《共产党宣言》英文加注释

ManifestoofTheCommunistPartyKarlMarxandFrederickEngels18481BourgeoisandProletarians2ProletariansandCommunists3SocialistandCommunistLiterature4PositionoftheCommunistsinrelationtothevariousexistingoppositionpartiesAspectreishaunting（“haunt”指“鬼魂等反复出没于某地”。欧洲的反动势力视共产主义为幽灵，怕得要死。此句用现在进行时，正活脱脱地表明了他们的这种心理状态，也显示出共产主义方兴未艾，已成气候。）:PopeandTsar,MetternichandGuizot,FrenchRadicalsandGermanpolice-spies.Whereisthepartyinopposition（theopposition指“反对党”，即，thepartyinopposition。）thathasnotbeendecriedascommunisticbyitsopponentsinpowerWhereistheoppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofcommunism（reproach指“责骂或责备”，branding指“玷辱或污辱”，brandingreproach则有“诬陷之词”的意思。注意：不能直接将thebrandingreproachofcommunism翻译为“共产主义这个诬陷之词”，尽管介词前后两部分属于同位关系，因为，“共产主义”，在包括马克思在内的共产党人看来，决非贬义之词。可以将这个短语翻译为“将共产主义作为诬陷之词”。）,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversariesTwothingsresultfromthisfact:.,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleofthespectreofcommunismwithamanifestoofthepartyitself.Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondonandsketchedthefollowingmanifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanishlanguages.I--BOURGEOISANDPROLETARIANSThehistoryofallhithertoexistingsociety（hitherto为副词，指“迄今为止”，修饰形容词existing，表示“迄今为止仍然存在的”。我们现在的这个社会已经存在了几千年，至今仍然存在，所以，句中society用单数。）isthehistoryofclassstruggles.Freemanandslave,patricianandplebian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight（an…fight这里的不定冠词不是指“一次”，而是指“一种斗争”。这里将所有的阶级斗争视为一体。后面的同位语afight也是指“一种斗争”。）,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,,knights,plebians,slaves;intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.（此句为省略句。本句的主语和谓语与分号前的相同，都是wehave，故省去。）,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses,however,thisdistinctfeature:,intotwogreatclassesdirectlyfacingeachother--bourgeoisieandproletariat..ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape（theCape指“开普敦港”，即，THECAPETOWN，位于非洲最南端。要绕道非洲航行，必经此地。）,,thecolonizationofAmerica,tradewiththecolonies,theincreaseinthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry,animpulseneverbeforeknown,andthereby,to（gaveanimpulseto指“”推动或促进“。注意：此句将三个介词短语tocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry提前，置于宾语animpulse之前，因为宾语带有后置定语neverbeforeknown。）therevolutionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.Thefeudalsystemofindustry,inwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolizedbyclosedguilds,；thedemandeverrising.（此句由两个并列主句构成。第二个主句为省略句，省去了谓语动词kept。补充完整这个主句应该是：是副词，修饰动名词growing.）,,MODERNINDUSTRY;theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclassbyindustrialmillionaires,theleadersofthewholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.Modernindustryhasestablishedtheworldmarket,,tonavigation,,inturn,reactedontheextensionofindustry;andinproportionasindustry,commerce,navigation,railwaysextended,inthesameproportionthebourgeoisiedeveloped,increaseditscapital,andpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshandeddownfromtheMiddleAges.（intothebackground是地点状语。宾语everyclass被放在此状语之后，因为宾语带有一个较长的后置定语handeddownfromtheMiddleAges.）Wesee,therefore,how（how是关系副词，引导一个宾语从句。它在宾语从句中用作状语，表示方式。）themodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment,ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange.,anarmedandself-governingassociationofmedievalcommune:hereindependenturbanrepublic(asinItalyandGermany);theretaxable"thirdestate"ofthemonarchy(asinFrance);afterward,intheperiodofmanufacturingproper,servingeitherthesemi-feudalortheabsolutemonarchyasacounterpoiseagainstthenobility,and,infact,cornerstoneofthegreatmonarchiesingeneral--thebourgeoisiehasatlast,sincetheestablishmentofModernIndustryandoftheworldmarket,conqueredforitself,inthemodernrepresentativestate,exclusivepoliticalsway.（此句很长，主语是thebourgeoisie，谓语动词是hasconquered，宾语是exclusivepoliticalsway。前面的五个名词短语Anoppressedclass，an...association，independent...public，"thirdestate"和cornerstone作游离定语，修饰主语thebourgeoisie。）Theexecutiveofthemodernstateisbutacommitteeformanagingthecommonaffairsofthewholebourgeoisie.Thebourgeoisie,historically,hasplayedamostrevolutionarypart.Thebourgeoisie,whereverithasgottheupperhand（此句为地点状语从句，由关系副词wherever引导出来。gottheupperhand意思是“得到支配权或占优势”。）,hasputanendtoallfeudal,patriarchal,"naturalsuperiors",andhasleftnoothernexusbetweenpeoplethannakedself-interest,thancallous"cashpayment".Ithasdrownedoutthemostheavenlyecstaciesofreligiousfervor,ofchivalrousenthusiasm,ofphilistinesentimentalism,,andinplaceofthenumberlessindefeasiblecharteredfreedoms,hassetupthatsingle,,forexploitation,veiledbyreligiousandpoliticalillusions,ithassubstitutednaked,shameless,direct,brutalexploitation.,thelawyer,thepriest,thepoet,themanofscience,intoitspaidwagelaborers.Thebourgeoisiehastornawayfromthefamilyitssentimentalveil,andhasreducedthefamilyrelationintoameremoneyrelation.ThebourgeoisiehasdisclosedhowitcametopassthatthebrutaldisplayofvigorintheMiddleAges,whichreactionariessomuchadmire,founditsfittingcomplementinthemostslothfulindolence.（注意代词it的使用。本句中it指“资产阶级”，后面的its不是指“资产阶级的”，而意思是“展示匹夫之勇时的”。）Ithasbeenthefirsttoshowwhatman'sactivitycanbringabout（what是关系代词，在句中具有双重功能：做关系词，引导出一个宾语从句；在宾语从句中，作谓语动词bringabout的宾语。）.IthasaccomplishedwondersfarsurpassingEgyptianpyramids,Romanaqueducts,andGothiccathedrals;ithasconductedexpeditionsthatputintheshadeallformerexodusesofnationsandcrusades.Thebourgeoisiecannotexistwithoutconstantlyrevolutionizingtheinstrumentsofproduction,andtherebytherelationsofproduction,andwiththem（them指前面的therelationsofproduction生产关系。注意本句的由小而大的递进关系：生产工具theinstrumentsofproduction,生产关系therelationsofproduction，社会关系thewholerelationsofsociety.）,was,onthecontrary,,uninterrupteddisturbanceofallsocialconditions,,fastfrozenrelations,withtheirtrainofancientandvenerableprejudicesandopinions,aresweptaway,,allthatisholyisprofaned,andmanisatlastcompelledtofacewithsobersenseshisrealconditionoflifeandhisrelationswithhiskind.,settleeverywhere,establishconnectionseverywhere.Thebourgeoisiehas,throughitsexploitationoftheworldmarket,,（本句中，有两个由by引导的状语。第二个industries与第一个industries同位，都指前面的newindustries。）thatnolongerworkupindigenousrawmaterial,butrawmaterialdrawnfromtheremotestzones;industrieswhoseproductsareconsumed,notonlyathome,,satisfiedbytheproductionofthecountry,wefindnewwants,,wehaveintercourseineverydirection,universalinter-dependenceofnations（本句有两个宾语intercourse和inter-dependence，两个宾语由逗号连接。）.Andasinmaterial,（therearises为thereis的变体。其中there为引导词，真正的主语是放在后面，是aworldliterature.类似的变体再比如：Long,longagotherelivedanoldmanwhohadthreedaughters.很久很久以前，有一个老人，他有三个女儿。/Inhisopinion,thereseemedtobethispossibility.在他看来，似乎有这种可能。）Thebourgeoisie,bytherapidimprovementofallinstrumentsofproduction,bytheimmenselyfacilitatedmeansofcommunication,drawsall,eventhemostbarbarian,',onpainofextinction（onpainof意思是“如果违背……，即……”。再比如：Hewastoldtoleavethecountryonpainofdeath.他被勒令出境，违者处死。短语中的on可换成upon或under。比如：Underpainoflosinghisdriver’slicense如果他违反，则吊销其驾驶执照。）,toadoptthebourgeoismodeofproduction;itcompelsthemtointroducewhatitcallscivilizationintotheirmidst,.,,itcreatesaworldafteritsownimage.,hasgreatlyincreasedtheurbanpopulationascomparedwiththerural,,soithasmadebarbarianandsemi-barbariancountriesdependentonthecivilizedones,nationsofpeasantsonnationsofbourgeois,theEastontheWest.(如果将本句最后两个短语中省略的部分补出，就是：hasmadenationsofpeasantsdependentonnationsofbourgeoisie,hasmadetheEastdependentontheWest。theEast指“东方”，美国英语多用theOrient.这是站在欧洲的角度来看亚洲等国家，所以才有theFarEast远东，theMiddleEast中东,theNearEast近东。)Thebourgeoisiekeepsmoreandmoredoingawaywiththescatteredstateofthepopulation,ofthemeansofproduction,,centralizedthemeansofproduction,（or为并列连接词，后面引导的部分省略掉了Independent。这个Independent和looselyconnected,又由并列连接词but将它们连为一体，去修饰provinces。）,withseparateinterests,laws,governments,andsystemsoftaxation,becamelumpedtogetherintoonenation,withonegovernment,onecodeoflaws,onenational，classinterest,onefrontier,andonecustomstariff.Thebourgeoisie,duringitsruleofscarceonehundredyears,'sforcestoman,machinery,applicationofchemistrytoindustryandagriculture,steamnavigation,railways,electrictelegraphs,clearingofwholecontinentsforcultivation,canalizationorrivers,wholepopulationsconjuredoutoftheground--whatearliercenturyhadevenapresentimentthatsuchproductiveforcesslumberedinthelapofsociallabor（注意句中隐喻的用法。使用隐喻时，不用as,like,seem,asif之类的比喻词。句中的thelap指“膝，怀”，slumber指“安睡”。两个隐喻前后一致，相辅相成，比喻那些生产力像人一样还睡在蕴藏着生产力的社会劳动sociallabour的怀抱之中。）Weseethen:themeansofproductionandofexchange,onwhosefoundationthebourgeoisiebuiltitselfup,,theconditionsunderwhichfeudalsocietyproducedandexchanged,thefeudalorganizationofagricultureandmanufacturingindustry,inoneword,thefeudalrelationsofpropertybecamenolongercompatiblewiththealreadydevelopedproductiveforces;;theywereburstasunder.Intotheirplacesteppedfreecompetition,accompaniedbyasocialandpoliticalconstitutionadaptedinit,andtheeconomicandpoliticalswayofthebourgeoisclass.,withitsrelationsofproduction,ofexchangeandofproperty,asociety（asociety是Modernbourgeoissociety的同位语。这个同位语又带有自己的定语从句，由关系代词that引出。）thathasconjuredupsuchgiganticmeansofproductionandofexchange,islikethesorcererwhoisnolongerabletocontrolthepowersofthenetherworld（netherworld指“阴间，来世”。）,thehistoryofindustryandcommerceisbutthehistoryoftherevoltofmodernproductiveforcesagainstmodernconditionsofproduction,,bytheirperiodicalreturn,puttheexistenceoftheentirebourgeoissocietyonitstrial,eachtimemorethreateningly（本句的It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语tomentionthecommercialcrises。这个crises带有一个定语从句‘在这个定语从句中，关系代词that是主语，put是谓语动词，宾语是theexistenceoftheentirebourgeoissociety。注意：在定语从句中，一个比较长的状语bytheirperiodicalreturn...onitstrial,eachtimemorethreateningly穿插其中，使句子有点复杂难解。）.Inthesecrises,agreatpartnotonlyoftheexistingproducts,butalsoofthepreviouslycreatedproductiveforces,,therebreaksoutanepidemicthat,inallearlierepochs,;itappearsasifafamine,auniversalwarofdevastation,hadcutoffthesupplyofeverymeansofsubsistence;,toomuchmeansofsubsistence,toomuchindustry,;onthecontrary,theyhavebecometoopowerfulfortheseconditions,bywhichtheyarefettered,andsosoonastheyovercomethesefetters,theybringdisorderintothewholeofbourgeoissociety,（此是插入语。）,bypavingthewayformoreextensiveandmoredestructivecrises,andbydiminishingthemeanswherebycrisesareprevented.（本句中的两个by引导的短语，与上句的三个by短语，从内容上讲是同位的。）Theweaponswithwhichthebourgeoisiefelledfeudalismtothegroundarenowturnedagainstthebourgeoisieitself.Butnotonlyhasthebourgeoisieforgedtheweaponsthatbringdeathtoitself;ithasalsocalledintoexistencethemenwhoaretowieldthoseweapons--themodernworkingclass--theproletarians.Inproportionasthebourgeoisie,.,capital,isdeveloped,inthesameproportionistheproletariat,themodernworkingclass,developed--aclassoflaborers,wholiveonlysolongastheyfindwork,,whomustsellthemselvespiecemeal,areacommodity,likeeveryotherarticleofcommerce,andareconsequentlyexposedtoallthevicissitudesofcompetition,toallthefluctuationsofthemarket.Owingtotheextensiveuseofmachinery,andtothedivisionoflabor,theworkoftheproletarianshaslostallindividualcharacter,and,consequently,,anditisonlythemostsimple,mostmonotonous,andmosteasilyacquiredknack,thatisrequiredofhim（这是一个强调式结构句型：it+be+强调部分+that/who/which+句子强调的部分。本句强调的是knack，it没有什么意思。如果不强调，本句就是：onlythemostsimple,mostmonotonous,andmosteasilyacquiredknackarerequiredofhim.类似结构再比如：Itisthroughstrugglethatwelearnedthistruth.我们是通过斗争，才懂得这个真理。/Whowasitthatcalledmethisafternoon今天下午，是谁来找我注意：在口语中，常常省去that。比如：WasitinNewYorkhefirstmetyou他第一次见到你是在纽约吗/Whatisityouweretoldtodo要你干的是什么）.Hence,thecostofproductionofaworkmanisrestricted,almostentirely,tothemeansofsubsistencethatherequiresformaintenance,,andthereforealsooflabor,,therefore,astherepulsivenessoftheworkincreases,,inproportionastheuseofmachineryanddivisionoflaborincreases,inthesameproportiontheburdenoftoilalsoincreases,whetherbyprolongationoftheworkinghours,bytheincreaseoftheworkexactedinagiventime,orbyincreasedspeedofmachinery,etc.（本句的三个由by引导的状语短语，表示手段，用以修饰谓语动词increases，说明怎样加重劳动的负担。这三个状语由复合连接词whether…or…连为一体。）,crowdedintothefactory,,,andofthebourgeoisstate;theyaredailyandhourlyenslavedbythemachine,bytheoverlooker,and,aboveall,,themorepetty,themorehatefulandthemoreembitteringitis.（注意句型Themore…themore…在本句中的使用。前一句为从句，相当于一个条件从句，表示“越。。。。。。”；后一句为主句，表示“就越。。。。。。”。这种句型用来表示两种事物的相应变化。注意主句中有三themore，而且没有使用倒装语序。）Thelesstheskillandexertionofstrengthimpliedinmanuallabor,inotherwords,themoremodernindustrybecomesdeveloped,（moreorlessexpensivetouse在句中做后置定语，修饰instrumentsoflabor。）accordingtotheirageandsex.Nosooneristheexploitationofthelaborerbythemanufacturer,sofaratanend,thathereceiveshiswagesincash,than（Nosooner…than…这个句型表示“一……就……”。注意Nosooner置于句首时，用倒装语序。That所引导的是同位语从句，补充说明上文的内容，即，theexploitation....is...atanend的意思是whenhereceiveshiswagesincash。）heissetuponbytheotherportionofthebourgeoisie,thelandlord,theshopkeeper,thepawnbroker,etc.Thelowerstrataofthemiddleclass--thesmalltradespeople,shopkeepers,andretiredtradesmengenerally,thehandicraftsmenandpeasants--allthesesinkgraduallyintotheproletariat,partlybecausetheirdiminutivecapitaldoesnotsufficeforthescaleonwhichModernIndustryiscarriedon,andisswampedinthecompetitionwiththelargecapitalists,,theproletariatisrecruitedfromallclassesofthepopulation.本句为强调式结构。It没有什么意思，强调的部分是justthiscontact。句子后面的all是struggles的同位语，后面带有一个由介词of引导的定语；整个短语对struggles作补充说明。)thatwasneededtocentralizethenumerouslocalstruggles,allofthesamecharacter,（aswehavealreadyseen是定语从句，其中的as为关系代词，应到这个定语从句，并字从中作宾语，它所代表的是后面主句所表达的全部内容。）entiresectionsoftherulingclassare,bytheadvanceofindustry,precipitatedintotheproletariat,.Finally,intimeswhentheclassstrugglenearsthedecisivehour,（由关系副词引导的定语从句whentheclassstrugglenearsthedecisivehour修饰times。这里的times不是“时代”，是“时期”的意思，相当于periods。注意：near是及物动词。）theprogressofdissolutiongoingonwithintherulingclass,infactwithinthewholerangeofoldsociety,assumessuchaviolent,glaringcharacter,that（在suchaviolent,glaringcharacter,that中，such是副词，表示程度，；后面的由连词that引导的状语从句，表示结果，修饰前面的such。）asmallsectionoftherulingclasscutsitselfadrift,andjoinstherevolutionaryclass,,therefore,atanearlierperiod,asectionofthenobilitywentovertothebourgeoisie,sonowaportionofthebourgeoisiegoesovertotheproletariat,andinparticular,aportionofthebourgeoisideologists,whohaveraisedthemselvestothelevelofcomprehendingtheoreticallythehistoricalmovementasawhole.Ofalltheclassesthatstandfacetofacewiththebourgeoisietoday,;theproletariatisitsspecialandessentialproduct.Thelowermiddleclass,thesmallmanufacturer,theshopkeeper,theartisan,thepeasant,allthesefightagainstthebourgeoisie,,,more,（Nay为古英语，是副词，表示“不；不但如此”。Nay,more指“不仅。。。。。。甚至。。。。。。”）theyarereactionary,,bychance,theyarerevolutionary,theyareonlysoinviewoftheirimpendingtransferintotheproletariat;theythusdefendnottheirpresent,buttheirfutureinterests;theydeserttheirownstandpointtoplacethemselvesatthatoftheproletariat.The"dangerousclass",thesocialscum,thatpassivelyrottingmassthrownoffbythelowestlayersoftheoldsociety,（本句中的thesocialscum和thatpassivelyrottingmass都是The"dangerousclass"的同位语。过去分词短语thrownoffbythelowestlayersoftheoldsociety作后置定语，修饰mass。）may,hereandthere,besweptintothemovementbyaproletarianrevolution;itsconditionsoflife,however,prepareitfarmoreforthepartofabribedtoolofreactionaryintrigue.Intheconditionoftheproletariat,;hisrelationtohiswifeandchildrenhasnolongeranythingincommonwiththebourgeoisfamilyrelations;modernindustrylabor,modernsubjectiontocapital,thesameinEnglandasinFrance,inAmericaasinGermany,,morality,religion,aretohimsomanybourgeoisprejudices,behindwhichlurkinambushjustasmanybourgeoisinterests.（在behindwhichlurkinambushjustasmanybourgeoisinterests中，主语是interests，谓语动词是lurk。形容词many为justas修饰，与前面的somany相呼应，表示同级比较。）,exceptbyabolishingtheirownpreviousmodeofappropriation,;theirmissionistodestroyallprevioussecuritiesfor,andinsurancesof,individualproperty.（在todestroyallprevioussecuritiesfor,andinsurancesof,individualproperty中，securities和insurances都是具体的可数名词，用复数。因为它们后面需要连接不同的介词，所以在for与of后面加逗号。整个不定式短语作表语使用。）Allprevioushistoricalmovementsweremovementsofminorities,,independentmovementoftheimmensemajority,,theloweststratumofourpresentsociety,cannotstir,cannotraiseitselfup,withoutthewholesuperincumbentstrataofofficialsocietybeingsprungintotheair.Thoughnotinsubstance,yetinform,,ofcourse,firstofallsettlematterswithitsownbourgeoisie.Indepictingthemostgeneralphasesofthedevelopmentoftheproletariat,wetracedthemoreorlessveiledcivilwar,ragingwithinexistingsociety,uptothepoint（uptothepoint是表示程度的状语，指前面的谓语动词traced到什么程度。thepoint后面带有两个定语从句，均由关系副词where引导。）wherethatwarbreaksoutintoopenrevolution,andwheretheviolentoverthrowofthebourgeoisielaysthefoundationfortheswayoftheproletariat.Hitherto,everyformofsocietyhasbeenbased,aswehavealreadyseen,,certainconditionsmustbeassuredtoitunderwhichitcan,atleast,,intheperiodofserfdom,raisedhimselftomembershipinthecommune,justasthepettybourgeois,undertheyokeofthefeudalabsolutism,,onthecontrary,insteadofrisingwiththeprocessofindustry,,,,becauseitcannothelplettinghimsinkintosuchastate,thatithastofeedhim,,inotherwords,itsexistenceisnolongercompatiblewithsociety.（注意本段中频繁地使用代词it和him。It指“资产阶级”。itsslave指“资产阶级的奴”。Him指“现代工人”，hisslavery指现代工人的奴般的生活。）Theessentialconditionsfortheexistenceandfortheswayofthebourgeoisclassistheformationandaugmentationofcapital;（本句中的opposedto即notopposedto不反对，而不是否定form，要不就成了notformaseparateparty不组成一个独立的党。opposedtotheotherworking-classparties是形容词短语，修饰前面的party。）Theyhavenointerestsseparateandapartfromthoseoftheproletariatasawhole.（本句中的separatefrom和apartfrom作状语，修饰havenointerests。前一个状语指“离开了工人阶级的整体利益，他们就没有什么利益可谈”，强调“离不开”。第二个状语指“除了工人阶级的整体利益，他们…”强调“相一致”。）Theydonotsetupanysectarianprinciplesoftheirown,bywhichtoshapeandmoldtheproletarianmovement.TheCommunistsaredistinguishedfromtheotherworking-classpartiesbythisonly:(1)Inthenationalstrugglesoftheproletariansofthedifferentcountries,theypointoutandbringtothefrontthecommoninterestsoftheentireproletariat,independentlyofallnationality.(2)Inthevariousstagesofdevelopmentwhichthestruggleoftheworkingclassagainstthebourgeoisiehastopassthrough,（本句中的关系代词which引导的定语从句修饰stages，并在定语从句中作谓语动词has的宾语。topassthrough是宾语补足语，与which一起构成复合宾语。）theyalwaysandeverywhererepresenttheinterestsofthemovementasawhole.TheCommunists,therefore,areontheonehandpractically,themostadvancedandresolutesectionoftheworking-classpartiesofeverycountry,thatsectionwhichpushesforwardallothers;（这个定语从句指其他所有派别不断向前的那部分人士。其中的section指由共产党人构成的团体。在这个定语从中，allothers指allothersections,即“除共产党人而外的所有其他党派”。）ontheotherhand,theoretically,theyhaveoverthegreatmassoftheproletariattheadvantageofclearlyunderstandingthelinesofmarch,theconditions,andtheultimategeneralresultsoftheproletarianmovement.TheimmediateaimoftheCommunistsisthesameasthatofallotherproletarianparties:Formationoftheproletariatintoaclass,overthrowofthebourgeoissupremacy,conquestofpoliticalpowerbytheproletariat.ThetheoreticalconclusionsoftheCommunistsareinnowaybasedonideasorprinciplesthathavebeeninvented,ordiscovered,bythisorthatwould-beuniversalreformer.Theymerelyexpress,ingeneralterms,actualrelationsspringingfromanexistingclassstruggle,.Allpropertyrelationsinthepasthavecontinuallybeensubjecttohistoricalchangeconsequentuponthechangeinhistoricalconditions.（这个短语的意思是“因历史条件饿变化而出现的历史变更。”consequent是形容词，和后面的upon引导的短语一起，表示“用…而起的”，用以修饰前面的change。）TheFrenchRevolution,forexample,abolishedfeudalpropertyinfavorofbourgeoisproperty.Thedistinguishingfeatureofcommunismisnottheabolitionofpropertygenerally,,ontheexploitationofthemanybythefew.Inthissense,thetheoryoftheCommunistsmaybesummedupinthesinglesentence:Abolitionofprivateproperty.WeCommunistshavebeenreproachedwiththedesireofabolishingtherightofpersonallyacquiringpropertyasthefruitofaman'sownlabor,whichpropertyisallegedtobethegroundworkofallpersonalfreedom,activityandindependence.Hard-won,self-acquired,self-earnedproperty!Doyoumeanthepropertyofpettyartisanandofthesmallpeasant,aformofpropertythatprecededthebourgeoisformThereisnoneedtoabolishthat;（本句的意思是“没有必要去消灭那种财产。That是代词，表示“thatproperty”.）thedevelopmentofindustryhastoagreatextentalreadydest