09恩波暑期强化班阅读强化课笔记

恩波暑期强化班阅读强化课笔记 考研英语实质： 考查形式： 英语知识运用 阅读 C 阅读 B 阅读 A 写作 A和 B 考查内容： 词汇 句法 语篇 语言综合理解 语言综合运用 比例： 10% 10% 10% 40% 30% 从往年题看，英语知识运用部分几乎都是考词汇，而句、篇章也得在词汇的基础上理解， 因此从以上可以看出考研英语中考到词汇其实占到 70%左右，而运用只占到 30%。 英语复习 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ： 上半年：词汇，阅读，写作各分项坚持每天准备 下半年：模拟题， 真题 北京中考数学真题pdf四级真题及答案下载历年四级真题下载证券交易真题下载资料分析真题下载 操练 阅读分四部分把握：研究 1、阅读文章 2、宏观提问 3、词句提问 4、局部提问 做题时间把握 60-70分钟左右做完阅读 A 注意：全面理解，准确理解文章（考研阅读文章信息量比较大，所以需要准确理解） 寻找规则，掌握规则，一切尽在把控中 一、基本语篇模式（topic-discussion-conclusion） Topic从第一段中找，经常能从第一段中体会到作者的态度 特点：1、任何一篇文章都只要一个核心，所以段落都是服务于这个核心。 任何一个段落也只有一个核心，所有的词句都围绕它展开。 2、主题阅读法： 先看文章（二看二不看：看第一段，看下面每段的首一二句，不看例子，不看 看不懂的），再做题目（针对性阅读，即回到原文找 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 ） 3、第一句重要既是文章的主脉，又是第一题的考点 例 1 A new speedy device that measures a plant's metabolic rate may improve on today's time-consuming methods for developing hardier crops. The machine, a novel form of calorimeter, can provide information in an hour for predicting a tree's growth rate over the next 40 years. In addition, the calorimet er can indicate a young plant's ability to withstand acid rain, and other hardships. Currently, plant breeders seeking strong crops must watch and wait during the early stages of plant growth, selecti ng the fastest-growing plants and those holding up best to frost or heat. This task is eased by the calorimeter, which measures heat produced during metabolic activity. Calorimeters built over the past few years can precisely measure the heat of tiny samples of cells and tissues under varying environmental conditio ns. Criddle and his colleagues hold that metabolic rate determines a plant's growth rate—a debatable point among plant biologists, who have traditionally correlated photosynthetic rate with growth. 第 1 页 共 19 页 To test the value of calorimetry for predicting growth, Criddle's group recorded the metabolism of pieces of carro ts, tomatoes and other plants, as well as samples from several types of trees. They then compared those readings with the untouched plants' known growth rates. The calorimetric recordings for the samples, they say, correlated with the growth rates of the untouched plants. As for hardiness, the researchers say plants whose metabolic rates remain stable when subjected to stresses in the lab will similarly tolerate those conditions in the fields. So far, they have identified several varieties of barley (大麦) that thrive in highly salty environments, a common product of irrigation. Before farmers and foresters base agricultural decisions on calorimetry readings, they will need to see further tests of the new device. 'The technique has potential for being a very valuable tool,' says Donald Fowler of t he Canadian Forestry Service in Fredericton, New Brunswick, who supplied samples of trees for the studies, 'but I find it surprising that a single measure would provide enough information for strain selection.' 二、特殊语篇模式 1、Opinion-Illustration 先引出自己的观点，再对此进行阐述。 第 2 页 共 19 页 观点句三特点： 位置在段落的首尾句或转折词后面；具有明显的倾向性和态度性；观点句比较 简洁。 2、Argument-Counterargument 先引出他人观点，然后对此进行讨论。 被动语态提出的观点都是别人的观点，如：It is assumed that... 引语与论点：（引语，尤指开头部分） --直接引语--赞同：即若他人观点是以直接引语引入，则作者对此赞同。 --间接引语--反驳：如上道理 Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17 century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church of poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has， if anything，deepened in this century. Until recently，the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined，scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books， notably Higher Superstition，by Paul R.Gross，a biologist at the University of Virginia，and Norman Levitt，a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World，by Car Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason，"held in New York City in1995，and "Science in the Age of Information，"which assembled last June near Buffalo. Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists，philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts，creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview. A survey of news stories in1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well，from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber，whose manifesto，published in1995， scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience，as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest. The environmentalists，inevitably，respond to such critics. The true enemies of science，argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University，a pioneer of environmental studies， are those who question the evidence supporting global warming， the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed，some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many，quite different things，"notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his1993work Science and Anti-Science. "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened." 第 3 页 共 19 页 3、General-Specific 先概括再具体（即总分模式） 例 What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as the telegraph，the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors，I would single out the country s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal，"spatial" thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics， especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states，were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in1853reported，"With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline，the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman." A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system，which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach，originated abroad，offered inventors medals，cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States，multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation，the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out，"A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual，nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist." This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote，"The mechanic should sit down among levers，screws，wedges，wheels，etc.，like a poet among the letters of the alphabet，considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts，in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea." When all these shaping forces—schools，open attitudes，the premium system，a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland， they produced that American characteristic，emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. 4、Question-Answer 提出问题（头明显的有个疑问句），再作回答。 第 4 页 共 19 页 例 1 What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as the telegraph，the steamboat and the weaving machine? Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are Among the many shaping factors，I would single out the country s ex y schools; a lab the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the cellent elementar or force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal，"spatial" thinking about things technological. traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mec aprimary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't h nics， especially in the New England know where they should go next. and Middle Atlantic states，were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in1853reported，"With a mind prepared by sacrifices, involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it thorough school discipline，the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman." was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with A further stimulus to invention came from the "p em um" system，which preceded our patent s stem 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed r i y and for years ran parallel with it. This approach，originated abroad，offered inventors medalsdissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. ，cash prizes and other incentives. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress In the United States，multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus toin the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation，the American worker took readily t that o including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointe prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised d out，"A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after are dealt with in his mind by a visual， nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor are able to World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents." assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist." This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities once wrote，"The mechanic should sit down among levers，screws，wedges，wheels，etc.，like a poet among the letters of the alphabet，considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts，in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea." W households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living con ditions, hen all these shaping forces—schools，open attitudes，the premium system，a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland， they characteristic，emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the produced that American but competitive striving for fame and excellence. 例 thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. 5、Promblem-Discussion-(Solution 第 5 页 共 19 页 提出消极问题（明显的不好的问题），再作回答，分析原因，提出解决办法.但由于文章是出自英美 报刊，出卷人要对长文章做压缩，所以有时解决办法没有提出，但是这并不影响你的解题。 6、Phenomenon-Explantion 提出某个社会现象，对此进行解释原因。 7、Comparison-Contrast 比较相似点 比较不同点 第 6 页 共 19 页 8、Newspaper report/Special report 例 Amazon.com Inc. -- the company that seeks to sell customers most any product they could possibly want on the Web -- reported its first profitable year yesterday after nearly a decade of red ink. The company's strongest holiday season ever pushed it(profit) over the top, with $73 million in earnings, or 17 cents per share for the fourth quarter. Those numbers were up sharply from the fourth quarter of 2002, when earnings were only $3 million. For the year, Amazon posted sales of $5.3 billion, giving it a $35 million profit, compared with a $149 million loss in 2002. The company was also profitable in the third quarter of 2003, marking the first time /the company has put together back-to-back quarters of profitability. "Amazon had a tremendously successful year in 2003," said Safa Rashtchy, a senior analyst with U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray. "They accelerated growth when people thought it wasn't possible." Rashtchy said the company's strategy of offering discounted prices and free shipping on some purchases finally seems to be paying off after years of doubts. Since its founding a decade ago, Amazon has endured heavy losses despite impressive sales numbers and high brand loyalty. Rashtchy said the company's money-making third and fourth quarters in 2003 bode well for 2004, and he projects the company will be profitable going forward. Yesterday's financial results generally met analysts' expectations. But the company has accumulated about $2 billion in debt and its success depends on its ability to continue growing. Amazon's stock fell on the Nasdaq Stock Market yesterday, dropping $1.29, to $55.74. Shares then fell more than $1 more in after-hours trading immediately following the earnings announcement. Amazon yesterday said that it expects first-quarter sales of between $1.39 billion and $1.49 billion, which would represent growth of between 28 percent and 38 percent over the same period in 2003. The company forecast overall sales of $6.2 billion to $6.7 billion in 2004. Amazon's gathering strength last year came during a surge in online retailing overall, as increased penetration of high-speed Internet access drove more shoppers to the Web. Consumers spent $93 billion online last year, a 27 percent increase over 2002, according to comScore Networks Inc., a survey firm that measures Internet traffic. "The tide has risen, so it would make a lot of sense that Amazon would rise along with it, since they're the biggest ship in the water," said Graham Mudd, a comScore analyst. "But you still have to perform to maintain your share, and I don't think there's any doubt that they've performed." Mudd credited the company for recognizing early on that consumers were ready to use the Internet to buy products beyond books and CDs and to shop for housewares, clothes and jewelry as well. 新闻报道 特点：首段中必定提到具体时间副词（近时间） 在文章中可以找到 5W：who what when where how/why 其中，who,what,when 从首段中可以找到，也就是找到了话题。 三、宏观提问 1、文章主旨题 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? (00/58) 第 7 页 共 19 页 This passage is mainly __________________. (00/59) What is the passage mainly about? (01/59) The best title for the text may be ______________. (02/45) Which of the following questions can the text best answer? 例 1 A new speedy device that measures a plant's metabolic rate may improve on today's time-consuming methods for developing hardier crops. The machine, a novel form of calorimeter(仪、 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 、计)(a water ~; a gas ~), can provide information in an hour for predicting a tree's growth rate over the next 40 years. In addition, the calorimeter can indicate a young plant's ability to withstand acid rain, and other hardships. Currently, plant breeders seeking strong crops must watch and wait during the early stages of plant growth, selecting the fastest-growing plants and those holding up best to frost or heat. This task is eased by the calorimeter, which measures heat produced during metabolic activity. Calorimeters built over the past few years can precisely measure the heat of tiny samples of cells and tissues under varying environmental conditions. Criddle and his colleagues hold that metabolic rate determines a plant's growth rate—a debatable point among plant biologists, who have traditionally correlated photosynthetic rate with growth. To test the value of calorimetry for predicting growth, Criddle's group recorded the metabolism of pieces of carrots, tomatoes and other plants, as well as samples from several types of trees. They then compared those readings with the untouched plants' known growth rates. The calorimetric recordings for the