英语翻译翻译教材

Unit one The quest Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in later October 1992, and event directly to the address of Chou En-lai. Would this man receive them as fellow countrymen, or would he treat them with cold suspicion and question them cautiously about their past careers as militarists? Chu The remembered his age. He was thirty-six, his young had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned. When Chou En-lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face to striking that it bordered on the beautiful. Yet it was a manly face, serious and intelligent, and Chu judged him to be in his middle twenties. Chou was a quiet and thoughtful man, even a little shy as he welcomed his visitors, urged them to be seated and to tell how he could help them. Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Part group in Berlin, he would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which had turned to ashes beneath his feet. As he talked Chou En-lai stood facing him, his head l little to one side as was his habit, listening intently until the story was told, and then questioning him. When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist Group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. When the reply came a few months later they were enrolled as full members, but Chu’s membership was kept a secret from outsiders. Bill Morrow’s birthday party Several times on his trips to china, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill’s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing. On these occasions he was given a dinner in his honour and Premier Zhou En-lai would attend, he remembered the first occasion: At the hotel I always finished the meal with icecream and the girls there would laugh because I liked it so much. Zhou En-lai was at my birthday party and at the end he got up, went over to the counter and got an icecream and he put it down in front of me—this is the Prime Minister you know! He said ‘this if for you’. I said ‘I didn’t know you could speak English.’ He laughed and he said ‘a little bit’ measuring with his finger the thumb. Sometimes when we were along then he’d speak to me in English. ‘this is for you,’ Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget—such as when he was taken in a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded in siren in salutation. Or when he was shown over the great Nanjing Bridge, built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River. He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights. ‘this is for you’’you mustn’t use all that electricity to please me’, he protested, ‘all Nanjing will enjoy it too’ he was told. Zhou En-lai arranged for experts from Beijing University to give Bill Morrow some up-to-date information he wanted. ‘I’m just an old bum at home,’ Bill said, ‘but here you treat me like a VIP.’ ‘we know what you have done,’ said Zhou En-lai. 2 the story of my life Helen Keller the most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1997, there months before I was seven years old. On the afternoons of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. I guessed vaguely from my mother’s signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle. Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and they great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart of something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was. “light! Give me light!” was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour. 3 my life and literature a few days ago, a Japanese author asked me how I was able to appreciate authors and books of so many different schools. I replied, ‘I am not ‘man of letters’’ , nor do I belong to any particular school. Thus I am not restricted in any way.” Then he asked me, “you’ve written many, many books. How can you say you’ re not a man of letters?” I replied, “as long as I’m not a man of letter, I ‘m not subject to any of the rules of literature. Nor do I have to be afraid of being thrown out of any literary circles.” What are my enemies? “all outmoded traditional thinking; any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development; any force which tramples on love—all these things are my enemies.” All my books were written with the express purpose of denouncing, exposing and striking out at these enemies of mine. In the twenty years between 1929 and 1948, I wrote very quickly and wrote a great deal. I felt as if my mind was being whipped, as if my mind was being whipped, as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to readdress the injustices it had suffered. I both cried and laughed along with my principal characters, and often despondently scratched my head. When I say that I write like I live, and that the highest ideal a work of literature can attain is to be at one with life, and that an author should be able to identify with his readers, I basically mean that books and their authors should never tell lies. I’ve also said recently on another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness. When I was arguing this point with a friend several decades ago, I said, “physically attractive people don’t need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles my ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.” His reply was, “literary works have stood the test of time because of the skill with which they were written. Who today really cares about the details of what life was like a hundred years ago?” I disagree. Readers are moved by the life reflected in a story and the fate of the chief characters. This means I oppose fabrication, deception and flowery language. What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies. Unit 2 England before the industrial Revolution The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark, and the labourer lived not in , the sun, but in poverty and darkness. What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial, like the mill, which was already ancient in Chaucer’s time. The industrial revolution began with such machines; the millrights were the engineers of the coming age. Jmaes brindley of Staffordshire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels, at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village. Brindley’s improvements were practical: to sharpen and step up the performance of the water wheel as a machine. It was the first multi-purpose machine for the new industries. Brindley worked, for example, to improve the grinding of flints, which were used in the rising pottery industry. Yet there was a bigger movement in the air by 1750. water had become the engineer’s element, and men like brindley were possessed by it. It was not simply a source of power, it was a new wave of movement. James Brindley as a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’. Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines. The Duke of Bridgewater then got him to build a canal to carry coal from the Duke of Bridgewater then got him to build a canal to carry coal from the Ducke’s pits at Worsley to the rising town of Manchester……Brindley went on to connect Marchester with Liverpool in an even bolder manner, and in all laid out almost four hundred miles of canals in a network all over England. Tow things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the industrial revolution. One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men. Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind. The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. The universities also (there were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) took little interest in modern or scientific studies; and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England. The other outstanding feature is that the new inventions were for everyday use. The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. And the barges were not made to carry luxuries, but pots and pans and bales of cloth, boxes of ribbon, and all the common things that people buy by the pennyworth. These things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now, away from London; it was a country-wide trade. 2 the industrial Revolution the industrial revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760. it is not alone; if forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American revolution that started in 1775, and the French revolution that started in 1789. it may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. The industrial revolution is simply the English way of making those social changes. I think of it as the English revolution. What makes it especially English? Obviously, it began in England. England was already the leading manufacturing nation. But the manufacture was cottage industry, and the industrial revolution begins in the villages. The men who make it are craftsmen: the millwright, the watchmaker, the canal builder, the blacksmith. What makes the industrial revolution so peculiarly English is that is is rooted in the countryside. During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventures. The summer faded. Trade grew more competitive. By the end of the century the needs of industry were harsher and more pressing. The organization of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough. Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running industry changed. Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes. By 1820, it was standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen. 5. opportunities open in the west. The first great rush of population to the far west was drawn to the mountainous regions, where gold was found in California in 1848, in clorado and Nevada 10 years later, in Montana and Wyoming in the 1860s. Miners opened up the country, established communities, and laid the foundations for more permanent settlements. Yet even while digging in the hills, some settlers perceived the region’s farming and stock-raising possibilities. Eventually, though a few communities continued to be devoted almost exclusively to mining, the real wealth of Montana, Colorado, Wroming, Idaho, and California proved to be in the grass and soil. Cattle-raising, long and important industry in Texas, became even more flourishing after the war, when enterprising men began to drive their Texas longhorns north across the open public domain. Feeding as they went, the cattle arrived at railway shipping points in Kansas, larger and fatter than when they started. Soon this ‘long drive’ became a regular event, and, for hundreds of kilometers, trails were dotted with herds of cattle moving morthward. Cattle-raising spread into the trans-Missouri region, and immense ranches appeared in Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakota territory. Western cities flourished as centers for the slaughter and dressing of meat. Altogether, between 1866 and 1888, some six million head of cattle were driven up from Texas to winter on the high plains of Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. The cattle boom reached its height by 1885, then the range became too heavily pastured to support the long drive, and was beginning to be criss-crossed by railroads. Not far behind the rancher creeked the prairie schooners of the farmers bringing their families, their draft horses, cows, and pigs. Under the homestead Act they staked their claims and fenced them with barbed wire. Ranchmen were ousted from lands they had roamed without legal title. Soon the romantic ‘wild west’ had ceased to be. Machines and science help Farmers Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nation’s basic occupation. The revolution in agriculture—paralleling that in manufacturing after the war involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Between 1860 and 1910, the number of farms in the United States trebled, increasing from 2 million to 6 million while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares. 达式 Between 1860 and 1890, the production of such basic commodities as wheat, corn, and cotton outstripped all previous figures in the United States. In the same period, the nation’s population more than doubled, with largest growth in the cities. But the American farmer grew enough grain and cotton, raised enough beef and pork, and clipped enough wool not only to supply American workers and their families but also to create ever-increasing surplused. Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the west. Another was the application of machinery to farming. The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day. With the cradle, 30 years later, he might cut eight-tenths of a hectare a day. In 1840, cyrus mccormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years. Foreseeing the demand, he headed west to the young prairie town of Chicago, where he set up a reaper factory and by 1860 sold a quarter of a million reapers. Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science. In 1862, the Morrill Land-Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. Congress subsequently appropriated funds for the creation of agricultural experiment stations throughout the country and also granted funds directly to the department of agriculture for research purposes. By the beginning of the new century, scientists throughout the land were at work on a wide variety of agricultural projects. On new democracy The may 4th movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement. Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the revolution of 1911 namely, its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism. The may 4th movement possessed this quality because capitalism had developed a step further in China and because new hopes had arisen for the liberation of the Chinese nation as china’s revolutionary intellectuals saw the collapse of three great imperialist powers, Russia, germany and Austria-hungary, and the weadkening of two others, Britain and france, while the Russian proletariat had established a socialist state and the german, Hungarian and Italian proletariat had risen in revolution. The may 4th movement came into being at the call of the world revolution, of the Russian revolution and of Lenin. It was part of the world revolution, of the Russian revolution of the time. Although the communist party of china had not yet come into existence, there were already large numbers of intellectuals who approved of the Russian revolution and had the rudiments of communist ideology. In the beginning the may 4th movement was the revolutionary movement of a united front of three sections of people—communist intellectuals, revolutionary petty-bourgeois intellectuals and bourgeois intellectuals(the last forming the right wing of the movement), its shortcoming was that it was confined to the intellectuals and that the workers and peasants did not join in . but as soon as it developed into the june 3rd movement, not only the intellectuals but the mass of the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the bourgeoisie joind in, and it became a nation-wide revolutionary movement was uncompromising in its opposition to feudal culture; there had never been such a great and thoroughgoing culture revolution since the dawn of Chinese history. Raising aloft the two great banners of the day, “down with the old ethics and up with the new!” and “down with the old literature and up with the new!”, the cultural revolution had great achievements to its credit. At that time it was not yet possible for this cultural movement to become widely diffused among the workers and peasants. The slogan of “literature for the common people” was advanced, but in fact the “common people” then could only refer to the petty-bourgeois and bourgeois intellectuals in the cities, that is, the urban intelligentsia. Both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, the may 4th movement paved the way for the founding of the Chinese communist party in 1921 and for the may 30th movement in 1925 and the northern expedition. The bourgeois intellectuals, who constituted the right wing of the may 4th movement, mostly compromised with the enemy in the second period and went over to the side of reaction. Journey up the nile Egypt, wrote the Greek historian Hecataeus, is the gift of the Nile. No other country is so dependent on a single lifeline. Egypt’s very soil was born in the Nile’s annual flood; with the flood came the life-giving mud that made Egypt the granary of the ancient world. And as rain fell in the Ethiopian highlands and the snows melted in the Mountains of the Moon, the river was everlastingly renewed. “this is the best place on earth.”said Ahmed, and Egyptian fellah, or farmer, I encountered in the Nile Delta, that incredibly fertile 8500-square-mile triangle between Cairo and the Mediterranean coast. The delta and the narrow Nile Valley to the south make up only 3 percent of Egypt’s land but are home to 96 percent of her population. Here nearly 48 million people live in an area only slightly larger than Maryland. The rest of Egypt is desert. “truly Allah has blessed us, ” Ahmed exclaimed piously. “s