中英政治制度差异英文版

DifferencesBetweenBritishandChinesepoliticalsystemStateStructureofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaNo.1TheNationalPeople'sCongressNo.2ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaNo.3TheMulti-partyCooperationandPoliticalConsultationSystemNO.4TheStateCouncilNO.5TheCentralMilitaryCommissionNO.6TheSupremePeople'sCourtNO.7TheSupremePeople'sProcuratorateNO.8TheLocalPeople'sCongressesandLocalPeople'sGovernmentatVariousLevelsNO.9TheOrgansofSelf-GovernmentofNationalAutonomousAreasTheNationalPeople'sCongressTheNationalPeople'sCongressofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisthesupremeorganofstatepower.ItspermanentbodyistheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.TheNationalPeople'sCongressiscomposedofdeputieselectedfromtheprovinces,autonomousregions,municipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment,andspecialadministrativeregions,andofdeputieselectedfromthearmedforces.Alltheminoritynationalitiesareentitledtoappropriaterepresentation.ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaThePresidentandVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaareelectedbytheNationalPeople'sCongress.ThetermofofficeofthePresidentandVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisthesameasthatoftheNationalPeople'sCongress,andtheyshallservenomorethantwoconsecutiveterms.ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,inpursuanceofthedecisionsoftheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommittee,promulgatesstatutes,appointsorremovesthePremier,Vice-Premiers,StateCouncillors,Ministersinchargeofministriesorcommissions,theAuditor-GeneralandtheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCouncil;confersStatemedalsandtitlesofhonour;issuesordersofspecialpardons;proclaimsenteringofthestateofemergency;proclaimsastateofwar;andissuesmobilizationorders.ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,onbehalfofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,engagesinactivitiesinvolvingStateaffairsandreceivesforeigndiplomaticrepresentativesand,inpursuanceofthedecisionsoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress,appointsorrecallsplenipotentiaryrepresentativesabroad,andratifiesorabrogatestreatiesandimportantagreementsconcludedwithforeignstates.Vicepresident:LiYuanchaoPresident:XiJinpingTheMulti-partyCooperationandPoliticalConsultationSystemChina'spoliticalsystemisdifferentfromthetwo-partyormulti-partypoliticalsystemsinWesterncountries,andalsounliketheunilateralpartysystempracticedinsomeothercountries.China'spoliticalsystemisasystemofmulti-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultationundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC).ThesystemwasestablishedanddevelopedjointlybytheCPCandotherdemocraticpartiesintheirlongtimecommitmentstoChina'srevolution,itsconstructionandreforms.ThesystemhasbecomeabasicpoliticalsystemincontemporaryChina.Theprominentfeaturesofthemulti-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultationsystemare:ItisundertheCPC'sleadership,andmulti-partiescooperate;theCPCistherulingparty,andallotherdemocraticpartiesparticipateinthegovernmentdecision-makingprocess.Thedemocraticpartiesexistneitherasoppositionpartiesnornon-rulingparties,theyworkinclosecooperationwiththeCPCasfriendlypartiesandpartiesparticipatinginthegovernmentdecision-makingprocess.AlldemocraticpartiesinChinajointlyparticipateintheadministrationofstateaffairs,includinginstitutingstatepolicies,lawsandregulationsandconsultingontheselectionofstateleaders.TheStateCouncilTheStateCouncil,thatis,theCentralPeople'sGovernment,ofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaistheexecutivebodyofthesupremeorganofstatepower;itisthesupremeorganofStateadministration.TheStateCounciliscomposedofthefollowing:thePremier;theVice-Premiers;theStateCouncillors;theMinistersinchargeofministries;theMinistersinchargeofcommissions;theAuditor-General;andtheSecretary-General.ThePremierassumesoverallresponsibilityfortheworkoftheStateCouncil.Theministersassumeoverallresponsibilityfortheworkoftheministriesandcommissions.TheorganizationoftheStateCouncilisprescribedbylaw.ThetermofofficeoftheStateCouncilisthesameasthatoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.ThePremier,Vice-PremiersandStateCouncillorsshallservenomorethantwoconsecutiveterms.ThePremierdirectstheworkoftheStateCouncil.TheVice-PremiersandStateCouncillorsassistthePremierinhiswork.ExecutivemeetingsoftheStateCouncilaretobeattendedbythePremier,theVice-Premiers,theStateCouncillorsandtheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCouncil.ThePremierconvenesandpresidesovertheexecutivemeetingsandplenarymeetingsoftheStateCouncilConstitutionalMonarchyGiveseffectstoalllawsastheheadoftheexecutivebranchofthegovernmentMaypardoncriminaloffencesandcancelpunishmentsThecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesandthetemporalheadoftheChurchofEnglandConfersalltitlesofrank,andappointsjudges,armyofficers,governors,bishopsanddiplomatsConcludestreaties,declareswar,andmakespeacewithothernationsTheKingorQueenisthepersonificationoftheState. ParliamentParliamentisthehighestlegislativeauthorityintheUK–theinstitutionresponsibleformakingandrepealing(废止)alltheUKlaws.It’salsoknownastheLegislature.Function:MakealltheUKlaws;Scrutinize(审查)governmentpolicy,administration&expenditure;Hearappeals(上诉)inthehighestCourtofAppeal(最高上诉法院)inBritain;Debatethemajorissuesoftheday.PalaceofWestminster(HousesofParliament)ThePrimeMinisterLeaderofhispartyintheHouseofCommonsHeadofthegovernmentChiefspokesmanforthegovernmentHehastherighttoselecthiscabinet,handoutdepartmentalpositions,decidetheagenda议事日程forcabinetmeetingswhichhealsochairs.Hedirectsandcontrolspolicyforthegovernment.HekeepstheQueeninformedofgovernmentdecisions.(weeklymeetingwiththeQueen)TheresaMaryMayPoliticalPartiesTheLabourParty--partyofunderprivileged--partyofreformists--aimsatnationalizationofbigenterprises--moredemocraticandlooserinorganizationConservativeParty--developedfromtheToryPartyin1830s--partyofrichandprivileged--opposedtonationalization--favormonopoly(垄断)capitalists