeexamplesofboth.A:Activelearning:Studentswriteessays,doexperimentsandthenhavetheirworkevaluatedbytheirinstructors.Passivelearning:Attendinglectures.7.Inwhatwaydomoststudentslearnbest?A;Moststudentslearnbestbyengaginginfrequentandevenheateddebate.8.Accordingtoparagraph13,whydoadministratorslovelectures?A;Theycancramalotmorestudentsintoalecturehallthanintoadiscussionclass.9.Whymaysmallerclassesbeexhaustingtotheteacher?A;Smallerclassesmayrequireenergy,imagination,andcommitmentfromtheteacher,whichcanbeveryexhausting.10.Accordingtotheauthor,whoshouldreceivemorelectures?A;Juniorsandseniors.Unit31.Inparagraph1,theauthorsaysthatweareinthemiddleofasixthgreatextinction.Whatarethesegreatextinctions?Couldyounamesome.Inwhatwayisthecurrentgreatextinctiondifferentfromthepreviousfiveones?A;Thedifferenceliesinthefactthatthepreviousfivegreatextinctionshaveoccurredfornaturalcauses,butthecurrentgreatextinctionhasbeencausedbyhumanactivities.2.Whatistheauthortryingtodowithparagraph2?A;Theauthorgivesussomeexamplestoshowwhathumanneedshavecausedthecurrentgreatextinction.Generallyspeaking,theyarehumans’needsforsurvival.3.WhydidthebuffaloandthepassengerpigeoninNorthAmericabecomeextinct?A;Boththebuffaloandthepassengerpigeonbecameextinctowingtooverhuntingbyhumans.4.WhatpointdoestheauthorwanttoillustratebywritingabouttheEuropeanrabbitsinparagraph4?A;Hewantstoillustratethatnaturalhabitatsofsomenativespeciescouldbedestroyedbytheintroductionofforeignspecies.TheintroductionofEuropeanrabbitsintoAustraliaisagoodexample.TheymultipliedquicklyandthreatenedthehabitatofnativegrazinganimalsinAustraliabyeatingallthevegetation.5.Inparagraph5,theauthorstatesthathumansendangerotherspeciesbydestroyingtheirnaturalhabitats.Whatexampledoestheauthorgivetosupportthisstatement?A;Theexampleis:Therapidshrinkingofrainforestcausedthelossofmanyspeciesthatmadetheirhomesinit.6.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph8?A;Eachlifeformoccupiesaspecialplaceintheecosystem,andthedisappearanceofanyspecieswillaffectotherspeciesintheecosystem.But74speciesaredyingouteveryday.7.Whatarethetwoadvantagesthatbiodiversityhasovermonoculturesaccordingtoparagraphs9–12?A;1)Biodiversitymakesitpossibleforusefulsubstancestobefoundinspecieswehaven’tgottotestorstudy.2)Biodiversitywillsavehumanityfrombeingstarvedtodeathowingtotheirgreatdependenceonasmallnumberofspecies.8.Inparagraph10,theauthorwritesaboutthePacificyewtree.WhatmakesthePacificyewtreesohighlyvaluedtoday?Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbymentioningthistree?A;BecauseitisdiscoveredthatthebarkofthePacificyewtreecontainsasubstancecalledtaxol,whichcaneffectivelytreatcertainkindsofcancer.Bymentioningthistree,theauthorwantstotellusthatmanyspeciesmaydieoutbeforetheirvalueisdiscovered.9.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph11?A;Paragraph11mainlytellsusthatthevalueofthevastmajorityofspecieshasyettobediscovered.Itisveryimportantforustoprotectthediversityofspecies.Ifwedon’t,wewilllosespeciesthatmayturnouttobeextremelyimportanttoourownsurvival.10.Whatpointissuggestedbythelastparagraph?A;Itsuggeststhatit’shardtotellwhethertheseprotectivemethodswillbeeffectiveornotnowbecausetherapidhumanpopulationgrowthmaymakeitdifficulttoputthesemethodsintopractice.Unit51.Atthebeginningofthearticle,theauthordeclaresthat,inordertosolvethecurrentconfusionabouttheproperrolesthatmenandwomenshouldplayinmarriage,heproposestoestablishnewmaritalnorms.Whatpatternofmarriagebehaviordoeshepropose?Isthispatternatraditionaloneorabrandnewone?A;Heproposesapatternoflatemarriagefollowedbyamodifiedtraditionalnuclearfamilyintheearlychildrearingyears.Itismainlyatraditionalpatternbutwithsomechanges.2.Accordingtothefirstprincipleproposedbytheauthor,shouldwomenbewell-educatedandworkoutsidethehomeaftermarriage?Isthisatraditionalormodernidea?A;Yes.Theauthorsayswomenshouldbewelleducatedandbetrainedaccordingtotheirabilitiesforasociallyusefulpaidjoborcareer.Everyoneshouldmakeworkcontributionintheirlifetime.Thisisamodernidea.3.Whatisthesecondprincipletheauthorproposes?Isthisatraditionalormodernidea?A;Thesecondprincipleisthatyoungpeopleshouldholdtheexpectationthattheywillmarryonlyonceandforalifetimeandthattheywillhavechildren.Thisisatraditionalidea.4.Accordingtothethirdprinciple,whatisthebestageformarriage?Why?Inaddition,what’sthepossibleresultoflatemarriage?Istheauthorfororagainstthiswayoflife?Howdoyouknow?A;Thebestageformarriageislatetwentiesorearlythirties,orevenlaterformen.Thereasonwhysocietyencouragespeopletomarryrelativelylateinlifeisthatatthattimetheyaremoremature,knowbetterwhattheywantinamate,andaremoreestablishedintheirjobsorcareers,andmenhavebeguntohavemorestablesexlifewithapermanentsexualpartner,allofwhichhelpreducetheriskofdivorce.Thereasonwhyindividuals,bothwomenandmen,alsowanttomarrylateristhattheywanttohavetimetopursuepersonalexpressionandfulfillmentbeforemarriage.Onepossibleresultoflatemarriageislongyearsofnonmaritalcohabitationinyoungadulthood.Theauthorisfornonmaritalcohabitation,butontheconditionthatitisassociatedwith“serious,caringrelationships,”not“sexualpromiscuity”,becausehewritesthatthisis“anarrangementthatoftenmakesmoresensethanthealternativestoit,”meaningitismoresensiblethanlivingaloneithone’sparents.5.Accordingtothefourthprinciple,whatisthedisadvantageoflatemarriage?Howtoovercomeit?A;Thedisadvantageoflatemarriageisthat,aspeopleliveasinglelifefor10yearsorevenmore,theytendtobemoreeagertofulfillthemselves,lesswillingtocarryoutfamilyresponsibilities,andthereforefindithardertoadapttomarriageandchildrearing.Toovercomethisdisadvantage,youngunmarriedadultsshouldbeencouragedtosavealargepartoftheirincomeforafamilyfund,whichwillbeusedwhenthewifequitsworkingoutsideandstaysathomeasfull-timehousewifeaftermarriageandchildbirth.6.Fromchildren’sbirthtotheirearlyormiddleteenyears,whatchildrearingarrangementsdoesthefifthprinciplerecommendtotheparents?Isthisstrategyknownas“sequencing”atraditionalornewpractice?A;Thispracticeismainlytraditionalbutwithsomemodifications,suchasmothers’workingparttimeafterthechildis3yearsoldorfathers’becomingtheprimarycaretakerafterthechildis18monthsoldiftheywish.7.Forwomen,itseemsthattheconflictbetweenchildcareandcareerdevelopmentisunavoidable.Totheauthor,whichofthetwoismoreimportant?Whatshouldthegovernmentdotomakeuptowomenfortheircareerloss?A;Totheauthor,childcareismoreimportantsincehesays“itispossibleto‘makeup’forcareerloss,butimpossibletomakeupforchild-nurturingloss.”Heurgesthatthegovernmentinstituteparentalleaveandchildallowanceprogramsforfamilieswithyoungchildrentoliveonasingleincome,anddevelop“veteransbenefits”typeofprogramsthatprovidemotherswithfinancialsubsidiesandjobprioritieswhentheyreturntothepaidworkforce.8.Accordingtothesixthprinciple,whilethemotherisordinarilytheprimarycaretakeroftheinfant,whatdomesticworkshouldthefatherdo?Andaftertheinfantis18monthsold,isanychangepossibletothefather’srole?Hereisthefatherassumingthetraditionalmaritalgenderroleoranewone?Whatshouldemployersdoaccordinglytoadapttothissituation?A;Thefathershouldbeanactivesupporterofthemother-childbondaswellasanauxiliaryhomemakerandcareprovider.Heshouldtakecareofthehouse,yardandcarandinmanycasescookmeals,cleanthehouse,lookafterthechild,etc.ifhehastheskillsandtalents.Afterthechildreaches18months,itispossiblethatthefatherbecomestheprimarycaretaker.Herethefatherisassuminganewroleofauxiliaryhomemakerandcareproviderinadditiontothetraditionalroleofbreadwinner.Accordinglyemployersmustallownotonlymothersbutalsofatherstobeabsentfromworkfrequentlywhiletakingflex-timeandpart-timejobsbecausefathersalsohavetocareforthechildren.9.Astheseventhprincipleimplies,willthesituationlastthroughouttheirmarriagethatwomendomoredomesticworkandlesspaidworkthanmen?A;No.Intheearliermarriagelifewomenwilldomoredomesticworkthanmen,butinthelatermarriagelifewomenwilldomorepaidworkthanmenpartlybecausehusbands,beingolder,willretireearlierthantheirwivesandpartlybecauseduetohormonalchanges,womenbecomemorework-orientedandmenbecomemorehome-orientedinlaterlife.10.Inconclusion,intheauthor’sopinion,whichshouldhaveahigherpriorityformenandwomeninmodernsociety,personalpursuitsorparenting?Forthebenefitofbothsocietyandindividuals,isitsensibletocompletelyabandonthemaritalrolesofmenasthebreadwinnerandofwomenasthehomemakerandchildrearerassociatedwiththetraditionalnuclearfamily?Whatmarriagebehaviordoestheauthordisapproveof?Whatmarriagebehaviordoesheadvocate?A;Duringtheparentalyears,parentingshouldhaveahigherpriorityoverpersonalpursuits.Parentsshouldlimittheirexpressivefreedomforthewelfareofchildren.No,itisfoolhardytodoso.Whenthereareyoungchildreninthefamily,ifthetraditionalmaritalgenderrolesareabandoned,thensocietywillbeindanger.Theauthordisapprovesofthe“striveforandrogyny”,thatis,peoplestrugglingtoplayboththemalebreadwinningroleandthefemalechildrearingroleatthesametime.Headvocatesthatpeopleacknowledge,accommodate,andappreciatethedifferentneeds,interests,valuesandgoalsofdifferentsexes.Hedisapprovesofthe“unisexpursuitoffreedomwithamalebias”,thatis,bothmenandwomenpursuingfreedom(successandfulfillmentincareer)thatistraditionallypossessedbymen.Headvocatesthatpeoplegivemoreimportanceandrespecttofamilybondandchildcarethataretraditionallyvaluedbywomen.Bythis,hesuggeststhatthetraditionaldivisionoflaborisstillneceshouldgoonplayingthetraditionalfemalechildrearingroleduringthechild-nurturingyears.