麦田里的守望者英文书评

精品文档你我共享MajorThemesPainfulExperiencevs.NumbnessPerhapsthegreatestthemeofthenovelinvolvestherelationshipbetweenthepainofactualexperienceandfeelingone'sfeelings,ontheonehand,andontheotherhandtheequallydevastatingnumbnessthatcomeswithshuttingdownone'semotionsinordertoavoidsuffering.AfterthedeathofAllie,Holdenessentiallyshutsdown,forcinghimselftoloseallattachmentstopeoplesoasnevertobehurtagain.Herepeatedlymentionshowimportantitisnottogetattachedtoanyone,sincethiswillleadtomissingthemoncetheyaregone.Bytheendofthenovel,hehasspiraledsofardownwiththistheorythathehasbecomeafraidtoevenspeaktoanyone.PhoebeisperhapstheonlyreminderthatHoldenstillhasthecapacitytolove.Whenhelooksather,hecannothelpbutfeelthesametorturedlovethathefeltforAllie.Nevertheless,thesurgesofthesefeelingsleavehimevenmorebereft.HeknowshemustleavePhoebetoprotecthimself,butwhensheshowsuptoaccompanyhimonhisjourney,ultimatelyheputshisloveforherfirstandsacrificeshisowninstincttofleeinordertoreturnhome.Holden,itseems,isinthethroesofanexistentialcrisis.Toagreatdegreeheisnumbtothepainsandjoysoflife.Unabletocometotermswithhisbrother'sdeath,hehasnoonetoshowhimthekindofparentalorbrotherlylovethathehimselfgaveAllie.Wheneversomeonedoesendupshowinghimevenahintofsuchlove(suchasMr.Antolini),Holdenendsupbeingdisappointed.LoveandSexAthiscore,Holdenisadeep,sensitivesoul,atbottomunabletosublimatehisfeelingsintonumbness.HeenviessomeonelikeStradlater,whocansimplypickupgirlswheneverhelikes,andwhotreatssexasacasualpleasure.ToHolden,however,sexisdeeplydiscomforting.Hecannothaveitwithgirlshelikes,andhecannotmanagetonumbhimselfenoughtotreatgirlscasually.Numbinghimselftolove,itseems,isHolden'sgreatestchallenge.Hefeelstoodeeplyabouttheworld,aboutpeople,totrulyshutdown.WhenhefinallydoesfallinlovewithJaneGallagher,hesoondiscoversthatStradlaterhasadatewithher,whichconfirmshissuspicionthateverythingheloveseventuallydeteriorates.HeleavesPenceywithsomehopeofinventinganewidentity,buthecannotbreakoutofhisbeing.Eveninthepresenceofaprostitute,hecannotthinkofhavingsex,onlyofhavingaconversationinthehopeoffeelingsomeglimmerofhumanaffectionwithher.AllHoldenwantstodoistalk,but腹有诗书气自华精品文档你我共享hecannotfindsomeonewhowilllisten.LossofInnocenceHoldenmustfacethatforkintheroadofadolescencewhenonerealizesthatmaturityentailsalossofinnocence—thatgreaterknowledgeofoneselfandothersandthecircumstancesallcomeswithaprice.InHolden'scase,hecannotbeartoacceptthedeathofAllie,thedeathofpureinnocencethathadnogoodreasontosufferordie.InHolden'seyes,Allieistruth,whileeveryoneelseis“phony.”Innocencegoeswithidealismandacertaininabilityorunwillingnesstobearandaccepttheharsherreality.Holdencannotbeartoholdontohisinnocencebecauseinnocencebringsitsownharms;peoplecontinuetodisappointhim.Thusthecostofmaturityismuchless;innocencehasbeenquitepainful,too.Innocencehasbeenproblematic:theprostitutedemandsmoremoneyfornothing,themanwhotakeshiminseemslikeapedophile,andthecabdriversberatehimasstupidwhenheaskssimplequestionsaboutthebirdsinthepark.WhileAllie’smemorycanhelphimpreservehisinnocence,thisisnotenough,forhecannotfindrealloveintheoutsideworld.Besides,losingAlliehasbroughttremendouspain.Holdenalsohasthecommonadolescentexperienceofperceivingthattimeinschoollearningmundanelessonsfeelspettywhenhisentiresoulisinfluxasitcomestogripswithreality.Whentheentireworldaroundhimappearsphony,wherecanhegotograspholdofsomereality,somestabletruth?WithoutanexplanationwhyAlliewastakenfromhim,thereappearsnoreasonbehindtheworld'sevents,andinthisrespectHolden’smaturityinvolvesadeeplossofinnocencesuchthatheperceivesthattherealityoftheworldisitsveryirrationality.Phoninessvs.AuthenticityHoldenlabelsalmosteveryonea“phony,”exceptingPhoebe,Allie,andhimself.InHolden'seyes,a“phony”issomeonewhoembracestheworld’smundanedemandsandtriestomakesomethingoutofnothing—thatis,justabouteveryonewhostudiesinschoolorwhoputsonairsinordertodoajoborachieveagoal.Thefactthatnooneisacknowledginghowtrivialandfleetinglifeis,comparedwiththegrandthingswetelloneanotheraboutreality—howdifficultitistotrulyloveandshareoneselfwithpeopleknowingthatall,likeAllie,willeventuallydie—causeshimtoburnwithfrustration,evenrage.Holdenunderstandsonsomeleveloneofthemostprofoundtruthsof腹有诗书气自华精品文档你我共享mortallife:thesuperficialmatterslittlebecauseitwillnotlast,yetitismadetoseemsomuchmoreimportant.Meanwhile,allaroundhim,hemustwatchsuperficialpeoplewinhonorsthroughtheirartifice.Hethusholdshisdeepestcontemptforthosewhosucceedasphonies:Stradlater,theHeadmaster,andalltheboyswhotreatschoolasifitisaclubtoberuledbySocialDarwinism.AllHoldenwantsissomeauthenticliving,toholdontosomeonelikePhoebeorAlliewhoknowsnothingoftheworld’ssuperficialityandthereforeisnottaintedbyit,butheisafraidtomakeittoorealoutofthejustifiedfearofonedaylosingthemforever.LifeandDeathAkeypartofHolden’semotionallifeinvolveshisreactiontoAllie’sdeath.Peopleliveforawhile,butalltoosoonwealldie.Alliedidnotchooseit,butHoldenthinksaboutJamesCastle,askinnyboywhojumpedoutthewindowatschoolandfelltohisdeath.Holdenhimselfentertainsthoughtsofasimilarsuicide.Thedecisiontonumbhimselftohisfeelingsaboutlifeisadecisiontoshuthimselfdownemotionallysomuchthatheisnolongertrulyliving.Itisadecision,however,thatremainsfundamentallyimpossibleforHolden.WhenhethinksaboutJamesCastle,hecannotbeartoimagineJamesjustlayingthereamidstthestoneandblood,withnoonepickinghimup.Holdenmightseesomeromanceinsuicideandsomecomfortintheideathatitendsinternalpain,butdeathdoesseemworse,theultimateloneliness.Heseentheeffectsofdeathonthelivingaswell.HethuscannotdotoPhoebewhatAlliehasdonetothemalready.Heplodson,onlysurethathemustgraduallyweanhimselfawayfromPhoebesothatshegetsusedtolosinghimforever--andsothathegetsusedtobeingawayfromher.ThoughHoldenneedsclosenessandloveinordertorenewhislife,hekeepsdrivinghimselffurtherawayfromitinordertoavoidtheinevitableloss.Themorehewantstoexperiencelife,themoreantisocialhebecomesandthemoreheimaginesdeath.ThisparadoxispartofHolden’slife:thereispaininshuttingdownone'sfeelings,andthereispainintheriskofopeningoneselfupagain.Heimpossiblytriestoavoidpainsthatareinevitableforhumanmortalswhiletheylive.LackofAuthorityFiguresHoldenisprofoundlyalone.Hisparentsareabsentexceptforinsistingthathe腹有诗书气自华精品文档你我共享progressalongaconventionalpathandstayinschoolaslongashecanbeforeheiskickedoutortiresofeachinstitution.Hisparentsdonotlethimregroupbutsendhimofftothenextschool.AtPencey,Holdenfindsnoadulttotrustwithhisfeelings;mostpeopleeverywherearephony.Someadultsevenseemsoselfishthattheyarewillingtoabusechildren.Overall,Holdenviewsadultswithintensedisappointment,evencynicism.Howisitthattheoldertheyget,thefartherfromauthenticitytheyget?Meanwhile,thegradualdeteriorationofthebodydisgustshim.Uponvisitinganoldprofessor,muchofhisthoughtsarededicatedtotheawfulnessoftheoldman'sbody.Thereisnoallureingrowingolder.Authoritydoesnotseemrelatedtowisdom,either.AdultstellHoldentofinddirectionandthusstability,butheviewssuchadviceasbothsuspiciousandna?ve;playingsuchagameisinauthentic.Goinghisownwayautonomously,asalawuntohimself,doesnotworkoutsowelleither,soitisunclearwhereHoldenmightfindlegitimateauthority.LonelinessHoldenisverylonely,andhisadolescentlonelinessseemstorunmuchdeeperthanthefeelingssocommonlyfeltatthatage.Headmitstohislonelinessopenly,anditgiveshimevidencethatperhapshemightstillhavesomeemotionsleft.Atthesametime,Holdentakesfewstepstomitigatehisloneliness.Wheneverhefeelstheurgetomeetsomeone,tocallupagirl,tohaveasocialexperience,heendsupsabotagingitbeforehecangethurt.Hethusprotectshimselfsofullythatheeffectivelyshutsoffanypossibilitiesofalleviatinghisownloneliness.HemightwanttocallJane,forexample,buthehangsupbeforeshegetsonthephone.Hemightwanttosleepwithaprostitutetofeelhumancomfort,butthiswillnotdo.Hemightwanttointeractwithfriendsatabar,butheendsupsayingsomethinghurtfulsothattheyabandonhim.Pushingthemawayprovidesadeeperanddeeperloneliness,butatthesemomentsofchoiceheiswillingtoendureitratherthaneventuallyfacetheultimate,devastatinglonelinessoflosinganotherpersonlikeAllie.出师 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 两汉：诸葛亮腹有诗书气自华精品文档你我共享先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督：愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激。今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。腹有诗书气自华