英汉互译-词法翻译ts

nullA Course of E-C and C-E TranslationA Course of E-C and C-E Translation 1ContentsContents词法翻译167 2null 词法翻译一、对等译法一、对等译法在翻译过程中，我们一般都可以在译文语言中找到同原文中某个 单词 英语单词 下载七年级上册英语单词表下载英语单词表下载深圳小学英语单词表 下载高中英语单词 下载 、词组或成语意义上的对等 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达。因此,对等译法是翻译中最常用、最重要的翻译方法。我们在翻译中必须注意译文中所采用的对等表达是名符其实的对等表达。一般说来，汉英两种语言中单词的对等率最高，而词组、成语、谚语的对等率就要相对低一些，请看下面各组对等译法的实例。null(―)单词 1) television n. 电视 2) electricity n. 电 3) wheat n. 小麦 4) 坐 v. sit 5) 小 a. small 6) 和 conj. andnull总的说来，汉英两种语言中单词的对等程度要高一些，一方面是单词的文化背景比较简单，另一方面是单词本身的语义结构比较简单。当然， 两种语言中存在着差异的"对等"单词也有不少，例如:从语义上来讲，"杯子"并不完全对等于"cup"，而是对等于"cup + mug + glass +…"，"桌子" 的对等表达是"table + desk",从感情色彩上来讲，" 宣传 免费孕前优生健康检查孕期保健知识宣传1冬季预防流感知识宣传手足口病防知识宣传森林防火宣传内容 "并不完全对等于"propaganda","农民"并不完全对等于"peasant"，"地主"也并不完全对等于“Landlord"。null(二）成语 7) cut in a joke 8) speak one's mind 9) be after one's own heart 10) at one's finger-tips 11) fish in troubled waters 12) thousands upon thousands of插科打诨 畅所欲言 称心如意 了若指掌 混水摸鱼 成千上万null13) in deep water 14) turn up one's nose at 15) skin and bones 16) touch and go 17) from the cradle to the grave 18) hit the nail on the head水深火热 嗤之以鼻 皮包骨头 一触即发 一生一世 一语道破null19) 充耳不闻 20) 出人头地 21) 吹毛求疵 22) 破釜沉舟 23) 大惊小怪 24) 大海捞针turn a deaf ear to be head and shoulders above others pick a hole in sb‘s coat burn one's boat make a fuss about look for a needle in a bundle of haynull25) 颠倒黑白 26) 得意忘形 27) 攀龙附凤 28) 大发雷霆 29) 骑虎难下 30) 视而不见talk black into white have one's nose in the air worship the rising sun hit the ceiling; fly into a rage hold a wolf by the ears turn a blind eye tonull成语的对等是从3个方面体现出来的，一个是比喻意义，一个是比喻形式，再一个是感情色彩。三者中比喻意义是最重要的，当三者发生矛盾时，我们得优先保留比喻意义。感情色彩的对等同比喻意义的对等几乎同样重要。如果感情色彩不对等，这条成语就肯定不能用。至于比喻形式，能对等则应尽量对等，实在对等不了，就应当机立断，大胆放弃。null(三）谚语 31) Look before you leap. 三思而后行。 32) Make hay while the sun shines. 趁热打铁。 33) There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。 null34) Ill news travels fast. 恶事传千里。 35) Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 36) 欲速则不达。 More haste, less speed.null37) 出门一里，不如家里。 East and west, home is best. 38) 拉入篮里就是菜。 All is fish that comes to the net. 39) 皇天不负苦心人。 Everything comes to him who waits. 40) 小巫见大巫， The moon is not seen when the sun shines.null谚语和成语一样，其汉英两种语言中的对等大多数也是从比喻意义、比喻形式和感情色彩等3方面体现出来的。同样，比喻意义的对等是最重要的，是翻译中必须做到的，感情色彩的对等几乎是同等重要，不可忽视，在保证这两方面的基础上，再来考虑比喻形式的对等，有不少谚语根本不包含比喻，也就不存在比喻形式的问题。有的谚语虽有比喻形式，但其比喻并不明显，去寻求这种形式上的对等翻译意义不大。null(四）英译汉句子翻译实例 41) I took the news with a grain of salt. 我对这个消息半信半疑。 42) Unless you've got an ace up your sleeve, we are dished. 除非你有锦囊妙计，否则，我们是输定了。null43) He went through fire and flood to save his mother. 他赴汤蹈火去救他的母亲。 44) You have a lucky star above you . 你真是福星高照。 45) She is now between the devil and the deep sea on this matter. 她在这个问题上真是进退维谷。null46) He is reaping what he has sown. 他这是咎由自取。 47) She is an easy-going woman. She always throws her cares to the winds. 她是个大大咧咧的女人，总是把忧愁抛至九霄云外。null48) That fellow is always fair without but foul within. 那个家伙总是口蜜腹剑。 49) That little girl has a ready tongue . 那个小姑娘真是伶牙俐齿。null50) The light-fingered gentry frequented these shops. 梁上君子经常光顾这家商店。 上面10个例句中的原文都包含1条英语成语，而且都非常形象。10 个译文都成功地使用了对等译法，都用对等的汉语成语进行翻译,不但做到了比喻意义和感情色彩的对等，而且尽可能做到比喻形式的对等。null(五）汉译英句子翻译实例 51) 这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。 The economic situation in these countries is on the downgrade.. 52) 为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。 In order to throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as revolutionaries.null53) 扪心自问，他不得不承认自己是错了。 By searching his heart he could not but admit that he was in the wrong. 54) 他们个个摩拳擦掌，士气很高，准备再打一个漂亮仗。 Every one of them rolled up his sleeves for battle, high in morale and ready to win another brilliant victory.null55) 我们必须全力以赴，拿下这场球。 We must do our level best to win this game. 56) 照当时情况，他除了忍气吞声又能怎么办呢? As things stood, what else could he do but swallow the insult ？null57) 侵略者已经走投无路。 The invaders had come to the end of their tether. 58) 我讨厌游手好闲的人。 I dislike the people eating the bread of idleness .null59) 你为什么要引狼入室？ Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep? 60) 他是信口开河，他对经济一窍不通。 He is shooting off his mouth . He does not know the first thing of economy .null上面10个例句的原文也都包含了十分形象的汉语成语，10个英语译文也都成功地使用了对等译法，英语译义中的成语尽可能做到在比喻意义、比喻形式和感情色彩方面的对等，这些都是非常贴切的译例。null对等译法是翻译中最为常用的方法之一，这种翻译方法因其对应程度高，译文与原文所产生的效果也是最为接近的，因此这种翻译方法深受译者和译文读者的欢迎。nullThere is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。二、具体译法二、具体译法由下两种语言的差别，我们在翻译中不得不经常使用具体译法，也就是具体化的翻译方法。所谓具体译法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中抽象或者是比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或者是比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者句子来进行翻译，从而消除或降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产生与原文同样的效果。请看下面的译例。null(一）单词、词组和成语英译汉时具体译法的译例 1) transportation 运输—运输工具 2) advertisement 广告—广告资料 3) propaganda 宣传—宣传机关null4) translation 翻译—翻译作品 5) government 政府—政府官员 6) family 家庭—家庭成员null7) class 班级—全班学生 8) committee 委员会—委员会成员 null9) press 出版—出版物；报纸；杂志；出版社 10) retirement 退休—退休处；幽静地方；偏僻地方 11) very timid 非常胆小--胆小如鼠 12) very strong 非常强壮--壮得像头牛null13) keep quiet 不吱声--噤若寒蝉 14) do evil things openly 毫不隐蔽地干坏事―明火执仗 15) be full of anxiety and worry 十分挂念，放不下心—牵肠挂肚null16) a great and thorough-going change 巨大而彻底的变化—翻天覆地的变化 17) very anxious to return home 回家心切—归心似箭 18) have not cut off relations completely 没有彻底断绝关系— 藕断丝连 null19) great in momentum and irresistible 声势浩大，不可阻挡-排山倒海之势 20) accelerate the speed ； speed up 快上加快---快马加鞭null(二）单词、词组和成语汉译英时具体译法的译例 21) 大吵大闹 raise the roof 22) 公开认错 stand in a white sheet 23) 有花不完的钱 have enough money to burn splash outnull24) 话中有话 ，虚情假意 with the tongue in the cheek 25) 获得全胜 sweep the board 26) 机敏,高明,监视 keep one's eyes on the ball null27) 坚决反对 put one's foot down; set one's face against 28) 简言之 in a nutshell 29) 侥幸 by the skin of one's teeth 30) 结为良缘 win the hand of 31) 截然不同 oil and vinegar水火不容 32) 家丑 a skeleton in the cupboard ； a family skeletonnull33) 觉得可疑 smell a rat 34) 鲁莽的人 a bull in a china shop 35) 捏造 pull sth out of one's hat 36) 告发 put the finger on 37) 干苦差事 hold [carry] the baby 38) 反应快 quick on the trigger; think on one's feet 39) 恻隐之心 the milk of human kindness 40) 保密 keep sth under one's hatnull(三）句子英译汉时具体译法的译例 4)We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water. 我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。 42) All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding. 大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。null43) No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work. 对他在工作中表现的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。 44) We were all greatly moved by his loftiness. 我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深打动。 null45) More and more people have realized the necessity of learning computer. 越来越多的人认识到了学习计算机的必要性。 46) The publishing house has to take the readability of the novel into consideration. 出版社不得不考虑这部小说的可读性。null47) The pharmacologists are making a careful study of the allergy of the medicine, 药理学家们正在认真研究这种药的过敏反应。 48) His arrogance sent him into isolation and helplessness. 他的傲慢态度使他孤立无援。null49) The dancing hall was filled with gayety. 舞厅充满了欢乐的气氛。 50) Her jealousy is the cause of her failure. 她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。null51) Many changes take place during the transformation. 在转化过程中出现了许多变化。 52) Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall. 她的冷漠的态度把许多参观者挡在展览馆门外。null53) The black people were fighting against the segregation of the government. 黑人正在同政府的隔离政策作斗争。 54) The crime sent him into notoriety. 这一罪行使他落入了声名狼藉的境地。null55) John's lightheartedness, however, did not last long. 然而， 约翰那种轻松愉快的心境没有持续多久。 56) You should get rid of your foolhardiness. 你必须改掉你那种蛮干作风。 null57) All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment. 那所大学里的学生任何越轨行为都受到了处罚。 58) Your dejection will do no good to your health. 你的沮丧情绪对你的身体不利。 null59) The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area. 政府正在竭尽全力来缓和那个地区的紧张局势。 60) There had been too much violence in that region. 那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。 null(四）句子汉译英时具体译法的译例 61) 他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。 He has many hot potatoes to handle every day. 62) 他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量倒很大，真是一个无用而又累赘的东西。 His newly employed servant woman was extremely lazy and ate a lot, no more than a white elephant.null63) 我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉，这还是未到手的东西。 I am not sure whether I can win the honour; it’s a bird in the bush. 64) 这个男孩真粗心，他的书本都已经折角了 This boy is too careless; all his books are dog-eared. null65)你不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。 Don't count your chickens before they are hatched, The real difficulties still lay ahead. 66)我们绝不能姑息坏人。 We should never warm snakes in our bosoms.null67)他在演讲中用了许多术语，使听众听了莫名其妙。 He used so many technical terms in his speech that the audience could make neither head nor tail of it. 68) 至于那些苹果，我们就对半分吧。 As for the apples, let's go fifty-fifty with them. null69) 我不想依靠父母过日子。 I don't want to hang on my parents‘ sleeves. 70) 你应该把好坏分清楚。 You should separate the sheep from the goats. 71) 同反复无常的人没法相处。 It's hard to get along with a man blowing hot and cold.null72) 他们的见解非常相似。如出一辙 Their ideas run in the same groove. 73) 我知道你现在是进退两难。 I know you are holding a wolf by the ears. null74)他这个人只管自己的事。 He is a man who hoes his own potatoes . 76) 你真是说话不看对象。 You are really casting pearl before swine .null77) 还有点美中不足的地方，早晨给车夫们摆饭的时节，祥子几乎和人打起来：（老舍：《骆驼祥子》第十四章） Another fly in the ointment was that Xiangzi had nearly got into a fight that morning when the rickshaw pullers were having their feast. null78) 等他自作自受，少不得要自己败露的：雪芹：《红楼梦》,第八十一回) We’d better give her rope to hang herself ― she's bound to give herself away one of these days. null79) 然而竟未发现对方在勾心斗角的同时，还做了不少的幕后工作。(罗广斌，杨益言:《红岩》，第六章） While each had been trying to put spokes in the other‘s wheels, he had failed to discover that Li Jigang had surreptitiously done a good deal of work。勾心斗角勾心斗角1.It is clear that they are scheming against each other. 很清楚, 他们彼此勾心斗角。 2.The royal palace was filled with intrigue. 皇宫中充满了勾心斗角。 3.The reactionary ruling clique was torn by internal strife. 反动统治集团内部勾心斗角,四分五裂。 勾心斗角勾心斗角4.Eventually I wearied of the bureaucratic infightings. 我终于对官场的勾心斗角感到厌烦了。5.Factional infighting has weakened the party structure 派别之间的勾心斗角削弱了党的组织。 6.Office politics just seem to flow over him 同事之间互相倾轧、 勾心斗角的事似乎并未波及到他.勾心斗角勾心斗角7.Though all four are friends, it has already become a Washington parlor game to guess who will prevail in the inevitable infighting. 虽然这四个人早已是朋友，但勾心斗角一定会出现，而猜一猜谁会在暗斗中占上风则已经成了华盛顿的一项游戏。勾心斗角勾心斗角8.What resulted was a dysfunctional department, he admits, with no discipline, no confidence in where they stood, lots of scheming and kvetching, backstabbing. 比查恩也承认，这种管理风格的结果催生了一个涣散的部门：毫无纪律，员工对自己在部门中的表现和位置毫无信心，员工之间勾心斗角，而且个个牢骚满腹。null80) 一九五七年的反右派斗争，我多次讲过，那个时候确实有人杀气腾腾，但是我们处理得过火了，扩大化了。（《邓小平文选》，第二卷） As regards the anti-Rightist struggle of 1957, I have said more than once that there really were some persons then who made vicious attacks, but that we for our part overreacted and unduly broadened the scope of the struggle. null具体翻译既包括抽象名词在语义上的具体化手法（如上面第一个到第十个译例），也包括抽象名词在语言形式上的具体化手法，主要是在抽象名词后面加上范畴词（如上面第四十一个到第六十个译例），更包括抽象名词在比喻形象上的具体化手法（如上面第十一个到第四十个译例以及第六十一个到第八十个译例）。nullBetter have an egg today than a hen tomorrow.多得不如现得null三、抽象译法 为了译文的忠实与通顺，我们往往有必要把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的单词、词组、成语或句子进行抽象化处理、这种翻译方法，我们称之为抽象译法。无论是英译汉，还是汉译英，我们都经常要用到抽象译法。 null(一）单词、词组或成语英译汉时抽象译法的译例 1)make fish of one and flesh of another 厚此薄彼 2) lick sb’s boots 巴结 3) stick to one's last / come to terms with one’s existence/ keep one’s nose clean 安分守己null4) keep sth under one's hat 保密 5) eat one's heart out 极度悲痛 6) be in sb's pocket 被某人操纵 null7) be in irons 被监禁 8) wear one's heart on one's sleeve 表露感情 9) put one's cards on the table 表明观点 10) eat like a bird 吃得极少null11) catch forty winks 打盹 12) break the ice 打破僵局 13) jump out of one's skin 大吃一惊 14) get cold feet 胆怯 null15) be driven from pillar to post 被逼得走投无路 16) walk on air 得意洋洋 17) get the green light 得到许可 null18) mend one's fences 改善关系 19) poke one's nose into sth 干涉 20) turn thumbs down on sth 反对 null(二）单词、词组或成语汉译英时抽象译法的译例 21) 谦虚态度 modesty 22) 发展过程 development 23) 稳定性 stability 24) 灵敏度 sensibility 25) 无知的表现 innocence 26) 残暴行为 brutalitynull27)同化作用 28)避孕措施 29) 防暴揞施 30) 同情心理 31) 鸡毛蒜皮 32) 开门见山assimilation contraception antiviolence sympathy trifling come straight to the point null33) 狗急跳墙 34) 顺手牵羊 35) 守株待兔 36) 铜墙铁壁 37) 唇枪舌剑 38) 黔驴技穷 39) 单枪匹马 40) 生龙活虎do sth desperate walk off with sth trust to chance and stroke of luck an impregnable fortress engage in a battle of words at one's wit's end all by oneself bursting with energy null41) I was practically on my knees but he still refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝. 42) The two sisters were usually in agreement on most issues, but they were at swords’ points on the matter of abortion. 在很多问题上妞妹俩的意见通常是一致的，但在人工流产问题上，她们是有激烈的争执的。null43) He is a rolling stone. I don‘t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。 44) Since I only got the news at second hand, I took it with a grain of salt. 这个消息我只是间接听来的，所以并不完全相信。null45) I must bare my heart to someone or I shall go mad! 我一定要向人讲真心话，否则我会发疯的！ 46) I'll break my neck to get this done by Friday, but I can't promise for sure. 我一定要尽最大的努力在星期五以前完成此事，但我不能说定.null47) By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband. 她用这种手段离间这对夫妻。 48) He thinks by all this last talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes , but she isn't deceived. 他以为像这样花言巧语加上奉承就可以蒙蔽她，但她没有受骗。 null49) The matter was finally settled under the table. 事情终于私下解决了。 50) The society held its meeting behind closed doors . 这个社团秘密开会。 51) He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together. 他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。null52) To my confusion, I discovered the yell was not ideal: hasty footsteps approached my chamber door； somebody pushed it open with a vigorous hand. 使我狼狈的是这声喊叫并非虚幻。一阵匆忙的脚步声向我的卧房门口逼近。有人使劲把门推开。 null44. I can't make that out," said Michcle. "It's not like Rivarcz to lose his head at a crisis. M (E. Voynich: The Gadfly) "我可有点想不通，"密凯莱说，"这不像是列瓦雷斯了，在这样的紧急关头会昏了头。"null54) I have no head for music. 我没有音乐方面的天赋。 55) Please don't wake a sleeping dog. 请不要惹是生非。 56) You can always fall back upon him when you are in difficulties. 遇到困难时，你总可以依靠他的帮助。 null57) This testimony puts quite a new face on the whole matter. 这个证词使整个事情完全改观了 。null58) If he is unhappy with her…why doesn’t he leave her? She can be happy without him. It is so silly ― this cat-and-dog existence . (Theodore Dreiser: The Titan) 假使他同她在一块是那么不幸福......他为什么不离开她呢？她没有他还可以幸福的。这是多么无聊呀——这种经常争吵的生活。 null59) If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once. 你要是敢对我耍滑头，我马上毙了你。// 你小子要是敢对我玩猫腻，老娘一枪崩了你 。 null60) Man for the field and woman for the hearth； Man for the sword and for the needle she. Man with the head and woman with the heart ； Man to command and woman to obey. (Tennyson) 男人适于农耕，女人适于家务; 男人宜于征战，女人宜于缝纫, 男人善于深思，女人富于感情; 男人发号施令，女人惟有服从。null(四）句子汉译英时抽象译法的译例 61) 那位小伙子真是喝了大胆汤。 That young man has great courage , indeed! 62) 这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？ That's a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in it?null63) 別人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊! You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed . 64) 这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 I was extremely terrified by that news.null65) 他万万没想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎！ He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way. 66) 半夜听到狼嗥，他感到毛骨悚然。 He was horror-stricken when he heard the cries of the wolves at midnight.null67) 她毛遂自荐来这所小学当老师。 She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. 68) 我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。 I dare not show off in the presence of an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter.null69) 你应该大刀阔斧。 You should be bold and resolute. null70) 毛泽东同志指出的骄傲自满、固歩自封、夜郎自大的毛病，我们的思想理论工作者同样要竭力避免。（《邓小平文选》，第二卷） Self-complacence Also, our ideological and theoretical workers should always guard against self-satisfaction, narrow-minded conservatism and ignorant boasting, failings which Comrade Mao Zedong warned us against. null71) 敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder. null72) 他们都是为人民立过汗马功劳的，人民永远也不会忘记他们。 All of them have performed outstanding military exploits for the people and will never be forgotten by the people. null73)敌军军官听说后路已被切断，吓得目瞪口呆。 The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off. 74) 这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。 These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words. intricatenull75) 今天下午的球赛，棋逢对手，一定很精彩。 This afternoon’s ball game is sure to be an exciting one, for the two sides are well-matched . 76) 他们为敌人效尽犬马之劳。 They worked faithfully in the service of the enemies.null77) 我们一直往前走吧！不要三心二意。 Let's go straight ahead. Don't be wavering. 78) 真正的好朋友应该是雪中送炭。 A real good friend should be one offering timely help.null79) 他们和群众血肉相连，休戚与共。 They maintain the closest relations with the masses and share their weal and woe. 80) 他这几天心里七上八下，老是安静不下来。 His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight.null同具体翻译一样，抽象译法一方面包括比喻形象上较为具体的单词、词组或成语的抽象化翻译（如上面第一个到第二十个以及第三十一个到第八十个译例），另一方面也包括带有范畴词的具体化名词在语言形式上的抽象化翻译手法，主要是在翻译过程中去掉后面的范畴词(如上面第二十一个到第三十个译例）。null